The Limits Of Private Ordering Within Modern Financial Markets, 2014 Cornell Law School
The Limits Of Private Ordering Within Modern Financial Markets, Dan Awrey
Cornell Law Faculty Publications
From standardized contracts for loans, repurchase agreements, and derivatives, to stock exchanges and alternative trading platforms, to benchmark interest and foreign exchange rates, private market structures play a number of important roles within modern financial markets. These market structures hold out a number of significant benefits. Specifically, by harnessing the powerful incentives of market participants, these market structures can help lower information, agency, coordination, and other transaction costs, enhance the process of price discovery, and promote greater market liquidity. Simultaneously, however, successful market structures are the source of significant and often overlooked market distortions. These distortions--or limits of private ordering--stem …
Actavis And Error Costs: A Reply To Critics, 2014 University of California - Berkeley
Actavis And Error Costs: A Reply To Critics, Aaron S. Edlin, C. Scott Hemphill, Herbert J. Hovenkamp, Carl Shapiro
All Faculty Scholarship
The Supreme Court’s opinion in Federal Trade Commission v. Actavis, Inc. provided fundamental guidance about how courts should handle antitrust challenges to reverse payment patent settlements. In our previous article, Activating Actavis, we identified and operationalized the essential features of the Court’s analysis. Our analysis has been challenged by four economists, who argue that our approach might condemn procompetitive settlements.
As we explain in this reply, such settlements are feasible, however, only under special circumstances. Moreover, even where feasible, the parties would not actually choose such a settlement in equilibrium. These considerations, and others discussed in the reply, serve to …
Ftc V. Lundbeck: Is Anything In Antitrust Obvious, Like, Ever?, 2014 Cleveland-Marshall College of Law, Cleveland State University
Ftc V. Lundbeck: Is Anything In Antitrust Obvious, Like, Ever?, Chris Sagers, Richard M. Brunell
Law Faculty Articles and Essays
In FTC v. Lundbeck, the Eighth Circuit affirmed a bench verdict finding a merger to monopoly, followed by a 1400% price increase, not only legal, but effectively not even subject to antitrust. The result followed from the district court's view that peculiarities in the market for hospital-administered drugs rendered it essentially immune from price competition. That being the case, the court found that even products very plainly substitutable on any traditional "functional interchangeability" analysis are not in the same "relevant market" for purposes of rules governing horizontal mergers. We think the court's analysis was incorrect for a number of …
Our 'Patchwork' Health Care System: Melodic Variations, Counterpoint, And The Future Role Of Physicians, 2014 Texas A&M University School of Law
Our 'Patchwork' Health Care System: Melodic Variations, Counterpoint, And The Future Role Of Physicians, William M. Sage
Faculty Scholarship
This Foreword to a forthcoming symposium on the "patchwork" health care system to be published in the Houston Journal of Health Law & Policy considers whether current reactions to fragmentation in health care represent minor variations on a longstanding theme in US health policy or offer a more substantial counterpoint to that theme. The theme is this: that perfect physicians should be allowed to control health care even if safeguards are needed in practice because real physicians are not perfect. The Foreword previews four scholarly articles featured in the published symposium. It concludes that, while all the articles present original …
Non-Price Competition In “Substitute" Drugs: The Ftc's Blind Spot, 2014 University of Baltimore School of Law
Non-Price Competition In “Substitute" Drugs: The Ftc's Blind Spot, Gregory Dolin
All Faculty Scholarship
As the recent case of United States v. Lundbeck illustrates, the Federal Trade Commission’s lack of knowledge in medical and pharmacological sciences affects its evaluation of transactions between medical and pharmaceutical companies that involve transfers of rights to manufacture or sell drugs, causing the agency to object to such transactions without solid basis for doing so. This article argues that in order to properly define a pharmaceutical market, one must not just consider the condition that competing drugs are meant to treat, but also take into account whether there are “off-label” drugs that are used to treat a relevant condition, …
Actavis And Error Costs, 2014 Columbia University
Actavis And Error Costs, Aaron Edlin, Scott Hemphill, Herbert Hovenkamp, Carl Shapiro
Aaron Edlin
The Supreme Court’s opinion in Federal Trade Commission v. Actavis, Inc. provided fundamental guidance about how courts should handle antitrust challenges to reverse payment patent settlements. In our previous article, Activating Actavis, we identified and operationalized the essential features of the Court’s analysis. Our analysis has been challenged by four economists, who argue that our approach might condemn procompetitive settlements.
