Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Mr Perfusion Imaging, Techniques And Role In Differentiating Radiation Necrosis And Tumor Recurrence, Raima Zakaria, Fatima Mubarak, Muhammad Shahzad Shamim

Department of Radiology

High grade brain tumours are treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy and despite such aggressive treatment, can recur in a short span of time. MRI scan has been the conventional diagnostic modality to diagnose recurrence, although at times it becomes difficult for the neuroradiologists to differentiate between tumour recurrence and radiation necrosis. Herein lies the emergent need to explore the efficacy of functional imaging to assist in this diagnostic challenge. Recent studies have sought to do so with promising implications, which we have attempted to summarize in this review.

Knowledge Among Patients With Heart Failure: A Narrative Synthesis Of Qualitative Research, Carly Daley, Monirah Al-Abdulmunem, Richard J. Holden

Health Services and Informatics Research

Background: Patients’ knowledge of heart failure (HF) is integral to improved outcomes. However, the HF literature has not adequately explored the nature of patients’ knowledge of HF as part of their lived experience.

Objectives: We aimed to characterize the nature of patients’ knowledge of HF, in the context of living with the disease.

Methods: We conducted a narrative synthesis of qualitative studies that addressed patients’ knowledge of HF. Studies were systematically searched and retrieved from MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES databases. Findings were synthesized using an iterative coding process carried out by multiple analysts and reported following Enhancing Transparency in …

Effect Of Supplementing Magnesium Picolinate In Drinking Water On Growth Performance, Meat Quality And Cecal E. Coli Of Broiler Reared Under Tropical Conditions, Siriporn Namted, Choawit Rakangthong

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The effect of Mg supplementation in drinking water was evaluated on the growth performance, carcass quality, meat quality and cecal E. colilevel of Broilersreared under Tropical Conditions. A sample of 192 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were divided into 2 groups(each group consisting of 8 replicates of 12 chicks each) as: 1) control group, without Mg supplementation in the drinking water; and 2) Drinking Mg group, 10 mg of Mg/L was added into 1 L of their drinking water. It was shown that supplementing Mg in the drinking water significantly reduced body weight (P = 0.04) and tended to decrease …

A Behavioral Study Of Stray Dogs In Temples In Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality, Thailand, Xin Huo, Panich Kumroptanasan, Pongchan Na-Lampang

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the reactions of stray dogs in temples to strangers by means of a stranger-approach test.Behavioral data of temples dogs was collected from 5 temples from September to November 2018. The dogs’ behavior, social condition (alone, in pairs and with >3 dogs), reaction distances (0-2m, 2-5m and >5) and reaction behavior: neutral, avoidance, aggressive, vocalization, approachand tail movements were all observed. All the reaction behavior recorded was the dogs’initial reactions.After the 1ststranger-approach test, which was conducted in the 1stweek, the observer tried to get the dogs used to him by feeding and grooming them …

The Dynamic Impacts Of Online Healthcare Community On Physician Altruism: A Hidden Markov Model, Kai Luo, Qiu-Hong Wang, Hock Hai Teo

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Physician altruism is not only a key foundation of modern medical professionalism, but also a critical component in the theoretical health economics study. There is considerable interest in understanding the impacts of contemporary healthcare technology on physician altruism. In this paper, we investigate the dynamic influence of multiple incentive mechanisms developed by an online healthcare community (OHC) on physician altruism. We model physician altruism as the degree of tendency to benefit the patients at the cost of oneself and focus on the incentive mechanisms that give physicians social and economic returns. The dynamics of physician altruism is characterized via a …

Examining The Theoretical Mechanisms Underlying Health Information Exchange Impact On Healthcare Outcomes: A Physician Agency Perspective, Fang Zhou, Qiu-Hong Wang, Hock Hai Teo

