Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Podcasts As A Form Of Social Support For Individuals With Chronic Illness, Kate Pederson, Melanie Finney

Annual Student Research Poster Session

Chronic illness frequently decreases individuals’ abilities to receive social support. 105 listeners of health-related podcasts completed online closed and open-ended surveys. Results indicate 97% of respondents experience social isolation because of their illness, and 90% report listening to podcasts help them feel less isolated. Additionally, condition-specific podcasts allow people to gain relevant information about managing health challenges, as well as feel part of a community of people who understand them. Finally, results suggest parasocial relationships with hosts of the podcasts correlate positively with informational support, which subsequently is correlated positively with perceived emotional support.

Phylogenomics Reveals The History Of Host Use In Mosquitoes, John Soghigian, Charles Sither, Silvia Andrade Justi, Gen Morinaga, Brian K. Cassel, Christopher J. Vitek, Todd Livdahl, Siyang Xia, Andrea Gloria-Soria, Jeffrey R. Powell

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences Faculty Publications

Mosquitoes have profoundly affected human history and continue to threaten human health through the transmission of a diverse array of pathogens. The phylogeny of mosquitoes has remained poorly characterized due to difficulty in taxonomic sampling and limited availability of genomic data beyond the most important vector species. Here, we used phylogenomic analysis of 709 single copy ortholog groups from 256 mosquito species to produce a strongly supported phylogeny that resolves the position of the major disease vector species and the major mosquito lineages. Our analyses support an origin of mosquitoes in the early Triassic (217 MYA [highest posterior density region: …

Medical Imaging Applications Of Federated Learning, Sukhveer Singh Sandhu, Hamed Taheri Gorji, Pantea Tavakolian, Kouhyar Tavakolian, Alireza Akhbardeh

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Since its introduction in 2016, researchers have applied the idea of Federated Learning (FL) to several domains ranging from edge computing to banking. The technique's inherent security benefits, privacy-preserving capabilities, ease of scalability, and ability to transcend data biases have motivated researchers to use this tool on healthcare datasets. While several reviews exist detailing FL and its applications, this review focuses solely on the different applications of FL to medical imaging datasets, grouping applications by diseases, modality, and/or part of the body. This Systematic Literature review was conducted by querying and consolidating results from ArXiv, IEEE Xplorer, and PubMed. Furthermore, …

High-Fat Diet, But Not Duration Of Lactation, Increases Mammary Gland Lymphatic Vessel Function And Subsequent Growth Of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells, Wintana Balema, Janelle Morton, Richard A Larson, Li Li, Fred Christian Velasquez, Natalie W Fowlkes, Savitri Krishnamurthy, Bisrat G Debeb, Eva Sevick-Muraca, Wendy A Woodward

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) presents as rapid-onset swelling and breast skin changes caused by tumor emboli in the breast and breast skin lymphatics. IBC has been linked with obesity and duration of breastfeeding, but how these factors affect IBC tumor progression is not clear. We modeled the simultaneous effects of diet and weaning in mice on in vivo lymphatic function; on IBC tumor growth; and on aspects of the mammary gland microenvironment before and after IBC (SUM149) xenograft inoculation. We hypothesized that weaning status and diet would have synergistic effects on lymphatic function and the breast microenvironment to enhance IBC …

Epigenomic Signature Of Major Congenital Heart Defects In Newborns With Down Syndrome, Julia S Mouat, Shaobo Li, Swe Swe Myint, Benjamin I Laufer, Philip J Lupo, Jeremy M Schraw, John P Woodhouse, Adam J De Smith, Janine M Lasalle

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart defects (CHDs) affect approximately half of individuals with Down syndrome (DS), but the molecular reasons for incomplete penetrance are unknown. Previous studies have largely focused on identifying genetic risk factors associated with CHDs in individuals with DS, but comprehensive studies of the contribution of epigenetic marks are lacking. We aimed to identify and characterize DNA methylation differences from newborn dried blood spots (NDBS) of DS individuals with major CHDs compared to DS individuals without CHDs.

