Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

New Findings On Seed Rates In Sown Grass Farming, Erich Kreuz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Field experiments conducted in the GDR over several years have shown that it is possible to considerably reduce seed rates specific to pure stands of valuable forage grasses. This allows to arrive at almost optimal plant spacing. On account of these findings, the seed rates for mixed and pure grass stands in commercial grass farming in the GDR were reduced to an optimum of 16-20-24 kg/ha. In view of the hitherto common seed rates of 30-40 kg/ha, this practice has allowed to save substantial amounts of grass seeds and to cut costs.

Productivity Of Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) And Other Forage Grasses In The North-Western Part Of The Rsfsr, V P. Spasov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results are given of experiments conducted • from 1972 to 1976 to investigate the productiv­ity of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) as single crop and in mixture with alfalfa at different levels of mineral fertilization and different cutting frequencies. In normal dry valleys in the case of fertilization with 120 kg N, 60 kg P, and 90 kg K/ha and two-cut utilization, Festuca arundinacea ('Baltika') outyielded Dactylis glomerata L. ('Jygeva 242') by 13 % in terms of dry matter, and Festuca pratensis Huds. ('Jygeva 47') by 26 %. The dry matter yield of Festuca arundi­nacea amounted to 6.6 t/ha …

An Attempt To Select Grass Species And Varieties With Different Ripening Rhythm In Preparing Simple Seed Mixtures For Mown Meadows, Tadeusz Pawlak

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Studies were conducted into proper selection of grass species and varieties with different rip­ening rhythm, to secure optimum yields from the first growth harvested at different dates. The beginning of the heading stage in the prin­cipal components of a mixed grass stand was chosen as the optimal time for harvesting. The field experiments were carried out on three different sites in the Vistula marshland (Zulawy region). Expected satisfactory levelling of dry matter yield and of crude protein yields as well as of crude protein contents was not achieved.

The Heading Time Of Some Varieties Of Orchard Grass (Dactylis Glomerata), Timothy (Phleum Pratense), And Tall Oat Grass (Avena Elatior) In The Mountain Region Of Sr Serbia, Drasko Colic, Momcilo Leposavic, Radovan Vazmic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There were different investigations of 12 varie­ties of orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), 6 of timothy (Phleum pratense), and 2 of tall oat grass (Avena elatior) in the period 1972-1975. The experiments were carried out on the mountain Jagodnja (800 m) in the south-we­stern part of SR Serbia. The difference in heading time between the earliest variety of orchard grass and the latest variety of timothy was 43 days on average over three years of investigation. This period be­tween the earliest and the latest varieties of orchard grass was 22-23 days, while the dif­ference between …

Some Problems In Establishment And Production Of Pastures On The Eroded Tea Lands In The Mid-Country Region Of Sri Lanka, P A. Chadhokar, D A. Lecamwasam

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There is no doubt that the mid-country region of Sri Lanka (300-1000 m elevation) offers a great scope for dairy farming on a subsistence level because of its favourable climate for the growth of both animals and pastures. This will create more self-employment and will greatly help in bridging the gap between supply and demand of milk in this country. However, to achieve these objectives it is essential to solve problems relating to the establishment and management of pastures under zero-grazing system and ensure a year-round supply of good-quality feed for the high-yielding milk animals. The added advantages of grassland …

Dry Matter Production Of Tropical Grasses And Legumes In Thailand, Masao Hoshino, Shigeru Ono, Nittaya Sirikiratayanond

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fifty species or strains of tropical grasses and legumes were introduced and annual dry mat­ter yields were determined in 1973 and 1974 at Pakchong Forage Crop Station in Thailand. Maximum dry matter yields were recorded with napier grass in 1973 and 1974. At a high level of fertilizer application the yield of this species reached 75.6 t/ha in 1974. Hybrid napier grass, jaragua grass, buff el grass, Rhodes grass, and all Panicum species, i.e. Guinea grass, colored Guinea grass, blue panic grass, and green panic grass, showed high dry matter yield. As to decumbent type of grasses, signal grass, para …

Development And Evaluation Of The Introduction Of Gramineae In Cuba, R Hernandez, R Machado, J Menendez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Cuba has a great endemism in its flora, and more than 400 grass species, but not prominent native plants for animal feeding in extensive production conditions. Pasture introduction started in Cuba more than 300 years ago and has been used to improve grasslands, but it was only since 1962 that an organized intro­duction programme has been carried out. In accordance with this programme, more than 2,000 accessions have been introduced, in­cluding 470 grasses. Australia is the country that has supplied most of these introductions, Africa, Asia and America being the continents in which the most outstanding introductions were originated. The …