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

Health information exchange (HIE) is presumed to reduce medical costs by facilitating information sharing across healthcare providers. Existing studies focused on different medical costs or one set of costs, and resulted in mixed findings. We examine the effects of patient access to HIE on two of the most important medical costs of a hospitalization episode - test costs and medication costs - through a natural experiment and the discharge data of a hospital. Besides the negative direct effect of access to HIT on tests costs, we also find its positive spillover effect on medication costs, such that more patients having …

Identifying Exosomes In Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Efirm, Bram Holladay

Student Scholarship

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) affects 53,000 Americans each year making it the sixth most common cancer in the United States. The incidence rate may be even higher since current screening methods are underutilized and physical examinations can misdiagnose malignant oral tumors as benign inflammatory lesions. Recent advances in genetic, protein, and extracellular vesicle biomarker detection techniques can monitor the transformation of healthy cells into tumors before terminal stages arise. Biomarkers can be easily extracted from biofluids such as saliva making them less invasive than traditional tissue biopsies. One biomarker prevalent in OSCC is exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles that …

Supporting Confidence And Participation For People With Aphasia Through Student Interaction: A Descriptive Study On The Effects Of An Interdisciplinary Campus Program, Tyson G. Harmon, Mei-Ling Lin, Gabrille Scronce, Adam Jacks

Faculty Publications

PURPOSE: Decreased social participation is one consequence of aphasia that can lead to poor psychological health and reduced quality of life. Involving people with aphasia in advocacy efforts may be one solution for increasing their social participation. The present study investigated the benefits of a campus program for three people with mild aphasia who were involved in educating allied health students about aphasia and training them to communicate with those who have aphasia. METHODS: Three participants with aphasia shared their stories and interacted with interdisciplinary students in two seminar sessions aimed at educating students about aphasia and helping them learn …

Occupational Health Outcomes Among International Migrant Workers, Kristine Husøy Onarheim, Dianne Egli-Gany, Wafa Aftab

Community Health Sciences

No abstract provided.

A Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified With Reduced Graphene Oxide And Gold Nanoparticles For Electrochemical Aptasensing Of Lipopolysaccharides From Escherichia Coli Bacteria, Mehrab Pourmadadi, Javad Shabani Shayeh, Meisam Omidi, Fatemeh Yazdian, Masoud Alebouyeh, Lobat Tayebi

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

An electrochemical aptasensor is described for the voltammetric determination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 055:B5. Aptamer chains were immobilized on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles (RGO/AuNPs). Fast Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanomaterials. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the modified GCE. The results show that the modified electrode has a good selectivity for LPS over other biomolecules. The hexacyanoferrate redox system, typically operated at around 0.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) is used as …

Exploring Wheelchair Service Delivery In A Dedicated Seating Department, Cara E. Masselink

Dissertations

This study is a series of three studies aimed at exploring wheelchair service delivery in a department of physical and occupational therapists dedicated to wheelchair seating. The three studies utilized a retrospective analysis to investigate the clinical documentation written by the practicing clinicians between 2007 and 2017. The first study aimed to describe the wheelchair and accessory recommendations made in the 11-year period, in relationship to age and gender. The majority of recommendations in the dedicated seating department were for complex wheelchairs. The results indicated the ratio between standard and complex power mobility devices and four complexities of cushions changed, …

Local Anesthesia Before Intravenous Cannula Insertion: Recommendations For Registered Nurses In Practice, Vera Campbell-Jones

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Abstract

Administering local anesthetics, such as intradermal, should become standard practice for RNs in pretreatments for pain control prior to intravenous insertion. Peripheral venous cannulation has provoked the most fear and anxiety in adult patients about everyday practice in hospitals. Adult patients often state that this procedure causes considerable discomfort. Local anesthesia for cannulation is usually not offered to adult patients who are on general medical units. Evidence has indicated inconsistency in the use of pain management strategies during these procedures. The researcher’s goal in this project was to educate RNs about the intradermal pretreatment procedure, provide education on the …

The Impact Of Direct Nursing On Patient Engagement To Improve Medication Adherence, Shelley Moore

