Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

The Experiences Of Service-Learning From The Perspectives Of Physician Preceptors: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study, Claudia Moore

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of supervising medical students for physician preceptors at service-learning sites in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The theory guiding this study was the experiential learning theory, posited by Dewey and refined by Kolb, concerning service-learning and undergraduate medical education. This study explored four research questions presented to physician preceptors to examine the barriers to implementing service-learning requirements at medical schools. These questions stemmed from the central research question: What are the lived experiences of supervising medical students for physician preceptors at a service-learning site? This research …

Exploring Lived Experiences Faced By Latina Breast Cancer Survivors, Deborah Fortino

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of the hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore and understand lived experiences of Latina breast cancer survivors through semi-structured interviews on the Zoom Video Conferencing platform. The theory that guided the study was the Health Belief Model (HBM), a health behavior framework that explored Latina breast cancer survivors' behaviors concerning health (Rosenstock et al., 1988). Furthermore, Fleming et al.’s (2003) five steps of gathering qualitative data and Ajjai and Higgs’s (2007) six stages of data analysis were utilized to acquire the information to explore the phenomenon of Latina breast cancer survivors’ lived experiences. The sample population included nine …

Evaluating Pathways Into Health Care Among Healthcare Students In Virginia, Olivette Burroughs

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study was to evaluate gaps in healthcare training that lead to healthcare access inequalities and the role of the pathway programs' effectiveness in the pathway process in Virginia. The problem addressed in this study was to assess how healthcare education pathway programs impact access to care in rural and underserved areas of Virginia. The study used the qualitative health belief model by Hochbaum, Rosenstock, Kegeles, and Leventhal to examine pathway program participants' beliefs and perceptions, and the grounded theory by sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss, to establish theoretical relationships. The rationale for the study was …

Empath: A Novel Treatment Modality To Improve Patient Outcomes, Barry Thomas Peade Jr.

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

In recent years, increasing patient volumes in emergency departments, rising cases of overdoses, and strained resources have heightened the attention paid to behavioral health care in the emergency department setting. Currently, various models of care attempt to streamline the provision of care for behavioral health patients in the emergency department. EmPATH, developed by Dr. Scott Zeller, offers rapid stabilization for psychiatric crises. While preliminary studies show promise, further research is needed. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of EmPATH implementation on patient outcomes, including boarding times, readmission rates, and inpatient admissions. Data was collected before and after implementation of …

A Phenomenological Study Exploring The Role Of Religious Coping In Childhood Interpersonal Trauma Recovery Among Latinx Adults, Christina Mancebo-Torres

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to understand the role religious coping plays in recovery from interpersonal adverse childhood experiences (ACES) among Latinx adults attending Pentecostal churches in New Bedford, Massachusetts. The theory guiding this study was Pargament’s Theory of Religious Coping (1997), which posits that religious coping strategies are ways in which individuals attempt to understand and deal with sacred- related negative life events, including traumatic experiences (Xu, 2015). This study utilized a hermeneutic phenomenology research design. The purposive sample consisted of 12 individuals who self-identified as Latinx, 18 years of age or older, and having a …

Oxygen Under Pressure: A Comparative Study Of Maximal Oxygen Uptake In Firefighters And Civilians, Jordan N. Hunt

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this study aimed to investigate and compare V̇O2max levels between firefighters and age-matched individuals from the general population. This study used a quantitative, comparative, cross-sectional design to assess differences in directly measured V̇O2max with a breath-by-breath portable analyzer between firefighters and matched civilians, determine the percentage of firefighters meeting NFPA recommended fitness thresholds, and examine the accuracy of estimated V̇O2max values. A total sample size of 52 participants (26 per group) participated in this study. Firefighters exhibited significantly higher directly measured V̇O2max and V̇O2peak than age-, sex-, and BMI-matched individuals from the general population. Firefighters in this …

Exploring The Lived Experiences Of Operating Room Nurse Interns Transitioning To Practice: A Qualitative Study, Christina C. Baker