Comparison Of Results From Pasture Divided Into A Small Number Of Paddocks And From Pasture With Free Grazing, Jan Sinkovic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The fertilization of pastures and their division into paddocks are one major possibility of intensifying and rationalizing agricultural pro­duction in the mountain regions of Czechoslo­vakia. This follows from the results obtained from grazing young cattle (heifers) and sheep. The division of a pasture into three paddocks does not fully meet the demands of plant growth, but it has obvious advantages when compared with the freely grazed one-paddock pasture without mineral fertilization. The dry matter yield of the divided pasture with rota­tional grazing of heifers and sheep amounted to 5.92 and 5.76 t/ha, respectively. On the unfertilized strip with free grazing …

Continuous Supply Of Forage From Grclissland In Upper Regions Of A Low-Altitude Mountain Range To A Specialized Cattle-Rearing Farm, E Krannich, M Muller

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The climatic and soil conditions prevailing in the Thuringian Forest are quite suitable for forage production. The large share ofslopy land calls for pasture farming. Specialized heifer rearing is derived from that. Permanent grass­land would not offer good conditions for forage production along industrial lines. The operation of whole sets of big machines becomes possible and efficient only on long-rotation ley. Long­rotation ley farming secures good yield stability and largely continuous forage supply, and renders possible the efficient utilization of breeding progress on grassland as well. On the transformation of permanent grassland into long-rotation ley, two-stage renewal has proved to …

Development Of Sward, Yield Dynamics, And Productive Life Of Seeded Grassland On Low-Bog Sites, Ulrich Bauer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The transformation of old permanent grassland into seeded grassland is an important method for the intensification of forage production along industrial lines. Newly seeded grassland produces high yields during the first years of use, followed by yield decline in subsequent years. Therefore the grassland has to be renewed periodically. On low-bog sites the sward has to be renewed after 4 years for mixtures of Festuca pratensis + Phleum pratense + Poa pratensis. Pure stands have to be renewed after 5 years for Dactylis glomerata, after 3 years for Lolium perenne, after 10 years for Phalaris arundinacea, and …

Persistence Of Forage Plants In Seeded Grassland On Liman Meadows In Kazakhstan, P A. Salyukov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Procedures have been worked out for establish­ing persistent meadows by seeding in liman areas with saline soils and so far low productivity. On several seeded grassland plots, forage plants, . particularly Lotus corniculatus L., were found to undergo self-seeding generative renewal parallel with vegetative regeneration. The effect of that generative renewal of plants on liman meadows proved to be one of the major factors contributive to productive persistence of seeded grassland. Extraordinary effectiveness was ob-. tained from seeding Lotus corniculatus into experimental plots.

Efficiency Of Seeded Grassland And Permanent Grassland At High Intensity Of Management On Low-Bog Sites, W Kreil, H Kading, E Wallbaum, W V.D Waydbrink

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The utilization of grassland sites by seeded grassland instead of permanent grassland has become an objective necessity. From the point of view of crop husbandry and technology, the limits to the efficiency of permanent grassland are quite obvious. A farm-scale experiment conducted on several hundred hectares of land over a number of years, numerous other trials, and practical experience have proved seeded grassland on low-bog sites to exceed intensively managed permanent grassland by 15 % with regard to the energy yield obtained.

Methods For Establishing Highly Productive Pastures In Mountain Regions Of The Northern Caucasus, Aleksandr Zotov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the subalpine belt it is possible on seeded pastures with a mixture of grasses and legumes as well as on pastures with natural swards to produce 5.5-6.5 t DM/ha, if 90-120 kg N and 60 kg Pare applied per hectare and year. The methods of tillage (ploughing, discing), seeding methods (with and without cover crop), and seeding dates (spring, summer) produced different effects on the yield and quality of forage from seeded pastures only in the first three years after seeding. Seeded pastures are more responsive to mineral fertilization than are the natural ones. On seeded pastures, the crop …

Yields Of Permanent Grassland And Temporary Grassland In The Alpine Region, Giselher Schechtner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the lower altitudes of the Alpine region, per­manent meadows heavily fertilized with nitro­gen give yields of l 0 (-11) t DM/ha. The more intensive the fertilization, the greater will be the superiority of temporary meadows in grass­stressed crop rotations or in the case of periodi­cal grassland regeneration without inclusion of arable crops, and the sooner one has to choose temporary grassland farming, because the per­manent meadows often degenerate under the influence of intensive nitrogen fertilization. Under intensive nitrogen fertilization and inten­sive use, temporary meadows produce about 13 t DM (7,500,000 starch units) per hectare and year. Good stands of …

Influence Of Forage Quality On The Possibility Of Substituting Feeds, Peter Tillack

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The energy concentration of roughages, which is an important quality feature from a farm management point of view, decisively influences the performance that can be attained with ruminants. The effects of quality changes in the roughage on feed amounts and cost can be determined by way of quantification. A set of priorities for the available feeds, which helps to cut feed cost at the planning stage, can be derived at the same time by comparing energy con-cent.ration and the price o( feeds.