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study examined the impact of direct nursing care on patient engagement and medication adherence within the practice setting of specialty pharmacy. It investigated the problem statement, “Among patients with specialty pharmacy dispensed medications, will direct interaction with nurses impact patient engagement and improve medication adherence?” Patient engagement in healthcare is a growing area of knowledge for the effectiveness of care. The research uncovered patient engagement as a predictor of improved medication adherence through effective direct nursing involvement. Methods to measure engagement were the utilization of the ACE™ Altarum Consumer Engagement (ACE) Measure™. By using a proven, researched tool to …

General Practitioners’ Perceptions Of Their Communication With Australian Aboriginal Patients With Acquired Neurogenic Communication Disorders, Deborah Hersh, Elizabeth Armstrong, Meaghan Mcallister, Natalie Ciccone, Judith Katzenellenbogen, Juli Coffin, Sandra Thompson, Colleen Hayward, Leon Flicker, Deborah Woods

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Objective:

Aboriginal people have high rates of stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), often with residual, chronic communication deficits and multiple co-morbidities. This study examined general practitioners’ (GPs’) perceptions of their communication with Aboriginal patients with acquired communication disorders (ACD) after brain injury. Effective communication underpins good care but no previous research has explored this specific context.

Methods:

A qualitative descriptive approach was employed using interviews and focus groups with 23 GPs from metropolitan Perth and five regional sites in Western Australia. Data were analysed thematically. Results: GPs reported low visibility of Aboriginal patients with ACD in their practices, minimal …

Results Of A Phase 1 Multicentre Investigation Of Dexmedetomidine Bolus And Infusion In Corrective Infant Cardiac Surgery, Athena F Zuppa, Susan C Nicolson, Nicole S Wilder, Juan C Ibla, Erin A Gottlieb, Kristin M Burns, Mario Stylianou, Felicia Trachtenberg, Hua Ni, Tera H Skeen, Dean B Andropoulos

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is increasingly used intraoperatively in infants undergoing cardiac surgery. This phase 1 multicentre study sought to: (i) determine the safety of DEX for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass; (ii) determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of DEX; (iii) create a PK model and dosing for steady-state DEX plasma levels; and (iv) validate the PK model and dosing.

METHODS: We included 122 neonates and infants (0-180 days) with D-transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, or tetralogy of Fallot. Dose escalation was used to generate NONMEM® PK modelling, and then validation was performed to achieve low (200-300 pg ml …

Bipolar Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation And Joint Reconstruction For Patellar And Trochlear Cartilage Defects, Omid Jalali, Zachary Vredenburgh, John Prodromo, Neilen Benvegnu, George Frederick Rick Hatch

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Patellar instability is a debilitating condition, and trauma due to the dislocations may severely damage the articular cartilage of the patellofemoral joint. The lack of healing capacity of cartilage makes treatment of such lesions challenging. In young patients, preservation of native bone and cartilage is a priority, and therefore arthroplasty procedures should be avoided even in relatively larger lesions. Fresh osteochondral allografting has been described for these difficult and complex cases, with recent studies showing promising results. In this surgical technique, we describe the use of bipolar osteochondral allografts of the patella and trochlea and patellofemoral joint reconstruction for large …

Gna11 Brain Somatic Pathogenic Variant In An Individual With Phacomatosis Pigmentovascularis, Joseph M Sliepka, Sarah C Mcgriff, Linda Z Rossetti, Peyman Bizargity, Haley Streff, Yi-Shan Lee, Hongzheng Dai, Satyamaanasa Polubothu, Grace Lee, Vicky Ren, Jill V Hunter, Daniel J Curry, Fernando Scaglia, Adekunle M Adesina, Irfan Ali, Veronica Kinsler, Lindsay C Burrage, Dana Marafi

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

OBJECTIVE: To describe the findings of histopathology and genotyping studies in affected brain tissue from an individual with phacomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV).