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the essence of the lived experiences of new graduate nurse interns transitioning to the operating room (OR) specialty at a southeastern U.S. university hospital system. Many hospitals have nurse residency programs designed to support and facilitate new nursing graduates’ transition to practice areas. The OR is a highly specialized nursing area requiring training in addition to what is offered in nurse residency programs. The central research question was, what is the lived experience of new graduate OR nurses as they complete their transition to practice programs? The theory guiding this …

Reference Proteins To Improve Core 1 And Core 2 Alzheimer's Disease Csf And Plasma Biomarkers, Linda Karlsson, Nicolas R Barthélemy, Kanta Horie, Suzanne E Schindler, Brian A Gordon, Cyrus A Raji, Tammie L S Benzinger, John C Morris, Randall J Bateman, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Concentration-based fluid biomarkers represent an informative and cost-effective way to detect and monitor Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, non-AD-related interindividual variation in biofluids can also affect biomarker concentrations. Here, we investigated whether normalization of CSF and plasma biomarkers to reference proteins, such as amyloid-β40 (Aβ40) and non-phosphorylated mid-region tau (np-tau), improves their robustness and reliability of representing AD pathology load. Using the Swedish BioFINDER-2 cohort [n = 1702, 50.7% male, mean (standard deviation) age 68.4 (12.2) years], we compared the associations between tau/Aβ-PET load and fluid biomarkers alone versus biomarkers in a ratio with a reference protein (Aβ40 or np-tau) …

Structure-Preserving Multivariate Hypothesis Testing For Mass Spectrometry Imaging And Single-Cell Data, Keziah E Liebenberg, Erin Craig, Robert Tibshirani, Livia S Eberlin

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Motivation: Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) offer high-resolution views into tissue and cellular heterogeneity. However, conventional statistical analyses often treat sub-measurements (pixels or cells) as independent, ignoring their nested origin from individual samples. This assumption inflates the effective sample size, increases false discoveries, and undermines biological interpretation. Pixel- or cell-level averaging avoids this but sacrifices spatial or cellular resolution.

Results: We evaluated block-SAM on both simulated and real-world datasets. In DESI-MSI data from kidney, lung, and ovarian tumors, block-SAM consistently identified fewer-but more reliable-differential features compared to traditional-SAM. For example, in the kidney dataset, traditional-SAM identified …

Validate-Perianal: An International Real-World Multi-Centre Exploratory Validation Of The Topclass Definition Of A Radiologically Healed Fistula In Perianal Fistulising Crohn's Disease, Easan Anand, Thirza J Van Croonenburg, Sami Samaan, Phil Tozer, Ailsa Hart, Parakkal Deepak, David H Ballard, Jaap Stoker, Phillip Lung

2020-Current year OA Pubs

OBJECTIVES: Radiological healing on MRI is the ultimate therapeutic goal in Class 2a perianal fistulising Crohn's disease (pfCD). The TOpClass consortium recently defined radiological healing (TOpClass-RH) by the absence of T2 hyperintensity, a completely fibrotic fistula tract, and the absence of contrast enhancement when used. This study aimed to validate TOpClass-RH in real-world clinical practice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: VALIDATE-PERIANAL was a retrospective, multi-centre international study. Patients with pfCD with a baseline MRI scan showing active disease and follow-up MRI evidence of radiological fistula healing between 2021 and 2023 were identified. Paired scans were independently reviewed by three gastrointestinal radiologists using …

Phip Suppresses Nurd To Enable The Growth Of Swi/Snf-Mutant Cancers, Hayden A Malone, Francisca N De Luna Vitorino, Benjamin A Garcia, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes are perturbed in 20% of all cancers and in several developmental disorders, yet the mechanisms by which these mutations dysregulate transcription and drive disease are poorly understood. To both elucidate these mechanisms and identify vulnerabilities caused by these mutations, we leverage genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening in hundreds of cancer cell lines and identify the chromatin reader protein PHIP as a specific dependency in cancers with broadly disrupted SWI/SNF function. Mechanistically, we reveal that PHIP cooperates with SWI/SNF to facilitate transcriptional activation by ubiquitinating and suppressing subunits of the repressive Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex. We demonstrate …

