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Articles 901 - 930 of 291657

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Lamb Production From Temperate Grassland - A Systems Approach, N E. Young, J E. Newton Jul 2026

Lamb Production From Temperate Grassland - A Systems Approach, N E. Young, J E. Newton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Centres of industrial-scale production of young cattle have been, and are being, systematically developed by way of the specialization, concen­tration, and regional distribution of productive forces in order to make the most effective use of absolute permanent grassland areas in foot­hill and medium-altitude mountain areas. Op­timization calculations carried out in a number of locations allow to determine the demands on the size and quality of grassland used for cattle grazing, on land improvement, use, grazing management, the proportion of grass­land suitable for mechanized farming, the share of grassland in the available farmland, the grazing area available for one head of …

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Efficient Use Of Absolute Permanent Grassland In Foothill And Medium-Altitude Mountain Areas Through The Develop­ Ment Of Young-Cattle Raising Centres, Joachim Ilgner, Waldemar Endter Jul 2026

Efficient Use Of Absolute Permanent Grassland In Foothill And Medium-Altitude Mountain Areas Through The Develop­ Ment Of Young-Cattle Raising Centres, Joachim Ilgner, Waldemar Endter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Centres of industrial-scale production of young cattle have been, and are being, systematically developed by way of the specialization, concen­tration, and regional distribution of productive forces in order to make the most effective use of absolute permanent grassland areas in foot­hill and medium-altitude mountain areas. Op­timization calculations carried out in a number of locations allow to determine the demands on the size and quality of grassland used for cattle grazing, on land improvement, use, grazing management, the proportion of grass­land suitable for mechanized farming, the share of grassland in the available farmland, the grazing area available for one head of …

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Interrelationships Of Pasture Production, Pasture Utiliza­Tion And Animal Production From Grazed Pastures On Kangaroo Island, South Australia, P R. Gibson Jul 2026

Interrelationships Of Pasture Production, Pasture Utiliza­Tion And Animal Production From Grazed Pastures On Kangaroo Island, South Australia, P R. Gibson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture dry matter production, crude utili­zation and availability data are presented for two treatments (annual- and perennial-based pasture) in a larger stocking rate experiment carried out on the Kangaroo Island Research Centre, South Australia. There was no significant effect of stocking rate on mean annual pasture production for the four-year experimental period although some within-season correlations (both positive and negative) were observed. The mean efficiency of wool production in relation to pasture production and rainfall increased with stocking rate up to 17 sheep/ ha highlighting the biological efficiency of high stocking rates on these pastures.

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Stocking Rate And The Ecosystem: Some Soil-Plant-Animal Interrelationships On Annual Pastures In South Australia, Edward D. Carter Jul 2026

Stocking Rate And The Ecosystem: Some Soil-Plant-Animal Interrelationships On Annual Pastures In South Australia, Edward D. Carter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Merino wethers were grazed continuously for five years on an annual pasture at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in the Medi­terranean environment of South Australia to assess the soil, plant and animal responses to, and financial returns from, five stocking rate treatments ranging from 7.4 to 22.2 sheep per hectare. The experiment highlighted the biological and economic inefficiency of low stocking rates. Not only was pasture production in­creased by increasing the stocking rate but production of wool per head of sheep was not significantly affected except at the highest stocking rate. Wool production and wool value increased almost linearly with …

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Possibilities Of Raising Grassland Yields And Sheep Production By Means Of Intensive Nitrogen Fertilization, Jozef Kvietok Jul 2026

Possibilities Of Raising Grassland Yields And Sheep Production By Means Of Intensive Nitrogen Fertilization, Jozef Kvietok

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Application, after every grazing cycle, of 40 and 80 kg of nitrogen per hectare of sheep pasture, respectively, raised pasture yields to several times the level achieved in the unfer­tilized control. The fertilized herbage contained larger quan­tities of nitrogen compounds, with a trend to further increase in the following years. In variant A (40 kg N/ha) conversion of fertilizer nitrogen into plant matter was more efficient. In variant B (80 kg N/ha) we found a better balance of herbage regrowth over the whole grazing season. The amount of animal products produced in the individual variants correlated with the quantity and …