METHODS: We used the Illumina EPIC array and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) to quantitate DNA methylation for 86 NDBS samples from the …

Multiphoton In Vivo Microscopy Of Embryonic Thrombopoiesis Reveals The Generation Of Platelets Through Budding, Huan Liu, Hellen Ishikawa-Ankerhold, Julia Winterhalter, Michael Lorenz, Mykhailo Vladymyrov, Steffen Massberg, Christian Schulz, Mathias Orban

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Platelets are generated by specialized cells called megakaryocytes (MKs). However, MK's origin and platelet release mode have remained incompletely understood. Here, we established direct visualization of embryonic thrombopoiesis in vivo by combining multiphoton intravital microscopy (MP-IVM) with a fluorescence switch reporter mouse model under control of the platelet factor 4 promoter (Pf4CreRosa26mTmG). Using this microscopy tool, we discovered that fetal liver MKs provide higher thrombopoietic activity than yolk sac MKs. Mechanistically, fetal platelets were released from MKs either by membrane buds or the formation of proplatelets, with the former constituting the key process. In E14.5 c-Myb-deficient …

Generalization Of Procedural Motor Sequence Learning After A Single Practice Trial, B P Johnson, I Iturrate, R Y Fakhreddine, M Bönstrup, E R Buch, E M Robertson, L G Cohen

2020-Current year OA Pubs

When humans begin learning new motor skills, they typically display early rapid performance improvements. It is not well understood how knowledge acquired during this early skill learning period generalizes to new, related skills. Here, we addressed this question by investigating factors influencing generalization of early learning from a skill A to a different, but related skill B. Early skill generalization was tested over four experiments (N = 2095). Subjects successively learned two related motor sequence skills (skills A and B) over different practice schedules. Skill A and B sequences shared ordinal (i.e., matching keypress locations), transitional (i.e., ordered keypress pairs), …

Characterizing The Patterns Of Electronic Health Record-Integrated Secure Messaging Use: Cross-Sectional Study, Laura R Baratta, Derek Harford, Christine A Sinsky, Thomas Kannampallil, Sunny S Lou

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Communication among health care professionals is essential for the delivery of safe clinical care. Secure messaging has rapidly emerged as a new mode of asynchronous communication. Despite its popularity, relatively little is known about how secure messaging is used and how such use contributes to communication burden.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to characterize the use of an electronic health record-integrated secure messaging platform across 14 hospitals and 263 outpatient clinics within a large health care system.

METHODS: We collected metadata on the use of the Epic Systems Secure Chat platform for 6 months (July 2022 to January 2023). Information …

E-Cigarette Or Vaping Use-Associated Lung Injury (Evali) In A Hispanic Male During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Juan C. Naranjo, Muhammad Jamal, Aramide Tijani, Fatimah Bello

Research Colloquium

Background: Electronic cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury established the relationship between vaping products and lung injury. Overlapping clinical manifestations may mimic those of other respiratory conditions including COVID-19. Multiple radiographic findings including diffuse, bilateral, ground-glass infiltrates with lower-lobe predominance, eosinophilic pneumonia, and diffuse alveolar damage have been described. It is important to consider this as an alternative diagnosis, particularly in patients with respiratory symptoms and a history of vaping in the last 90 days due to increased risk of COVID-19 infection and worse outcomes.

Case presentation: A 25-year-old male with a history of polysubstance abuse and frequent E-cigarette …

A Simple Case Of Viral Myopericarditis Or A Complication Of Monoclonal Antibody Infusion?, Jose A. Rivera, Michael Menowsky

Research Colloquium

Background: Myocarditis has been a rare, but well-documented side effect of the mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 as well as a complication of viral infections including SARS-CoV-2. However, myopericarditis as a complication of monoclonal antibody infusion or as complication of allergic reaction to antibody infusions might be and underreported.