Ex Vivo Effect Of Apixaban On Hemostatic Biomarkers In Children With Heart Disease: A Saxophone Trial Substudy, Ghada A Aborkhees, Amy J Barr, Kevin Dietrich, Christoph Male, Zhaoqing Wang, Chen Yao, R Mark Payne, Andrew C Glatz, Paul Monagle, Kristin M Burns, Alison M Reedy, Joshua L Dyme, Peter H Schafer, Antoinette Ajavon-Hartmann, Lesley G Mitchell

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: The SAXOPHONE (Safety of Apixaban on Pediatric Heart Disease on the Prevention of Embolism) trial demonstrated the safety of apixaban for thromboprophylaxis in children with heart disease. Included a priori in the trial design was an exploratory biomarker substudy to evaluate the effects of apixaban on surrogate biomarkers of efficacy, thrombin generation capacity, and hemostatic proteins. The study assessed changes in d-dimer, thrombin generation assay parameters, factor VIII, fibrinogen, protein C, and protein S in children receiving apixaban compared with standard-of-care vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) or low-molecular-weight heparin.

METHODS: SAXOPHONE participants aged >1 year (n=182) had blood samples for …

The Effect Of Livelihood Capital Accessibility On The Financial Security And Financial Well-Being Of Sheep Farming Households (Survey In Wanaraja Subdistrict, Garut Regency), Suhendarsyah Suhendarsyah, Unang Yunasaf, Sondi Kuswaryan

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This study analyzed the influence of livelihood capital accessibility on the financial security and financial well-being of sheep-farming households in Wanaraja Subdistrict, Garut Regency. A quantitative approach was used through a survey with organized interviews of 95 sheep farmers. The research variables include livelihood capital accessibility (X), financial security (Z), and financial well-being (Y). The livelihood capital accessibility construct was built as a Higher-Order Construct with five dimensions: human, natural, financial and physical capital. Data analysis used Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS_SEM) with a two-stage approach. The results evince that social capital are the most influential dimensions in …

Reproductive Performance Of Friesian Holstein Crossbred Dairy Cattle After A Foot-And-Mouth Disease Outbreak In Lembang, Indonesia, Hanunghanindito Pamungkas, Septiyani Septiyani, Nurcholidah Solihati

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that may impair reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. This study aimed to evaluate changes in the reproductive performance of Friesian Holstein crossbred dairy cows following an FMD outbreak at UPTD BPTSP and HPT Cikole, Lembang, West Java, Indonesia. A retrospective study was conducted using reproductive records collected from 2019 to 2023. The reproductive parameters analyzed were calving interval, service per conception, conception rate, service period, and first mating postpartum. Differences between the pre- and post-FMD periods were assessed using paired sample t-tests. The results showed significant differences in calving interval, service …

Polymorphism Of The Mx Gene In Riau Kampung Chickens, Elfawati Elfawati, Restu Misrianti, Sadarman Sadarman

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

One of the genetic markers for avian influenza is the Mx gene. The purposed of this study was to determine the polymorphism of the Mx gene of kampung chicken in Riau Province. A total of 61 samples from three subpopulations have been genotyped using PCR-RFLP. Allele and genotype frequencies have been calculated using PopGene. The Mx gene was amplified, producing a DNA fragment measuring 299 base pairs. This fragment was digested with the Hpy81 enzyme, which yielded three genotypes: the AA genotype showed by a single 299 bp band; AG showed by 299, 200, and 99 bp bands; and GG …

The Potency Of Inulin Extraction Waste Fermentation From Local Tubers As A Feed Additive, Mohamad Septian, Danes Suhendra, Mikael Sihite, Dyah Saputri