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Dynamics Of Botanical And Chemical Compositions Of Plants In Pasture Mixture, Y A. Yakimova, N Petrovski, R Stoilova Jul 2026

Dynamics Of Botanical And Chemical Compositions Of Plants In Pasture Mixture, Y A. Yakimova, N Petrovski, R Stoilova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Studies were conducted over five years into the dynamics relating to the botanical and chemical composition of the plant stand on an irrigated pasture run by the Institut po furazite, Pleven. The seed mixture consisted of20 % white clover, 60 % cocksfoot, and 20 % perennial rye grass and received annual phosphorus-potassium fertil­ization. The pasture was located on a plain 130 m a.s.l. and based on slightly leached cher­nozem of pH 7 .2. The climate is continental, with an annual mean temperature of 11. 7 °C and a long-term annual precipitation rate of 591 mm. The site was irrigated, which …

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Cutting Riverside Meadows Under High-Intensity Management, Klavdiya Terekhova, Viktor Pavlov, Petr Komakhin Jul 2026

Cutting Riverside Meadows Under High-Intensity Management, Klavdiya Terekhova, Viktor Pavlov, Petr Komakhin

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The cutting regime applied to a natural grass stand is of great impact upon productivity and persistence as well as upon composition by groups and species. The date of cutting has effects on the ratio of age groups within popula­tions of species as well as on generative and vegetative renewal, plant vitality, and morpho­genesis. The following yields may be obtained from a three-cut or four-cut regime of natural stands accompanied by application of 180 kg N + 60kgP + 60kgK/ha or240kgN + 60kgP + 60 kg K/ha: 6-10 tons of air-dry matter per hectare and 1-2 tons of crude protein …

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Productivity Of A Natural Grass Stand At Different Cutting Frequency, Jan Tomasik, Ondrei Tomka Jul 2026

Productivity Of A Natural Grass Stand At Different Cutting Frequency, Jan Tomasik, Ondrei Tomka

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

At adequate moisture supply from the soil, the productive potential of a natural grass stand can be considerably increased within a very short time even in the warmer regions of Czechoslovakia. Under the given ecological conditions, under three•cut use dry matter yields were 7 .2 t/ha when fertilized with 50 kg N/ha, and I 1.7 t/ha after application of 400 kg N/ha; that is a 2. l-3.5fold increase. The crude protein yield increased 2. If old under two-cut use and 5fold under six-cut use, as compared to the unfertil­ized control plot. The increase in cutting frequency decreased • the dry …

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Yield And Nutritive Value Of Forage Plants As Influenced By Stage Of Plant Development At Harvest, Khindrek Older, Ants Linnutaya, Yulo Oll Jul 2026

Yield And Nutritive Value Of Forage Plants As Influenced By Stage Of Plant Development At Harvest, Khindrek Older, Ants Linnutaya, Yulo Oll

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Field experiments were conducted for the pur­pose of studying yield formation in six single­crop sown grass species and two clover/grass mixtures, as well as the. chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of the forage as in­fluenced by the stage of plant development at the time of harvest. Highest dry matter yields were obtained from two-cut use with harvesting in flower. Highest digestible dry matter levels were obtained from three-cut use in the stage of shooting. Highest protein levels were recorded in the context of four-cut use in the heading stage. Digestible nutrients were high in the tillering and shoot­ing stages. …

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Use Of Legume/ Grass Pastures In The Central District Of The Ussr Forest Zone, Anelya Kutuzova, Kira Privalova Jul 2026

Use Of Legume/ Grass Pastures In The Central District Of The Ussr Forest Zone, Anelya Kutuzova, Kira Privalova