Factors Affecting Green Forage Intake By The Milking Goat, Lionel Huguet, Michel De Simiane, Claude Bernard Broqua

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

For the past fifteen years in France goat rearing has developed thanks to a favourable economic background. The specialization of farmers has given rise to new needs in breed­ing techniques and particularly in green forage feeding systems. From 1972 to 1975, trials were carried out to specify the utilization of green forage by milking goats in order to simplify and rationalize their diet. Three factors were studied to estimate their effect on forage intake: removal of hay from the ration, the quantities of green forage offered, and the quantities of concentrates distributed. When the green forage has a good feeding …

Grain Supplements For Breeding Ewes In Continuous Grazing Systems, William G. Allden

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two suppleme.ntary feeding systems were com­pared. When breeding flocks were provided with purchased barley grain during the prelambing and post-lambing periods each year there were significant increases in ewe body weights, lamb weights, lamb production/unit area, and the amount of pasture present. However, when the grain had to be provided from the grazing area there was no suggestion of any advantage in substituting a barley crop for an area of pasture. These contrasting results indicate that the assessment of animal production systems based on the integration of pasture grazing and grain supplementation should take into account the source of grain …

Forage-Animal Systems For Economic Calf Production, R E. Blaser, R C. Hammes Jr, J P. Fontenot, H T. Bryant

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nine forage-cow-calf systems with constant ,stocking but variable grazing pressures to pro­vide for changing nutritional needs of beef cows, and continuous high calf nutrition with creep grazing gave similar high weaning weights of autumn and winter calves for all-year grazing vs. hay feeding and for 2 stocking rates. The all-fescue systems lowered calf weights. Nine forage-cow-calf systems with constant ,stocking but variable grazing pressures to pro­vide for changing nutritional needs of beef cows, and continuous high calf nutrition with creep grazing gave similar high weaning weights of autumn and winter calves for all-year grazing vs. hay feeding and for 2 …

Energy And Nitrogen Metabolisms Of Steers Fed With Coast Cross No. L Bermuda Gniss (Cynodon Dactylon) Or Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.) Forages, C M. Geerken, A Diaz, R Gonzalez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two groups of 5 crossbred Holstein calves with 80􀂰 120 kg live weight were used to study the effect of feeding with Coast Cross bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) or pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) on the energy and nitrogen balance of the animals during the dry and rainy seasons. Bermuda grass had nearly twice the crude protein content of pangola grass in both seasons (8.3 vs. 5.0% DM basis). Balance data obtained for bermuda and pan­gola grasses during the dry season were: intake of DM 3.28 and 3.00 kg/day, metabolizable energy 7.44 and 5.30 Meal ME/day, nitrogen 43.8 and 22.3 …

Effect Of Different Levels Of Protein Supplementation To Steers Grazing Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.) In The Dry Season, A Delgado, A Elias, J L. Veitia, R Dieguez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ninety crossbred steers(¼ Holstein x ¼ Zebu) of approximately 100 kg live weight were used in a randomized block design with 3 replica­tions to study the effect of protein supplemen­tation to pastures. The levels were: 0, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 g ofN x 6.25/animal/day. The experiment was carried out during two succes­sive dry periods. Stocking rates of 5 animals/ha were maintained for each treatment, and each area was divided in 4 paddocks for rotation. The protein supplement had a PN: NPN ratio of60:40. During the first dry period the animals in the control treatment gained 100 g/day and …

Comparison Between Coast Cross No. 1 Bermuda ( Cynodon Dactylon L.) And Pangola (Digitaria Decumbens Stent.) Grasses For Milk Production, Irma Jerez, D Herrera

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Twelve crossbred cows in their 2nd and 3rd lactations, 120 days after calving, were used in a switch􀃈back design to compare Coast Cross No. l bermuda (Cynodon dactylon L.) and pangola (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) grasses as sole feed for milk production. Pasture avail­ability was determined b

Herbs On Permanent Grassland From The Point Of View Of The Phytopharmacist, Gerd Seifert

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An outline is given of the enormous impor­tance of herbs on natural grasslands, i.e. on meadows and pastures. Special attention is drawn to the valuable ingredients in some herbs. The progressive agriculture, especially the agricultural scientists, should give more consideration to the herbs on permanent grass­land.

