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We[Ed] The People: How A Broader Interpretation Of The Rohrabacher-Farr Amendment Effectuates The Changing Social Policy Surrounding Medical Marijuana, Tess A. Chaffee 2023 University of Cincinnati College of Law

We[Ed] The People: How A Broader Interpretation Of The Rohrabacher-Farr Amendment Effectuates The Changing Social Policy Surrounding Medical Marijuana, Tess A. Chaffee

University of Cincinnati Law Review

No abstract provided.


Endnotes, SDLP 2023 American University Washington College of Law

Endnotes, Sdlp

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

No abstract provided.


Toxic Criminals: Prosecuting Individuals For Hazardous Waste Crimes Under The United States Resource Conservation And Recovery Act, Dr. Joshua Ozymy, Dr. Melissa Jarrell Ozymy 2023 American University Washington College of Law

Toxic Criminals: Prosecuting Individuals For Hazardous Waste Crimes Under The United States Resource Conservation And Recovery Act, Dr. Joshua Ozymy, Dr. Melissa Jarrell Ozymy

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

The U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) contains criminal provisions which allow prosecutors to seek substantial penalties when individuals commit hazardous waste crimes involving significant harm or culpable conduct. However, our empirical understanding of enforcement outcomes is limited. We used content analysis of 2,728 criminal prosecutions derived from U.S. EPA criminal investigations from 1983 to 2021 and examined all prosecutions of individual defendants for RCRA violations. Our results show that 222 prosecutions were adjudicated, with over $72.9 million in monetary penalties, 755 years of probation, and 451 years of incarceration levied at sentencing. Seventeen percent of prosecutions centered on …


It's Time To Trash Consumer Responsibility For Plastics: An Analysis Of Extended Producer Responsibility Laws' Sucess In Maine, Marina Mozak 2023 American University Washington College of Law

It's Time To Trash Consumer Responsibility For Plastics: An Analysis Of Extended Producer Responsibility Laws' Sucess In Maine, Marina Mozak

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

Consumer responsibility for waste is a historic relic, dating back to a time when nearly all of a consumer’s waste was compostable, reusable, or marketable. Today, with the rise of plastics and complex goods like electronics, consumers lack the expertise, time, and ability to personally break down the products they consume for reuse. Much of our household waste goes to the curb and into a single stream of municipal solid waste (“MSW”). This includes a variety of wastes which each require specialized processing. Recycling this complex waste falls to municipalities which are woefully underfunded and underqualified to process such complex …


Ohio House Bills 168 And 110: Just Another Drop In The Bucket For Brownfield Redevelopment?, Mia Petrucci 2023 American University Washington College of Law

Ohio House Bills 168 And 110: Just Another Drop In The Bucket For Brownfield Redevelopment?, Mia Petrucci

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

This article examines Ohio House Bills 168 and 110. These House Bills provide liability protection to purchasers of brownfield sites, allocate $500 million dollars to brownfield funding—with $350 million allotted for investigation, cleanup, and revitalization of brownfield sites and $150 million for demolition of vacant/abandoned buildings—and create a new Building Demolition and Site Revitalization Program, for the revitalization of properties surrounding brownfield sites. In the first three Sections of this article, the concept of brownfield redevelopment is introduced, the associated challenges with brownfield projects are discussed, and attempts by federal and state governments to address brownfield remediation challenges in the …


About Sdlp, SDLP 2023 American University Washington College of Law

About Sdlp, Sdlp

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

The Sustainable Development Law & Policy Brief (ISSN 1552-3721) is a student-run initiative at American University Washington College of Law that is published twice each academic year. The Brief embraces an interdisciplinary focus to provide a broad view of current legal, political, and social developments. It was founded to provide a forum for those interested in promoting sustainable economic development, conservation, environmental justice, and biodiversity throughout the world.


Editors' Note, Rachel Keylon, Meghen Sullivan 2023 American University Washington College of Law

Editors' Note, Rachel Keylon, Meghen Sullivan

Sustainable Development Law & Policy

For more than two decades, the Sustainable Development Law and Policy Brief (SDLP) has published works analyzing emerging legal and policy issues within the fields of environmental, energy, sustainable development, and natural resources law. SDLP has also prioritized making space for law students in the conversation. We are honored to continue this tradition in Volume XXIII.