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Permissible grazing frequency was elucidated by comparing forage plant mixtures for their response to different regimes of use, with reference being made to variation in yields and in the percentage of sown legume com­ponents in the stand. In the absence of nitro­gen-fertilized grass stands in the pasture, a mixture with white clover is recommended for five uses. For four uses it is more suitable to take mixtures with red clover or alsike clover, or with white clover as well, provided the availability of grass stands for early pasture use. Only three uses per season are permissible of alfalfa/ grass mixtures, …

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Continuous Supply Of Fresh Forage To Factory-Like Dairy Farms As Demonstrated By The Example Of Eibau, Horst Neubert, Christiane Ruppert Jul 2026

Continuous Supply Of Fresh Forage To Factory-Like Dairy Farms As Demonstrated By The Example Of Eibau, Horst Neubert, Christiane Ruppert

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Investigations conducted in a factory-like dairy farm and in a crop production cooperative farm specialized in forage have proved that the use of fresh forage is very efficient from the economic point of view and that under the conditions of crop production along industrial lines fresh forage can be supplied according to demand and with great effectiveness. This depends, however, on the following conditions: site-specific cropping organization above all with regard to the choice of species and varieties; efficient organization of the harvesting process as well as of transport and storage; science­based organization and management of work. Great importance in …

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Coronilla Varia L. As Forage Plant And For Prevention Of Soil Erosion, Jan Hofbauer Jul 2026

Coronilla Varia L. As Forage Plant And For Prevention Of Soil Erosion, Jan Hofbauer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

From 1973 to 1975, the following parameters were studied in crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), variety 'Chemung': contents of crude protein, crude fibre, digestible protein, fixed essential amino acids, and NO3-N, as well as the matter and seed yields. The matter and seed yields were analogous to data stated in foreign cita­tions, but the nutrient contents were lower. The optimum time of the first cutting (in terms of nutrient content) is from the end of May to mid-June in the first harvest year, and from mid-June to the end of June in the second. Good seed yields were obtained only from …

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New Cultivation Method And Mode Of Utilization Off Orage Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.), Zdzislaw Gonet Jul 2026

New Cultivation Method And Mode Of Utilization Off Orage Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.), Zdzislaw Gonet

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A new method of sunflower cultivation was tested in a field experiment over one year. At 70 cm row spacing it is possible to use the harvester-chopper without crop yield going down. Spring seeding for a density of 200,000 plants/ha is the most favourable approach. The proper plant density at other seeding times (catch cropping) has to be ascertained in further experiments. Because of the remark­able increase of dry matter and nutrient con­tents from the beginning of flower to the stage of yellow pollen basket, sunflower grown for silage should be harvested only at this later date. Further investigations into …

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Biological And Ecological Properties Of Lotus Corniculatus L., Vitalo Strelkov Jul 2026

Biological And Ecological Properties Of Lotus Corniculatus L., Vitalo Strelkov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Tests have shown that the life duration of wild-growing birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corni­culatus L.) on natural meadows was between five and six years. That spa_n can be extended to something between eight and nine years in a seeded-grass environment. The winter hardi­ness of birdsfoot trefoil is poor, and so is its growth under flood water, as it would be displaced by wild-growing grasses. Its yield is higher if proper drainage is provided, with ground-water tables varying between 60 and 100 cm. About 60 % or even more birdsfoot trefoil plants may be destroyed when grown under cover crops for grain. …

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Red Clover/Grass Mixtures For Continuous Forage Supply In Medium-Altitude Mountain Areas, Gerhard Knoch, Johanna Leistner Jul 2026