As we explain in this reply, such settlements are feasible, however, only under special circumstances. Moreover, even where feasible, the parties would not actually choose such a settlement in equilibrium. These considerations, and others discussed in the reply, serve to …
The U.N. Conference On The Illicit Trade Of Small Arms And Light Weapons: An Exercise In Futility, 2014 University of Georgia School of Law
The U.N. Conference On The Illicit Trade Of Small Arms And Light Weapons: An Exercise In Futility, Bobby L. Scott
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Exhaustion Of Trademark Rights Beyond The European Union In Light Of Silhouette International Schmied V. Hartlauer Handelsgesellschaft: Toward Stronger Protection Of Trademark Rights And Eliminating The Gray Market, 2014 University of Georgia School of Law
Exhaustion Of Trademark Rights Beyond The European Union In Light Of Silhouette International Schmied V. Hartlauer Handelsgesellschaft: Toward Stronger Protection Of Trademark Rights And Eliminating The Gray Market, Lisa Harlander
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
The Canadian Connection: Why The State Department Is Ignoring A Loophole In The Arms Export Control Act, 2014 University of Georgia School of Law
The Canadian Connection: Why The State Department Is Ignoring A Loophole In The Arms Export Control Act, Nicole Day
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
A Comparative Study Of Monitoring Of Management In German And U.S. Corporations After Sarbanes-Oxley: Where Are The German Enrons, Worldcoms, And Tycos?, 2014 University of Georgia School of Law
A Comparative Study Of Monitoring Of Management In German And U.S. Corporations After Sarbanes-Oxley: Where Are The German Enrons, Worldcoms, And Tycos?, Florian Stamm
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Patents, Antitrust, And The Rule Of Reason, 2014 University of Iowa
Patents, Antitrust, And The Rule Of Reason, Herbert Hovenkamp
Herbert Hovenkamp
Antitrust law has historically immunized many patent agreements if they fell within the "scope of the patent." Three dissenting Justices in the Actavis case advocated this test: a pharmaceutical pay-for-delay settlement falls within the scope of the patent if it delays a competitor's entry no longer than the remaining life of the patent. In that case the patentee will not be obtaining any more than it would from a valid patent -- namely, the right to exclude infringers for the full patent term.
The "scope of the patent" test is not useful for defining the boundaries of antitrust immunity in …
An Overview Of The Draft China Antimonopoly Law, 2014 Alston & Bird LLP
An Overview Of The Draft China Antimonopoly Law, H. Stephen Harris Jr.
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Nuclear Chain Reaction: Why Economic Sanctions Are Not Worth The Public Costs, 2014 Hamline University
Nuclear Chain Reaction: Why Economic Sanctions Are Not Worth The Public Costs, Nicholas C.W. Wolfe
Nicholas A Wolfe
International economic sanctions frequently violate human rights in targeted states and rarely achieve their objectives. However, many hail economic sanctions as an important nonviolent tool for coercing and persuading change. In November 2013, the Islamic Republic of Iran negotiated a temporary agreement with major world powers regarding Iran’s nuclear program. The United States’ media and politicians have repeatedly and incorrectly attributed Iran’s willingness to negotiate to the effectiveness of economic sanctions.
Politicians primarily focus on immediate domestic effects and enact sanctions without a thorough understanding of the long-term effects on the United States economy and the public within a targeted …
Governing For The Corporations: History And Analysis Of U.S. Promotion Of Foreign Investment, 2014 American University Washington College of Law
Governing For The Corporations: History And Analysis Of U.S. Promotion Of Foreign Investment, Michael R. Miller
Michael R Miller
This paper explores and analyzes U.S. government support for foreign investors, especially major oil companies.
Throughout the 20th Century the US government has repeatedly used its international political influence to benefit US corporate activities abroad. The US government and others assumed initially that this was in the larger interests of the United States because US companies would represent and promote the United States’ policy agenda.