METHODS: A retrospective chart review of a 2-year 10-month-old male with a clinical diagnosis of PPV cesiomarmorata (or type V) was performed. Clinical features, brain imaging and histopathology findings, and genotyping studies in his affected brain tissue are summarized.

RESULTS: The proband had a clinically severe neurologic phenotype characterized by global developmental delay, generalized hypotonia, and recurrent episodes of cardiac asystole in the setting of status epilepticus. A somatic pathogenic variant in

CONCLUSIONS: The finding of this variant in …

Structural Basis Of Amino Acid Surveillance By Higher-Order Trna-Mrna Interactions, Shuang Li, Zhaoming Su, Jean Lehmann, Vassiliki Stamatopoulou, Nikoleta Giarimoglou, Frances E Henderson, Lixin Fan, Grigore D Pintilie, Kaiming Zhang, Muyuan Chen, Steven J Ludtke, Yun-Xing Wang, Constantinos Stathopoulos, Wah Chiu, Jinwei Zhang

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Amino acid availability in Gram-positive bacteria is monitored by T-box riboswitches. T-boxes directly bind tRNAs, assess their aminoacylation state, and regulate the transcription or translation of downstream genes to maintain nutritional homeostasis. Here, we report cocrystal and cryo-EM structures of Geobacillus kaustophilus and Bacillus subtilis T-box-tRNA complexes, detailing their multivalent, exquisitely selective interactions. The T-box forms a U-shaped molecular vise that clamps the tRNA, captures its 3' end using an elaborate 'discriminator' structure, and interrogates its aminoacylation state using a steric filter fashioned from a wobble base pair. In the absence of aminoacylation, T-boxes clutch tRNAs and form a continuously …

Pharmacist Perceptions Toward Screening, Brief Intervention, And Referral To Treatment For Prescription Opioid Misuse: Initial Instrument Reliability And Validity, Tara Fouts

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Prescription opioid misuse has become a growing problem in the United States, and there has been a significant increase in the number of nonfatal overdose and overdose deaths since the 1990s. Idaho has also experienced an increase in the number of drug-induced deaths over time, increasing nearly 30% from 2012 to 2016. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicates overprescribing and dispensing of prescription opioids is a main driver to the increase in overdoses. Evidence-based early intervention methods, such as screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT), can be utilized in health care settings to identify risky behaviors …

The Use Of Video-Based Instruction To Teach Life Skills To Individuals With Developmental Disabilities, Kori Paige Esplin

Theses and Dissertations

Individuals with developmental disabilities struggle to learn important life skills. This deficit impedes their ability to function in the community and live meaningful lives. Video prompting (VP) is an evidence-based practice that has been used to teach a wide variety of skills to individuals with disabilities. VP utilizes technology to create step-by-step videos to teach academic, social, vocational and other life skills This article extends the current literature on VP interventions to hygiene skills and investigates the efficacy, skill maintenance, social validity, and level of independence that can be achieved using VP to teach hygiene skills. Three participants with developmental …

Markers Of Bone And Lipid Metabolism With Eslicarbazepine Acetate Monotherapy., Scott Mintzer, Tawnya Constantino, Barry Gidal, Parul Bhargava, Todd Grinnell, David Blum

Department of Neurology Faculty Papers

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) monotherapy on markers of bone and lipid metabolism.

METHODS: We conducted a post-hoc analysis of data pooled from two Phase III, dose-blind, conversion-to-ESL (1600 mg and 1200 mg) monotherapy studies in patients with focal seizures. Laboratory measurements included lipids (total cholesterol [TC]; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and triglycerides) and markers of bone metabolism (alkaline phosphatase; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; osteocalcin; and parathyroid hormone [PTH]); measurements were taken at baseline, Week 18, and Month 12, and analyzed according to enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs) use at baseline (+EIAED and -EIAED subgroups).