Case presentation: In this case, we report a 30-year-old man with a previous diagnosis of COVID infection 1 week prior to presentation, unvaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 who was referred from a monoclonal infusion center where he received casirivimab and imdevimab and 15 minutes after infusion began to complain of chills, chest pain, shortness …

Subacute Combined Degeneration Due To Nitrous Oxide-Induced Vitamin B-12 Deficiency, Jorge Nadal, Daniela Hernandez, Brandon Cantazaro

Research Colloquium

Background: Nitrous oxide also known as “laughing gas” is a naturally occurring gas that is colorless, odorless, nonflammable, and nontoxic. It has been used as an inhalant anesthetic in the medical field for more than 150 years for dental and surgical procedures. Due to its wide availability and ability to cause euphoria, recreational use is on the rise.1 Here, I will present a case of subacute combined degeneration in the setting of nitrous oxide induced vitamin B-12 deficiency.

Case presentation: 23-year-old right-handed gentleman with no past medical history presented to the ED complaining of 1 week of bilateral lower extremity …

Trauma Center Designation Effects On Clinical Outcomes In Pediatric Dog Bites: A Retrospective Study, Jessy Feng, Sabrina Orta, Alejandro Aquino, Lori Berry, Demba Fofana, Paul Berry

Research Colloquium

Introduction: Clinical outcomes associated with the American College of Surgeons (ACS) trauma center designation have been examined for many conditions. However, we sought to analyze the association between ACS pediatric trauma center designation and outcomes following pediatric dog bite trauma cases, which has rarely been studied.

Methods: The National Trauma Data Bank was queried to identify pediatric (0-19y) dog bite trauma patients admitted to ACS pediatric level I or II trauma centers from 2007-2016. Chi-Squared and Odds Ratio statistical analyses were used to compare the outcomes.

Results:We identified 6,196 pediatric dog bite trauma patients treated at ACS level …

Covid-19 As A Second Hit For Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome, Himabindu Kolli, Pooja Maknoor, Celin Rajan, Nevin Varghese

Research Colloquium

Background: Anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by venous and arterial thrombosis, usually in setting of underlying autoimmune disorders. Here, we present a case of anti-phospholipid syndrome post covid infection.

Case Presentation: 41-year-old lady presented to the ER with complaints of left sided facial droop for 3-day duration. On further evaluation, she was found to have subacute ischemic stroke and was managed with anticoagulation and supportive treatment. Past medical history is significant for a recent diagnosis of Covid infection and for subsequent development of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). She was started on anticoagulation with rivaroxaban for …

Improving Health Literacy Among Transgender/ Gender Non-Conforming People Using Social Media, Isha Mittal, Michelle Cordoba Kissee

Research Colloquium

Background: Health literacy has been elicited as a barrier to healthcare amongst LGBT individuals. Social media has become a popular force in transmitting health information, but often time lacks evidence-based information.

Aims/purpose: The TikTok channel GenderDefenders was created to address the lack of reliable evidence-based information for transgender and gender-non conforming (TGNC) individuals.

Methods: Data was collected from current TikTok videos that were tagged with TGNC terminology to identify gaps in knowledge and commonly asked questions. Themes were selected and educational video recordings were created using WPATH and UCSF guidelines for transgender healthcare. Some topics included what …

Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Of Sabizabulin (Veru-111) For Pancreatic Cancer Treatment, Vivek K. Kashyap, Godwin P. Darkwah, Neeraj Chauhan, Prashanth K.B. Nagesh, Qinghui Wang, Duane D. Miller, Wei Li, Murali M. Yallapu, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chuahan

Research Colloquium

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PanCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in the United States due to very limited therapeutic options. Thus, developing novel therapeutic strategies will help for the management of this disease. We recently identified VERU-111, a novel synthetic molecule which showed potent anti-cancer effect against PanCa via targeting clinically important βIII and βIV tubulin isoforms. In this study, we synthesized and characterized its novel nanoformulation (MNP-VERU) and evaluated its therapeutic effects in vitro and xenograft mouse model.