However, US corporate activities abroad over the last century seem to indicate this assumption was flawed. In numerous examples, US corporations have either ignored or thwarted the stated interests of the US government. At first …
Legal And Institutional Remedies For Middle East States Wishing To Develop And Increase Foreign Direct Investment, 2014 University of Utah
Legal And Institutional Remedies For Middle East States Wishing To Develop And Increase Foreign Direct Investment, Griffin Weaver
Griffin Weaver
The cost to overhaul a legal system is astronomical. For example, before and after the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1980’s several states received billions of dollars in loans to help change their “legal systems” and make them more western friendly. A couple of these states were West Germany and Japan, which received roughly 1.5 billion and 2.4 billion USD in loans. Considering most of this money was given in the 1950’s, the value today is probably three times or more those amounts. Without this aid both states would have been unable to make the changes to their …
Greasing The Wheels: British Deficiencies In Relation To American Clarity In International Anti-Corruption Law, 2014 University of Georgia School of Law
Greasing The Wheels: British Deficiencies In Relation To American Clarity In International Anti-Corruption Law, Todd Swanson
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
The Imf’S Reassessment Of Capital Controls After The 2008 Financial Crisis: Heresy Or Orthodoxy?, 2014 University of Houston Law Center
The Imf’S Reassessment Of Capital Controls After The 2008 Financial Crisis: Heresy Or Orthodoxy?, Philip J. Macfarlane
Philip J. MacFarlane
While the IMF allows countries to limit the flow of capital through the use of capital controls, it has since the 1980s discouraged this practice and instead promoted capital account liberalization as a means for developing countries to attract the foreign investment needed for economic growth. The 2008 financial crisis, however, prompted the IMF to reconsider this view and increasingly support the use of capital controls for countries that were vulnerable to the effects of volatile capital flows. In 2012, the IMF changed its official position on the use of capital controls from permitted but discouraged to accepted in certain …
When Bigger Is Better: A Critique Of The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index’S Use To Evaluate Mergers In Network Industries, 2014 Pace University
When Bigger Is Better: A Critique Of The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index’S Use To Evaluate Mergers In Network Industries, Toby Roberts
Pace Law Review
This Article argues that the current framework used by the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) to evaluate mergers is inadequate in that it fails to account for network benefits. In particular, I argue for abandoning the use of the HHI in analyzing network industry mergers because the index generates little useful information about these mergers’ effect on consumer welfare. Part II describes the HHI’s historical and theoretical underpinnings and its integration into the current Merger Guidelines. Part III considers general objections to the HHI before turning to its problems in evaluating network industries. Part IV presents …
Sailing The Seas Of Protectionism: The Simultaneous Application Of Antidumping And Countervailing Duties To Nonmarket Economies - An Affront To Domestic And International Laws, 2014 University of Georgia School of Law
Sailing The Seas Of Protectionism: The Simultaneous Application Of Antidumping And Countervailing Duties To Nonmarket Economies - An Affront To Domestic And International Laws, Christopher Blake Mcdaniel
Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law
No abstract provided.
Inevitable Imbalance: Why Ftc V. Actavis Was Inadequate To Solve The Reverse Payment Settlement Problem And Proposing A New Amendment To The Hatch-Waxman Act, 2014 Seattle University School of Law
Inevitable Imbalance: Why Ftc V. Actavis Was Inadequate To Solve The Reverse Payment Settlement Problem And Proposing A New Amendment To The Hatch-Waxman Act, Rachel A. Lewis
Seattle University Law Review
The law regarding reverse payment settlements is anything but settled. Reverse payment settlements are settlements that occur during a patent infringement litigation in which a pharmaceutical patent holder pays a generic drug producer to not infringe on the pharmaceutical patent. Despite the recent decision by the United States Supreme Court in FTC v. Actavis, Inc., there are still unanswered questions about how the “full rule of reason” analysis will be applied to reverse payment. This Comment argues that despite the outcome in Actavis, the complex regulatory framework of the Hatch–Waxman Act will create repeated conflicts between antitrust law and patent …