Do States Prefer Alcohol Over Marijuana? A Look At Labeling Regulatory Differences Between The Alcohol And Edibles Industries, McKinley H. Groves 2023 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Do States Prefer Alcohol Over Marijuana? A Look At Labeling Regulatory Differences Between The Alcohol And Edibles Industries, Mckinley H. Groves

Journal of Food Law & Policy

In the children’s book "Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There", Alice interacts with Humpty Dumpty. During their conversation, Humpty notes that he, alone, can decide the meaning of words. Even Alice, at the young age of seven, casts doubt on this idea. Definitions of words and phrases play an important role in human interactions and even more so when the words and phrases defined are within a statute. In the United States, Congress and state legislatures play the role of Humpty Dumpty by coming up with meanings of important words and phrases found in the laws they …


Following The Framework: Intentional Genomic Alterations In Animals, Sarah Copper 2023 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Following The Framework: Intentional Genomic Alterations In Animals, Sarah Copper

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Intentional genomic alterations in animals or genetically engineered animals have existed in their modern form since the 1980s. However, the introduction of these animals into our food supply has been a more recent development. The federal government has taken steps in an attempt to regulate these products in a streamlined and efficient manner but has faced criticism in their approach. While the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) is currently responsible for the regulation of intentional genomic alterations (“IGAs”) in animals, there is significant effort behind transferring that oversight to the United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”). However, in the meantime, …


Federal Food Safety Framework: Where Does Seaweed Fit In?, Catherine M. Janasie 2023 National Sea Grant Law Center

Federal Food Safety Framework: Where Does Seaweed Fit In?, Catherine M. Janasie

Journal of Food Law & Policy

When one mentions seaweed as food, what do you think of? The dried nori used to wrap your sushi roll or perhaps the seaweed salad on the side? In fact, seaweed has many uses, including as both a food source in its own right and as a food additive. While the seaweed market has been dominated by East Asian countries, seaweed is cultivated in about 50 countries, and the U.S. seaweed industry is steadily growing. The global seaweed industry is currently worth about $6 billion annually. Food products for human consumption account for about 85% of this value.


The Cow Has Left The Barn: Updating Standards Of Identity To Reflect Consumer Understanding Of Plant-Based Foods, Nicholas G. Miller 2023 Venable LLP

The Cow Has Left The Barn: Updating Standards Of Identity To Reflect Consumer Understanding Of Plant-Based Foods, Nicholas G. Miller

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Have you ever seen “tofurkey” at the supermarket and thought it was a rare, delicious cousin of the turkey? The animal based food industries, led by milk and meat producers, are claiming that the reasonable consumer might. On the other hand, the plant based food substitutes are appearing on supermarket shelves with increasingly bold names for their products that tap into our familiarity with animal-based foods, using names like “Beyond Meat.” Where do we draw the line on what plant based food can be called? And who should draw that line? This paper examines the debate surrounding the labeling of …


The Cost Of Compassion: Why State Ballot Initiatives Complicate Farm Animal Welfare And Overlook The True Problems In Modern Agriculture, Seth Victor 2023 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

The Cost Of Compassion: Why State Ballot Initiatives Complicate Farm Animal Welfare And Overlook The True Problems In Modern Agriculture, Seth Victor

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Farm animal welfare is a concern for many Americans, both among those who value a higher standard of care for the animals’ own sake, and those concerned with food safety. Industrial agriculture has become the dominant form of animal production to satiate a daunting demand for meat, eggs, and dairy products. Industrial animal-raising facilities, also known as concentrated animal feeding operations (“CAFOs”), prioritize volume and efficiency and are a key factor in keeping consumer prices low. CAFOs are highly specialized and excel at production by minimizing inputs, maximizing confined animals, and externalizing environmental costs. This production method comes at the …


A Uniform Approach To Farm Animal Welfare Laws: Thought For Our Food Instead Of Food For Our Thought, Channing Burd 2023 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

A Uniform Approach To Farm Animal Welfare Laws: Thought For Our Food Instead Of Food For Our Thought, Channing Burd