Red Clover/Grass Mixtures For Continuous Forage Supply In Medium-Altitude Mountain Areas, Gerhard Knoch, Johanna Leistner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The fresh forage supply of a 2000-head dairy farm with clover/grass and red clover, 'Pe­renta' variety, is possible from about the third pentad of May up to the second pentad of September. For this, 740 hectares have to be harvested, i.e. 4 to 9 ha per day. The mean energy concentration of the fresh forage amounts to 562 energetic feed equivalents (cattle) per kg DM. The lowest values of 507 and 510 energetic feed equivalents (cattle) per kg DM are obtained in the second growth of clover/grass in the third and fourth pentads of July, respectively, and the highest values, …

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Cultivation Of Alfalfa And Alfalfa/ Grass Mixtures At Higher Altitudes In Czechoslovakia, Jan Radej Jul 2026

Cultivation Of Alfalfa And Alfalfa/ Grass Mixtures At Higher Altitudes In Czechoslovakia, Jan Radej

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experimental results have shown that the cropping area of alfalfa can be extended to suitable locations of the potato growing region. Due to the great heterogeneity of soil con­ditions, red clover cannot, however, be com­pletely eliminated from the cropping pattern in this area, because alfalfa gives higher dry matter yields than red clover only after three years. Therefore, in a more humid potato growing region with compacted soils it will be more suitable to grow red clover, or mix­tures including red clover, at differentiated levels of nitrogen fertilization.

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Yield And Stand Dynamics Of Medicago Sativa As Influenced By Seeding Management, R E. Mullen, J J. Vorst, H E. Laborde, C L. Rhykerd Jul 2026

Yield And Stand Dynamics Of Medicago Sativa As Influenced By Seeding Management, R E. Mullen, J J. Vorst, H E. Laborde, C L. Rhykerd

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Late summer seeding of alfalfa resulted in higher yields than did spring seeding only for the first year after seeding. Yields of late summer seeded plots progressively decreased through the third year after seeding, but yield of spring seeded plots remained constant. In the third year, there were 14 % more plants/m2 in spring seeded plots than in late summer seeded plots, but stems/m2 remained constant for both seeding dates. In second and third years, broadcast seeding resulted in greater yields and more plants and stems/m2 than row seeding. Over the three-year period high­est yields were obtained when plants and …

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Effects Of Seeding Rate On Chemical Composition Of Alfalfa Herbage, R E. Mullen, J J. Vorst, V L. Lechtenberg, C H. Noller, H E. Laborde Jul 2026

Effects Of Seeding Rate On Chemical Composition Of Alfalfa Herbage, R E. Mullen, J J. Vorst, V L. Lechtenberg, C H. Noller, H E. Laborde

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Cell wall constituent (CWC) percentage, in vitro cell wall constituent disappearance (IVCWCD), and crude protein percentage were determined in alfalfa herbage from plots broad­cast seeded at 4.5, 9.0, 18.0, and 36.0 kg of seed/ha. Data were obtained for the seeding year and two years following the seeding year. CWC percentage for first cutting alfalfa herbage averaged 4.2 percentage units lower than for second cutting alfalfa herbage. How­ever, IVCWCD did not differ between first and second cutting alfalfa herbage (p < 0.05). No relationships were apparent between CWC percentage and IVCWCD, which were appar­ently not affected by seeding rates. Crude pro­tein percentage of alfalfa herbage did not vary among the various seeding rates. High plant population resulting from high seeding rates did not result in increased alfalfa herbage digestibility and crude protein.

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Cover Crops For Perennial Forage Plants Under Conditions Of High-Intensity Arable Farming, Yu K. Novoselov Jul 2026

Cover Crops For Perennial Forage Plants Under Conditions Of High-Intensity Arable Farming, Yu K. Novoselov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

High and stable yields of perennial forage plants grown under conditions of high-intensity arable farming depend decisively on proper timing of sowing as well as on correct choice of the most suitable sowing method. Early-spring sowing of perennial forage plants under summer crops was found to be an opti­mum approach in the nonchernozem zone of the European part of the • USSR. The safe development of the seedlings of a given forage crop depends on proper choice not only of the species but also of the variety of the cover crop. If more nitrogen is applied, particularly in years with …