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This study aims to determine the potential of inulin extraction waste fermentation as a feed additive based on the content of lactic acid, dry matter, pH, and Fleigh points. This research was conducted from March to June 2022 at the Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Laboratory, Tidar University. The experimental design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments (fermentation of inulin extraction waste: T1 Dioscorea alata (uwi), T2: ganyong (Dioscorea alata discolor), T3: gadung(Dioscorea hispida), and T4: umbi ungu (Ipomoea batatas). Each treatment was replicated 5 times. The variables …

The Potential Of Bioactive Peptides From Goat Milk Kefir With Antibacterial Activity As An Antibiotic Substitute, Dhea Athillah, Jajang Gumilar, Eka Wulandari

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran

This study aims to determine the optimal incubation time for goat milk kefir that produces the highest antibacterial peptides, and to determine the antibacterial activity of purified goat milk kefir. Protein levels were determined using the microassay method. Kefir, which is known to have the best incubation time for producing the highest antibacterial activity when ultrafiltered with a 10 kDa cut-off membrane, was analyzed for its molecular weight using SDS-PAGE. The antibacterial activity was tested against pathogenic bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. The highest soluble protein content was found in kefir incubated for 36 hours, with a soluble …

Improving Anesthetic Management Of Pheochromocytoma: ​ ​An Educational Initiative Led By Student Registered Nurse Anesthetists​, Kerryn Nicholls

Scholars Week

Anesthetic management of pheochromocytoma presents challenges to experienced nurse anesthetists and recent graduates alike due to the rarity and complex pathophysiology. The purpose of this DNP project was to provide information and education informed by an extensive literature review regarding the anesthetic management of pheochromocytoma for the benefit of future nurse anesthesia practice. The project was accomplished through an educational presentation and novel clinical care flow chart focused on perioperative anesthetic care of pheochromocytoma excision to an audience of practicing certified registered anesthetists (CRNA’s) in two rural Kentucky hospitals. The findings of this project demonstrated that student nurse anesthesia students …

Improving Anesthesia Provider Confidence In The Identification, Management, And Treatment Of Postoperative Delirium, Brittany M. Whistle, Charles Dustin Phelps

Scholars Week

Purpose: Postoperative Delirium (POD) is a potentially devastating complication of anesthesia that is poorly understood by clinical staff leading to poor outcomes for surgical patients. This study is meant to determine if a focused knowledge presentation accompanied by visual aids could increase anesthesia providers confidence in identifying, diagnosing, and treating Postoperative Delirium.

Methodology: Utilizing a statistical model to analyze respondents results on a standardized test administered before and after an informational presentation with visual aids on the topic of Postoperative Delirium.

Results: Results indicated a statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest scores, with a p-value of .002, t(11) = …

Exploring The Impact Of A Multifaceted Standardized Wellness Program On Physical, Mental, Emotional, And Spiritual Health In Nurse Anesthesia Students, Lauren Kulaszewski, Amber Hurt

Scholars Week

Abstract

Purpose

Nurse anesthesia students experience substantial academic and clinical stress, placing them at increased risk for anxiety, depression, burnout, and suicidal ideation. Despite this risk, there is limited guidance on the effectiveness of standardized, programmatic wellness initiatives in nurse anesthesia education. The purpose of this project was to evaluate whether implementation of a standardized wellness program, compared with reliance on independent student-initiated practices, could improve mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being among second- and third-year nurse anesthesia students.