Journal of Food Law & Policy

We have all seen the commercials and know “Happy Cows Come from California,” but there is a larger issue hidden inside the phrase. Why should not all farm animals be happy, regardless of which state they were raised in? Why are only the cows in California happy, but not the chickens and the hogs as well? Farm animal welfare in the United States needs regulatory overhaul, and we needed it decades ago. This article will illustrate why regulatory overhaul is needed. First, we will examine how a new system of laws, which are part of a uniform code enacted by …


Hard Truths: Cracking Open The Case Of Whether Hard Seltzer Is Beer, Scott Fraser 2023 University of Miami School of Law

Hard Truths: Cracking Open The Case Of Whether Hard Seltzer Is Beer, Scott Fraser

University of Miami Law Review

Following the line of cases asking questions such as what is a chicken, and is a burrito a sandwich, comes the next deep legal issue, what is beer? How do we determine this seemingly simple question? Do we simply know it when we see (or taste) it? Does it require a mix of specific ingredients or certain processes? Or, if we should rely on definitions, do we look to the dictionary, history, or statutes? In a dispute in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, the court is asked to resolve this question. Courts have …


"Show-Me" No Rice Pharming: An Overview Of The Introduction Of And Opposition To Genetically Engineered Pharmaceutical Crops In The United States, Jillian S. Hishaw 2023 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

"Show-Me" No Rice Pharming: An Overview Of The Introduction Of And Opposition To Genetically Engineered Pharmaceutical Crops In The United States, Jillian S. Hishaw

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Farmers in California and Missouri have one thing in common- opposition to the production of genetically modified (GM) "pharma" crops.' A pharmaceutical crop, or "pharma" crop, is a plant that has been genetically altered so that it produces proteins which are used as drugs. Pharmaceutical companies can then harvest the crop and isolate the proteins, which may be used to make human or veterinary drugs. Farmers' fears include a variety of health and environmental hazards; in particular, they fear contamination of their regular crops and the associated market loss. These concerns surfaced in both states where Ventria Bioscience announced plans …


United States Food Law Update, Michael Tingey Roberts 2023 University of Arkansas School of Law

United States Food Law Update, Michael Tingey Roberts

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Update on new developments in United States food law.


European Union Food Law Update, Nicole Coutrelis 2023 Coutrelis & Associates

European Union Food Law Update, Nicole Coutrelis

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Update on new developments in European food law.


Caveat Venditor: Products Liability And Genetically Modified Foods, Kristopher A. Isham 2023 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Caveat Venditor: Products Liability And Genetically Modified Foods, Kristopher A. Isham

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have become a lightning rod for conflict between farmers, corporations, shareholders, government agencies, and other concerned groups. Supporters tout GMOs as a solution to the problems of diminishing returns from traditional crop plants and the rising demand for greater quantities of food. Opponents critcize GMOs for potential toxic and allergic reactions in humans, loss of biodiversity, and pesticide and antibiotic resistance in other plants and insects. As the understanding of potential applications of biotechnology broadens, the risks and benefits of such products are being scrutinized more closely.


Protecting Islam's Garden From The Wilderness: Halal Fraud Statutes And The First Amendment, Elijah L. Milne 2023 Howard, Lewis & Petersen, P.C.

Protecting Islam's Garden From The Wilderness: Halal Fraud Statutes And The First Amendment, Elijah L. Milne

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Like all religions, Islam needs protection from governmental encroachment. As early as 1644, Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, recognized that state involvement in religious matters defiles religion. "When they have opened a gap in the hedge or wall of separation between the garden of [religion] and the wilderness of the world," wrote Williams, "God hath ever broke down the wall itself, removed the candlestick, and made His garden a wilderness ... ." Although Williams was mostly concerned about the government's impact on Christianity, his oft-quoted metaphor applies equally to the government's influence on Islam. This Article will discuss …


Chew On This: Learning From Colorado's Edible Marijuana Market, Christina Cole 2023 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

Chew On This: Learning From Colorado's Edible Marijuana Market, Christina Cole

Journal of Food Law & Policy

Arguably, not since the repeal of Prohibition has there been a scenario in which a change in public opinion resulted in the legalization of a previously unlawful product, in this instance majijuana, resulting in a significant positive economic impact, as well as a financial windfall for governmental entities. On the surface, it may seem like a win-win situation, but, in reality, for an unsuspecting, uninformed consumer, like the nineteen-year-old student from Wyoming and the New York Times columnist, it could become a no-win situation.


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