Methods: MNPs were prepared by chemical precipitation method and loaded with VERU-111 using diffusion method. This formulation was …

Sex Differences In Stress Reactivity, Brain Morphology, And Oxytocin In The Hypothalamus Of The Gray Short-Tailed Opossum (Monodelphis Domestica), Esperanza I. Zacarias, Daniela Rodriguez, Alexandra Chalons, Sasawan Heingraj, Nicole Altamirano, Joseph Rafac, John L. Vandeberg, Mario Gil

Research Colloquium

Understanding the effects of stress on behavior and cognition is important due to its impact on mental health and wellbeing (Schneiderman et al. 2005). Translational animal research can contribute to the development of new treatments that can improve therapeutic outcomes and our understanding of the neurobiology of stress. In the present study, we complement behavioral stress reactivity with immunohistochemical localization of oxytocin in the hypothalamus, a neuropeptide that regulates stress (Neumann & Slattery, 2016). Oxytocin has potential therapeutic use for mental health disorders (Neumann & Slattery, 2016), and the effects of oxytocin seem to be sexually dimorphic (Love, 2018). Using …

Autoimmune Encephalitis Of Unknown Etiology, Elizabeth Cook, Giselle Ricoy

Research Colloquium

Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain which can come about through various etiologies. Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare form that is most common among women and children. The clinical presentation can vary between patients with a constellation of symptoms including deficits in memory, cognition, seizures, abnormal movement, psychosis, and coma. Because of the variation in clinical presentation and the lack of specificity in imaging and laboratory findings, diagnosis and intervention are often delayed for months to years. These delays in diagnosis can have long term ramifications on patients especially pediatric patients whose neural pathways are still developing. In pediatric …

Impact Of Academic Golden Weekend Initiative On Academic Success For An Internal Medicine Clerkship, Elif S. Duran, Maria A. Alvarenga, Stephanie Onyechi, Jose E. Campo Maldonado

Research Colloquium

Background: COVID-19 precautions led to a change in the number of protected weekends for the UTRGV Internal Medicine Clerkship, going from 2 protected weekends to none. The aim of Academic Golden Weekends during a fully inpatient clerkship has been to maximize the student experience by providing enough time to balance all the necessary components of the student experience. Starting April 26, 2021, all cohorts completing their Internal Medicine Clerkship as third-year medical students had 3 protected weekends.

Methods: Two surveys were created to compare the pre-intervention and post-intervention cohorts. The surveys focused on student satisfaction regarding the time they had …

Redox-Responsive Nano-Self Assemblies For Targeted Cancer Therapeutics, Partha Laskar, Sudhir Kotnala, Elian Martin, Anupam Dhasmana, Vivek K. Kashyap, Meena Jaggi, Murali M. Yallapu, Subhash C. Chauhan

Research Colloquium

Background: Despite significant advances in cancer therapeutics, it remains one of the leading causes of deaths due to poor response to available treatment modalities and drug resistance. Combination therapy has shown the potential to provide a synergistic therapeutic effect and to overcome drug resistance. However, smart delivery systems that can improve the bioavailability and the delivery of multiple hydrophobic anti-cancer drugs simultaneously at the tumor site without normal organ toxicity could be an effective strategy for cancer treatment.

Methods: Here, a PEGylated drug-drug conjugate (CUR-PEG-S-S-CPT) have been successfully synthesized by conjugating two hydrophobic anti-cancer molecules, curcumin and camptothecin through …

Case Report: Congenital Myasthenia Gravis- A Case For Newborn Screening?, Dakota Bigham, Barbara Stewart

Research Colloquium

Background: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorder which can result in involuntary muscle weakness. It commonly affects various muscular groups involving the eyes, face, arms, legs, and even muscles used for breathing. Most often Myasthenia Gravis affects adults, but it can occur in the pediatric population. Congenital Myasthenia Gravis (CMG) has a broad and variable presentation with many potential differential diagnoses. In rare cases, CMG can present in the first years of life with a fatigable weakness and a severe respiratory failure. In the more common, benign cases, presentation can occur later in life. Here, we present an …