RESULTS: …

Selection Of The Appropriate Reference Genes For Relative Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (Qrt-Pcr) In Canine Pulmonary Arteries, Nattawan Tangmahakul, Somporn Techangamsuwan, Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

A normalisationof targeted genes using the appropriate reference genes is necessary for reliable quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments. This study aimed to investigate the appropriate reference genes and the numbers of the genes required for qRT-PCR in canine pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary arteries were collected from twenty-three dogs at necropsy. Candidate reference genesincluding ribosomal protein L32 (RPL32), ribosomal protein L13a (RPL13A), ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18), TATA box binding protein (TBP), beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5), ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from pulmonary arteries were examined by qRT-PCR and analysed using four major algorithms, including …

A Retrospective Study Of The Effect Of Single Dose Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid Injection On Postoperative Recovery In Dogs Undergoing Stifle Surgery, Jiradet Trairatthanom, Sasithorn Trairatthanom, Naris Thengchaisri

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Hyarulonicacid (HA) is an abundant molecule found in synovial fluid and plays an important role as a lubricant and shock absorber for the joints. Nonetheless, the effects of synovial fluid replacement with HA after canine stifle surgery remains elusive. A retrospective study was conducted on 54 small breed dogs with either medial patellar luxation (MPL) or cranial cruciate ligament ruptures (CCLR). Dogs were classified as HA (21 with MPL-HA and 16 with CCLR-HA) or control (10 with MPL-C and 7 with CCLR-C) groups. The weight bearing score, lameness score, and pain scores were compared between HA and control groups on …

Variations In The Branching Pattern Of The Canine Coeliac Trunk In Thailand: An Anatomical Study, Rachanchai Chawangwongsanukun, Krai Meemon, Damri Darawiroj, Tuempong Wongtawan

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Although the major dog population in Thailand is the Thai native dog, its anatomy has rarely been studied. This study aimed to investigate anatomical variations of the canine coeliac trunk (CT) in Thailand by observing 62 cadavers including 46 Thai native dogs and 16 non-Thai native dogs. All cadavers were preserved in formalin solution, and the arteries were illustrated by injection of red coloured latex. Variations of CT were initially classified into 2 main types and 7 subtypes (type 1a-e and 2a-b) basedon the previous reports. Type 1 was described as CT separated from the cranial mesenteric artery (CMA) while …

Chronic Toxicity Of Monosodium Glutamate On The Reproductive System And Some Internal Organs Of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio), Chortip Sajjaviriya, Aranya Ponpornpisit, Nopadon Pirarat, Naowarat Suthamnatpong

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Monosodium glutamate(MSG)is commonly used to enhance the tastes food. It is composed of sodium salt and amino acids. Although MSGis considered safe at the consumption level, its adverse effectshave been reported. The objectiveof thisstudyis to evaluate the effects of MSG on the brain, liver, kidney, testes, and ovaries of zebrafish(Danio rerio)which were chronically exposed to MSG from the embryo stage to the adult stage. Additionally, the fertilization rate and hatching rate of zebrafish embryos were also analyzed. Zebrafishwererandomly divided into four groups and treated with MSG at 0, 10, 100 and 1,000 mg/l, respectively for 60days. Before sacrifice for histopathological …

Molecular Analysis Of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Infected Dairy Goats, Muhammad Asghar Qazi, Shahid Sherzada, Abdul Wajid, Sonia Iqbal, Usman Atique, Rabia Bibi, Ayesha Maqbool, Saeed Akram Khan, Akhtar Ali, Tanveer Hussain, Masroor Elahi Babar

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Staphylococcus aureusis the leading cause of mastitis in dairy goats and is globally recognized as a significant mastitis-causing pathogen in dairy animals. Previous studies have established it as the causative agent of various human disorders, including food poisoning and Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Furthermore, poor sanitary conditions suit infection by this bacterium. This study determined the occurrence of S. aureusin infected dairy goats by molecular analysis. A hundred raw milk samples were collected from two infected dairy goat breeds (Beetal = 71; Teddy = 29) and cultured on blood agar media. The strain identified as S. aureusby morphological method (Gram staining), biochemical …