Methodology

A pre–post intervention design was used over a six-month period at a large academic institution. Second- and third-year nurse anesthesia …

Assessing The Impact Of Interprofessional Simulation Training On Perioperative Staff's Confidence In Managing Maternal Hemorrhage, Mallory Duncan, Lidia Vazquez

Scholars Week

Globally, maternal mortality rates remain a critical public health challenge, often related to inadequate healthcare infrastructure in low-income countries. Yet according to the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), maternal mortality rates in the United States are also on the rise, with nearly 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births. These deaths are largely contributed to maternal hemorrhage (PPH), defined by ACOG as cumulative blood loss of at least 1,000 mL accompanied by symptoms of hypovolemia within 24 hours of the birth process. These findings underscore an urgent need to strengthen the training for perioperative staff in the management of …

Occupational Sevoflurane Exposure And Awareness Of Health Effects Among Anesthesia Providers, Hayden Fell

Scholars Week

Key words:

Sevoflurane exposure Occupational safety CRNAs Anesthetic gas exposure Workplace hazard

The anesthetic gas sevoflurane is of unique interest amongst anesthesia providers as a potential workplace hazard. This project aimed to evaluate CRNA knowledge, clinical practices, symptoms, and perceptions related to occupational sevoflurane exposure amongst Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) at a regional hospital in Kentucky.

This quality improvement project used a pre- and post-intervention survey design. Ten CRNAs participated in the project. A pre-survey was given, followed by an educational session informing participants of guidelines regarding Sevoflurane exposure and literature findings of Sevoflurane as a potential workplace …

Redesigning A Fitness App Interface For Physiological Constrained Users*, Joseph E. Manzanillo

Campus Research Month

As fitness tracking converges with medical monitoring, inclusive design becomes a matter of health equity. This research utilizes a Polar Beat redesign to address exclusionary "sporty" aesthetics that can exclude 300 million colorblind users. Based in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), the study implements WCAG AA standards and color-blind-verified filters to mitigate data loss during Situational Induced Impairment (SIID), when high-intensity exercise compromises cognitive and visual processing. By optimizing user journeys for Paralympic and geriatric archetypes, this work demonstrates that accessibility is the essential bridge transitioning mobile fitness apps into viable, inclusive instruments for clinical medical use.

Nurses' Perceptions Of Dual-Signature Policy For Subcutaneous Insulin Administration : A Quality Improvement Project, Carolyn Sue Tinsley, Meryem Akay Kuzey, Michael Perlow

Scholars Week

Dissemination of Capstone project for DNP

Intersecting Determinants Of Health: Correlating Food Insecurity And Sleep Deprivation Across Southern Adventist University Demographics*, Heaven Robles, Jesica Paralafox Ramirez, Kimberly Mongare, Joshua C. Jenkins, Melany Castillo, Philip Chen Dr, Aaron Corbit Dr

Campus Research Month

For university students, social determinants of health such as food security and sleep patterns heavily dictate both health outcomes and academic success. Using a cross-sectional study design, statistical analyses will be conducted using the Jamovi software platform to compare mean sleep durations and food access scores across multiple academic departments and ethnic demographic groups. The study evaluates four primary hypotheses: (1) Consistent food access positively correlates with sleep quality; (2) Food security and sleep metrics vary significantly across academic departments; (3) Systemic ethnic disparities exist in food accessibility; and (4) Underrepresented ethnic groups experience a compounded burden of food insecurity …

Navigating The Ethical Landscape Of Ai Created Responsibility Gaps In Healthcare, Kelsey Dwyer '26

Honor Scholar Theses

This work is a philosophical analysis of the ethical dilemma of AI-created responsibility gaps, or the idea that it is challenging to find someone to hold responsible for outcomes produced by an autonomous system. In particular, my focus is specifically on addressing responsibility gaps created by AI used in healthcare. This complex issue of responsibility gaps becomes more intense in the setting of critical areas of life like healthcare, where moral responsibility is a foundational component of upholding medical ethics. My paper will take a deep dive into exploring the intricacies of this complex problem by applying a pre-existing conceptual …