Case Report: Covid-19 Pneumothorax, Dakota Bigham, Barbara Stewart

Research Colloquium

Background: As cases of Covid-19 continue to rise, more population subtypes become at risk. Although rare in past years, COVID-19 is becoming more prevalent in children. Last counts obtained show that there are 8,992 cases per 100,000 in children, state hospitalizations rates ranging from 1.7%- 4.0% of their total cumulated hospitalizations with 0.1%-1.9% of all their pediatric COVID-19 cases resulting in hospitalization. As these cases rise, we are still unsure of the immediate or long-term effects in children, and continual observation and documentation of all clinical courses is of the utmost importance. Here, we present an interesting case of a …

Interrupting The Axis: A Case Of Igg-4 Related Hypophysitis In A Young Hispanic Male, Christine E. Loftis, Emilia C. Dulgheru, Lina Pedraza Sanchez, Josenny L. Rodriguez-Paez

Research Colloquium

Background: Hypophysitis refers to inflammation of the pituitary gland that can lead to the disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Primary hypophysitis has five variants differentiated by histologic findings: lymphocytic, granulomatous, xanthomatous, IgG4-related, and necrotizing. IgG4-related hypophysitis is very rare and is commonly a manifestation of a multi-organ systemic disorder. We present a case of a 43-year-old man presenting with severe headache and symptomatic hyponatremia in the setting of isolated IgG-4 related hypophysitis.

Case Presentation: A 43-year-old male presented with a two-day history of severe posterior headache associated with several episodes of vomiting, photophobia, generalized weakness and fatigue. Patient had no …

Appropriateness Of Inpatient Transthoracic Echocardiography In A Community Hospital With A New Cardiology Fellowship Program, Christian D. Avalos, Y. Wady Aude

Research Colloquium

Background: The 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) for echocardiography was developed to guide in the rational use of high quality cardiovascular imaging. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) orders with seemingly inappropriate indications were repeatedly identified at our hospital. Our goals were to identify the percentage of inappropriate TTEs, find a correlation between ordering physicians and appropriateness of TTEs, and reduce the inappropriate use of TTEs in the inpatient setting.

Methods: After implementing a required free-text indication for TTE orders, the indications of 100 random TTEs were retrospectively categorized as appropriate, inappropriate, and uncertain based on the AUC. TTEs for cardiac evaluation prior …

A Case Report On Autoimmune Encephalitis After Head Trauma, Chioma V. Uche, Ashley Ikwuezunma

Research Colloquium

Background: Autoimmune inflammatory encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain characterized by prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms and are associated with antibodies against neuronal cell-surface proteins, ion channels, or receptors. Most common causes of autoimmune encephalitis include Anti-NMDA antibodies, paraneoplastic syndromes, and in rare cases, seroconversion from an HSV infection. This report discusses a rare case of autoimmune encephalitis after a head trauma obtained from a ground level fall.

Case Presentation: Patient was a 55-year-old Hispanic man who presented to the emergency department with worsening confusion. Two months prior, the patient presented to an urgent care with a head laceration after a …

Developing A Chlorophyll-Based Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe For Cancer Cell Imaging, Benilde E. Adriano, Nycol M. Cotto, Neeraj Chauhan, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan, Murali M. Yallapu

Research Colloquium

Introduction: Near-Infrared (NIR) fluorescence-based imaging is a noteworthy and safer strategy for cancer cells/tissues imaging compared to radiological imaging. NIR fluorescence offers deep tissue penetration and have minimal obstruction by autofluorescence and photon scattering [1]. There are several NIR dyes including indocyanine green (ICG) [2] and IR-1061 [3] that allow high-resolution tissue imaging. However, these dyes possess some low-quality characteristics which limit their use, namely photo instability, toxicity, poor water solubility, and short half-lives [4]. Therefore, more efficient and effective alternatives are urgently required to provide the desired clinical outcomes. Chlorophyll (Chl) is a natural dietary NIR fluorescence emitting …

Dieulafoy's Lesion As A Cause Of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding In A Hispanic Male With Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis, Baron S. Ekeledo, Semenawit Burka, Fatimah Bello, Jose Rodriguez

Research Colloquium

Introduction: Dieulafoy's lesion is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition. It accounts for 1.5 to 2% of reported acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and has been linked to alcoholism and antiplatelet drug use. Unfortunately, the exact prevalence in the Hispanic population is unknown.