Occurrence Of Oral Shedding Of Retroperitoneal Fibromatosisassociated Herpesvirus And Lymphocryptovirus In Free-Ranging Macaques, Thailand, Supakarn Kaewchot, Chalisa Mongkolphan, Parut Suksai, Sunita Wingwon, Jira Niyomdham, Netnapa Vitithummakhun, Rattana Sariwongchan, Luxsana Prasittichai, Natanon Panpeth, Ladawan Sariya

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Oropharyngeal swabs of 262 free-ranging macaques (Macaca fasicularisand M. mulatta) were tested for Herpesviridae. The occurrence was 24.4% (64/262), and no macaques showed clinical signs of the disease. The virus was restricted to the northern and north-eastern regions of Thailand. DNA polymerase genes of the 64 positive samples were then characterized and analyzed. Eight samples (3.1%) were found to be closely related to retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus (RFHV) and were classified in the genus Rhadinovirus, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. The phylogram of the virus revealed it to be species-specific within the macaque population. A total of 56 samples (21.4%) exhibited a nucleotide relationship …

Rubber Band Syndrome In A Dyspneic Dog, Nithida Boonwittaya, Saroch Kaewmanee

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The rubber band syndrome has been reported inboth human and animal patients but the number of cases shows it is an uncommon condition. Most cases live in communities where a rubber band is commonly used for a wide variety of purposes. Here we report a case of a dyspneic dog with a linear constricting scar and a discharging sinus on the ventral neck. The radiography showed constructive signs. Surgical exploration found a colored rubber band burrowing into the tracheal lumen. Following surgery, the dog recovered without any complications in the postoperative follow-up period. This case emphasized that rubber band syndrome …

In Vitro And In Vivo Effect Of Chia Oil (Salvia Hispanica L.) On Haplorchis Taichui, Jiraporn Songsri, Danupol Ketthaisong, Thidarut Boonmars, Parichart Boueroy, Porntip Laummaunwai, Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn, Panaratana Rattanasuwan, Chantana Boonyarat, Khomsorn Lomthaisong, Ratchada Tangwongchai, Glenn N. Borlace

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Haplorchis taichuiis an intestinal heterophyidfluke that is pathogenic to humans. This parasite can mature in the small intestine of birds and mammals. The purpose of this study was to investigatethe effect of chia seed oil (Salvia hispanica L.) on H. taichuiin vitroand in vivo. The activity of adult H. taichuiworms incubated in Tyrode’s solution containing praziquantel (10μg/ml) or chia oil (1 or 10 mg/ml) for 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours was assessed by observation under a stereo-microscope. Syrian hamsters infected with 200 H. taichuimetacercariae were treated with 25mg/kgBW praziquantel in a single dose or 100mg/kgBW chia oil for 3 …

Efficiency Of Clove Essential Oil Against Planktonic Cells And Biofilms Of Malassezia Pachydermatis Isolated From Canine Dermatitis, Jareerat Aiemsaard, Chuchat Kamollerd, Suwit Uopasai, Ranee Singh, Eakachai Thongkham

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

This study investigated the ability of clove oil and eugenol to inhibit biofilm production and eradicate canine Malassezia pachydermatisin biofilm form. Biofilm formation was studied using a crystal violet assay and was quantified by optical density (OD)at 595 nm. Killing time was assessed by time-kill assay.All 17 isolates of canine M.pachydermatiswere capable of biofilm formation, however, 6 isolates formed more extensive biofilms than the other isolates and were selected for susceptibility testing. Clove essential oil and eugenol showed effectiveness against both planktonic and biofilm cells with identical minimum planktonic inhibitory concentration (MPIC50) and minimum planktonic fungicidal concentration (MPFC50), 0.156 and …