Meadow Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense Spontaneum), An Indicator Plant For Herbage Quality From Permanent Grass­ Land As Shown By The Microelements Manganese, Zinc, Copper, And Molybdenum, Manfred Anke

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Meadow red clover (Trifolium pratense sponta­neum) was found to be suitable for testing the site-specific Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo status of soils under permanent grassland, which depends on the geological origin of the parent rock. The Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo levels of meadow red clover proved to be correlated with the level of these microelements in field red clover and in the black hair of cows grazed on the same sites. By means of this indicator method, Mn and Cu deficiency and Mo excess areas were detected.

Solubility Degree Of Some Calcium Compounds In Grasses, Marian Falkowski, Irena Kukulka

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The trial to establish calcium compound quanti­ties in grasses, on the basis of their solubility degree in water, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid, proved - in our opinion - to be interest­ing and may be of practical importance. There occur conspicuous differences in quantitative ratios of those three calcium groups, both in grass species and in their varieties. It was found that those ratios varied during the ve­getation period and depended also upon nitro­gen fertilization levels.

Predicting Forage Intake By Laboratory Methods, D J. Minson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It was shown that large varietal differences in voluntary intake occur even when there were no differences in dry matter digestibility and level of pepsin soluble dry matter. To overcome this problem when comparing different methods of predicting intake the use of multiple regres­sions was proposed in which dry matter digesti­bility was always one of the two independent variables. Using this method leaf% was shown to be the best predictor of intake (r = 0.87) closely followed by physical attributes of the feed. It was concluded that more time should be spent studying the physical factors in pas­tures that control …

Effect Of Fermentation Level On The Utilization Of Silage Protein, Liisa Syrjala

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The utilization of silage nitrogenous compounds by ruminants depends to a great degree on the fermentation level of silage. When the fermenta­tion level is high, the crude protein fraction contains high amounts of soluble nitrogenous compounds and the sugar content is low, the utilization of nitrogenous compounds decreases. The soluble carbohydrate supplements, es­pecially sugar, fed together with silage, can in this case improve their utilization. When the fermentation level of silage is low, the benefi­cial effect of sugar on the utilization of silage protein is less.

Estimating The Feeding Value Of Grass And Leguminous Crops By Means Of Easily Determinable Parameters, P Zwierz, B Hoffmann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Numerous studies involving different types of green forage material have shown that the lig­nin content is a suitable parameter for predicting the energetic feed value. Regression analyses for pasture grass and alfalfa included correlation coefficients of 0.984 and 0.959, respectively. Although for green 'rorage ma­terials the lignin content proved to provide reliable results when used as the sole parameter for calculation, further studies have shown that for other types of feed the content of easily soluble and hydrolizable carbohydrates should be incorporated into the calculation in addition to the crude protein content. The validity of in vitro methods for determining …

Evaluation Of Quality Factors In Warm Season Forages, Warren G. Monson, Glenn W. Burton, Wayne W. Hanna

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Improved forage quality is a feasible objective. Coastcross-1 bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., selected for high dry matter digesti­bility, has consistently enhanced the perform­ance of the animals consuming it. Variation in quality factors of other species, particularly Paspalum notatum var. Saurae Parodi and Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum., makes it possible to improve digestibility. Pearl millet varieties with improved animal­production potential have been developed and released for farmer use. The varieties have

been selected for higher digestibility and short stature, with reduced stem fractions. The assessment of the digestion of fresh forage permits evaluation of the effects of other factors, …

Investigations Of Quality Factors In Cocksfoot (Dactylis Glomerata), Gosta Julen, Per Martensson, Jan Sjdoin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The investigations reported show a clear and constant difference in digestibility of organic matter (DOM) between the crosses 14 x 18 and 16 x 20. This difference cannot be explained by the differences obtained in the relationship between leaves and stems, through the differ­ences in content of crude protein, fiber, or ash; nor can it be explained by the differences in the fiber composition. Sometimes it is proposed that the differences in DOM might be explained by differences in silica content, which is high in cocksfoot and is expressed by a high in­soluble ash content. However, since the leaves have …

Estimating The Digestibility Of Herbage By Means Of An In Vitro Technique Based On Cellulase, Kurt Nehring

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A rapid method based on cellulase was devised to estimate the digestibility of feeds. The method is easily applicable and readily reproducible; the standard error of the values is small. The digestibility coefficients established by means of cellulase (DCceBJ were found to be somewhat lower than the in vivo values; the differences go up as the vegetation advances. As the lagging behind of the DC reveals a marked dependence on the crude fibre content, it should be possible to translate to the animal the results obtained by means of the cellulase method. On account of its rapidity and sensibility this …