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Effect Of Planting Methods On The Establishment Of Panicum Maximum Jacq. On Natural Pastures, C Padilla, L Sanchez, J Sarroca, G Febles Jul 2026

Effect Of Planting Methods On The Establishment Of Panicum Maximum Jacq. On Natural Pastures, C Padilla, L Sanchez, J Sarroca, G Febles

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Six planting methods were studied for the establishment of guinea grass on natural pas­tures (Andropogonea) minimizing mechanical soil labour and burning. Methods essayed were: asexual plant cuttings and/or botanical seeds, planted in furrows, harrowing or not before furrowing, and the latter type of seeds broadcast on soils already ploughed and har­rowed or only harrowed. The best establish­ment was obtained when seed.s were broadcast, guinea grass replacing natural pasture species in 78 to 94 % when the soil was only harrowed and when ploughed + harrowed before sow­ing, respectively. Dry matter yields of broad­cast guinea ranged from 5 to 6 t/ha …

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Establishment Of Brachiaria/Legume Pastures In The Northern Guinea- Savanna Of Nigeria, J O. Akinola Jul 2026

Establishment Of Brachiaria/Legume Pastures In The Northern Guinea- Savanna Of Nigeria, J O. Akinola

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pastures of signal grass (Brachiaria brizantha) planted alone and also in mixtures with 8 tropical pasture legumes sown by broadcasting or drilling in the 1974 growing season in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria were evaluated at establishment in terms of DM yield, N and P content, and stand survival after the dry season. High-density (30 x 37.5 cm) pure B. brizantha pasture gave the highest OM yield, 18,000 kg/ha, whilst the mixture involving drilled Desmodium tortuosum produced the lowest DM, 7100 kg/ha. Broadcasting was slightly superior to drilling, and the legumes were richer than the grasses, in terms …

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Methods Of Oversowing Perennial Soybean (Glycine Wightii) Into Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens) And Native Pasture, Marta Monzote, T Hernandez Jul 2026

Methods Of Oversowing Perennial Soybean (Glycine Wightii) Into Pangola Grass (Digitaria Decumbens) And Native Pasture, Marta Monzote, T Hernandez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Four sowing methods: (1) disk harrowing and broadcast sowing, (2) broadcast sowing and disk harrowing, (3) planting with direct sowing machine, and (4) broadcast sowing, were com­pared to measure the establishment capacity of Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo in (a) pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) and (b) native pastures (Bothriochloa/Dichanthium mixture). A random block design with four replications was used. The germination was higher with di­rect sowing (80 and 110 plants/m2) and lower in broadcasting (8 and 15 plants/m2) in (a) and (b), respectively. All the treatments were con­sidered as established six months after sowing, although showing different percentages of …

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Surface Sowing Of Grass Seeds In The Paddy Fields In Japan, T Isamu Kawase Jul 2026

Surface Sowing Of Grass Seeds In The Paddy Fields In Japan, T Isamu Kawase

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The author describes the characteristic points of climate and geographical conditions com­pared with Western Europe, and introduces the vegetation and grass production in Japan. As the temperature goes up over 25 °C during about 45 days in summertime and it is pretty wet during that period, too many varieties of grasses; including many weeds, are growing up. Winter conditions in Japan are severe and cold, it is comparatively dry. There­fore we have successions of winter grass and summer grass. In such circumstances, the climax is forest, and Japan took her way of rice crop­ping in summertime instead of stock farming …

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Possibilities Of Improving Grass Stands On Mineral Soils Waterlogged At Times, Zdenek Hrazdira Jul 2026

Possibilities Of Improving Grass Stands On Mineral Soils Waterlogged At Times, Zdenek Hrazdira