Case report: A 40-year-old man with a history of alcohol abuse and liver cirrhosis presented to the emergency room with complaints of frank hematemesis of 1 day duration. He was found to be diaphoretic, tachycardic (118), hypotensive (BP: 77/49), Hb - 6.2g/dl and with an INR of 1.92 (N: 0.8-1.2). Initial working diagnosis of esophageal varices …

Subacute Stroke In Young Hispanic Male With Vertebrobasilar Dolichoectasia, Ashika A. Chacko, Nevin A. Varghese

Research Colloquium

Background: Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD) is a rare clinical entity characterized by dilatation, elongation, and tortuosity of the vertebrobasilar arteries. Patients with VBD can present varying symptoms from ischemia, compression of blood vessels, or rarely subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Case presentation: A 29-year-old Hispanic man with history of hypertension presented to emergency department with progressive left upper extremity weakness, dizziness, slurry speech, and diplopia of one-week duration. On arrival, the patient was afebrile, heart rate 75 bpm and blood pressure 193/107 mmHg. He was alert and oriented x3. Neurological exam demonstrated decreased strength (4/5) on left upper extremity and left arm pronator drift. …

Severe Hypercalcemia: Unusual Life-Threatening Presentation Of Addison’S Disease, Aramide Mikhail Tijani, Jonathan Yaw Gyebi-Agyepong, Nestor Gerardo Astorga, Niral G. Patel

Research Colloquium

Background: Addison’s Disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare disorder of the adrenal gland typically characterized by the combination of cortisol and mineralocorticoid deficiencies in addition to electrolyte abnormalities including hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. Addison's disease is an uncommon cause of hypercalcemia. We present a rare case of hypercalcemia in the setting of primary adrenal insufficiency.

Case Presentation: Our patient is 43-year-old Hispanic lady with no reported medical history who presented to the Emergency Room for evaluation of intractable nausea and vomiting of about a month duration. Clinical examination revealed a lethargic, dehydrated, and hypotensive lady. Initial laboratory …

Igf-1 Reduce Protein O-Glcnacylation Via Ampk Activation In H9c2 Cardiomyoblast Cultured In High Glucose Media, Andres Medina, Lizbeth Trevino, Alejandra Salinas, Yadira Chaires, Erick Rodriguez, Genaro Antonio Ramirez-Correa

Research Colloquium

Background: Diabetes is a disease characterized by the increase in the serum glucose concentration. Therefore, this glucose excess shunts into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway producing UDP-GlcNAc, which can be transfer to serine residues and modify the activity of different proteins, including contractile proteins in cardiomyocytes, decreasing their function. Here we show the effect of IGF-1 treatment on this posttranslational modification.

Methods: H9c2 cell line were cultured in DMEM media, 10% FBS, at 80% of confluence. Cells were incubated in high-glucose (30 mM) in the presence or absence of 10 µmol/L of IGF-1 (HG and HG+IGF-1). As control groups, we used …

Novel Therapy Targeting Mutant-Krasg12d And Galectin-1 In Pancreatic Cancer, Ana I. Martinez Bulnes, Poornima Devi Shaji, Swathi Holla, Nirnoy Dan, Shabnam Malik, Murali M. Yallapu, Meena Jaggi, Stephen W. Behrman, Subhash C. Chauhan, Sheema Khan

Research Colloquium

Introduction: In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), low patient survival rate remains a problem. The activating point mutation of KRAS on codon-12 is present in 70–95% of PDAC cases and so far, no success has been achieved to inhibit KRAS. KRAS^G12D regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis; recent preliminary and published studies show high Galectin-1 (Gal-1) levels in both PDAC and stromal cells, which modulate tumor microenvironment and metastasis. Therefore, we have developed a novel combination therapy for PDAC by targeting mutated KRAS^G12D and Gal-1 to target both proliferation and metastasis in PDAC. This includes the delivery of KRAS^{G12D …}