The Ki-67 Proliferation Index And Recurrence Risk Of Intracranial Meningioma: A Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study Of 5,050 Patients, Christian Mirian, Lasse Rehné Jensen, Tareq A Juratli, Andrea Daniela Maier, Anders Broechner, Sverre H Torp, Helen A Shih, Ramin A Morshed, Jacob S Young, Stephen T Magill, Luca Bertero, Walter Stummer, Dorothee Cäcilia Spille, Benjamin Brokinkel, Soichi Oya, Satoru Miyawaki, Nobuhito Saito, Martin Proescholdt, Yasuhiro Kuroi, Konstantinos Gousias, Matthias Simon, Jennifer Moliterno, Ricardo Prat-Acin, Stéphane Goutagny, Vikram C Prabhu, John T Tsiang, Johannes Wach, Erdem Güresir, Junkoh Yamamoto, Young Zoon Kim, Joo Ho Lee, Daniel W Kim, Matthew Koshy, Karthikeyan Perumal, Mustafa K Baskaya, Donald M Cannon, Dennis C Shrieve, Chang-Ok Suh, Jong Hee Chang, Maria Kamenova, Sven Straumann, Jehuda Soleman, Ilker Y Eyüpoglu, Tony Catalan, Austin Lui, Philip V Theodosopoulos, Michael W Mcdermott, Fang Wang, Pedro Góes, Aria Jamshidi, Ricardo Komotar, Michael Ivan, Evan Luther, Luis Souhami, Marie-Christine Guiot, Tamás Csonka, Toshiki Endo, Olivia Claire Barrett, Randy Jensen, Tejpal Gupta, Akash J Patel, Tiemo J Klisch, Jun Won Kim, Francesco Maiuri, Valeria Barresi, María Dolores Tabernero, Simon Skyrman, Ian Law, David Scheie, Bjarne Winther Kristensen, Tina Nørgaard Munch, Torstein Meling, Kåre Fugleholm, Paul Blanche, Tiit Mathiesen

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Purpose: The Ki-67 proliferation index (Ki-67 PI) has been associated with meningioma recurrence, yet its clinical utility remains debated. Whether Ki-67 PI provides prognostic information across subgroups defined by both WHO grade and extent of resection remains to be investigated.

Methods: We analyzed 5,050 patients with intracranial meningiomas from the international PERNS cohort (42 centers, diagnosed between 1989-2019) who underwent surgical resection without postoperative radiotherapy. Ki-67 PI prognostic accuracy was assessed up to 10 years postoperatively by using ROC analyses and estimating its association with the risk of recurrence.

Results: Results demonstrated that the prognostic value of Ki-67 PI differed …

Program Evaluation Of A Digital Outreach Initiative For Improving Well-Child Visit Engagement Among Children And Adolescents Aged 3–21 Years, Eseoghene Odhu

Doctoral Dissertations & Projects

Background: Well-child visits are essential to pediatric preventive care because they support immunizations, developmental screening, anticipatory guidance, and early identification of health concerns (Abdus & Selden, 2022; Theunissen et al., 2022). Despite their importance, engagement in recommended visits remains inconsistent across healthcare systems.

Purpose: This program evaluation examined the impact of a digital outreach initiative on well-child visit engagement among children and adolescents within a Midwestern faith-based healthcare organization.

Methods: A pre–post evaluation design was used with de-identified electronic health record data from periods before and after implementation of the initiative. Outcomes included patient enrollment, scheduled visits, completed visits, no-show …

Reflective Case Study: The Role Of Repeated Observations In Identifying Sepsis In Older Adults With Indwelling Catheters In The Community, Lia Baldock

South West Clinical School Journal

No abstract provided.

Improvement On Word Memory After Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation In Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries, Jenna Pfeifer, Tyrell Perrigo, Reesa Williams, Qiang Li

SACAD: Scholarly Activities

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation treatment technique that has been demonstrated to activate norepinephrinergic areas of the brain supporting neuroplasticity. Research shows that tVNS may enhance cognitive performance such as memory, as it may elicit the release of key neurotransmitters that modulate cognitive performance and memory formation. The current study aims to investigate the effects of tVNS on short-term memory among those with mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). Preliminary results show that tVNS has a positive impact on short-term memory in participants with mTBI, evidenced by faster reaction time and higher accuracy in the memory tests. …