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On heavy gley soils waterlogged at times, a rapid renovation of degraded grass stands on meadows resulted in an increase of crude protein yields by more than 200 %. At the same time, on larger areas sporadic drainage can be replaced by the so-called biological drainage. The rapid renovation of originally degraded grass stands must be carried out during the relatively driest time of the vegetation period, above all by combining the use of total herbicides with ploughing; in places where drinking water is collected, tillage by means of the rotavator should be the only agrotechnical measure applied. Under the …

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Methods Of Renovation Of Meadows Stands In Mountainous Regions, Bohus Holecy Jul 2026

Methods Of Renovation Of Meadows Stands In Mountainous Regions, Bohus Holecy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Under the conditions of the Carpathian moun­tain region in Czechoslovakia (Lower Tatra), a significant increase of the productiveness of natural grass stands was attained by the use of several methods of renovation. Grassland reno­vation without complete destruction of the sward allows with one or two operations with or without application of Gramoxone to ob­tain highly productive grass stands giving 7.3 to 8.4 t DM/ha on the average of 5 years. When sowing grass mixtures with the rotaseeder, row spacing (11, 20, 30 cm) is not decisive for the formation of dry matter yield. A more impor­tant factor is the seed …

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The Use Of Rotary Implements For The Rapid Renovation Of Natural Grass Stands With Smaller Irregularities Of Soil Surface, Jan Tomasik Jul 2026

The Use Of Rotary Implements For The Rapid Renovation Of Natural Grass Stands With Smaller Irregularities Of Soil Surface, Jan Tomasik

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On a natural grass stand with the dominance of Trisetum jlavescens L., the suitability of rotary implements was tested for the removal of smaller irregularities of the soil surface obstructing large-scale mechanization. It was found that it is possible by means of rotary implements in one operation to com­pletely remove irregularities of the soil surface or to limit them to a minimum. The use of rotary implements for the rapid renovation helped to improve the botanical composition of the renovated stand and to increase production. The use of rotary implements for the removal of surface irregularities enables the regeneration of …

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Usefulness Of Particular Renovation Methods Of A Meadow Situated On Peat-Muck Soil, Franciszek Ksawery Bukowiecki Jul 2026

Usefulness Of Particular Renovation Methods Of A Meadow Situated On Peat-Muck Soil, Franciszek Ksawery Bukowiecki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

On a meadow established in 1965 on excessively moistened peat-muck soil with a low mucking degree, sward renovation measures were carried out in the period 1971-1973. For this purpose, ploughing and rotavation were executed and compared with the treatment without tillage, at 4 treatments of a differentiated NPK fertil­ization and NPK + Cu + Mg fertilization. The effect of the tillage measures mentioned, jointly with sowing, on a differentiation of the botanical composition of the sward (and its yielding) was insignificant. On the other hand, fertilization proved to be significant for both botanical composition and yielding of sward. A fertilization …

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Renovation Of Sown Grassland - Impact On Quantity And Chemical Composition Of Herbage, Pavel Morhac Jul 2026

Renovation Of Sown Grassland - Impact On Quantity And Chemical Composition Of Herbage, Pavel Morhac

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The following conclusions are drawn from the results of nine-year studies regarding the reno­vation of sown grassland and its effects on the quantity and chemical composition of herbage: The mean per-hectare herbage yields ob­tainable from sown grassland even on gravelly sandy-loamy riverside soils with little nutrient supply still are between 5.5 and 7.5 tons of dry matter. Mechanical treatments applied in the second, third, and fourth years of use did not have any positive effect on herbage yields and failed to rule out critical years. Yield decline was found to have. been influenced mainly by the reno­vation year. In view …

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The Use Of Heavy Solvents For Separating Seed From Soil, Edward D. Carter, Stephen Challis, Ian G. Ridgway Jul 2026

The Use Of Heavy Solvents For Separating Seed From Soil, Edward D. Carter, Stephen Challis, Ian G. Ridgway

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Problems related to separating seeds from soil in ecological studies involving seed-seedling dynamics of annual pastures are discussed. The special roles of non-flammable chlorinated solvents as flotation agents in separating seed from soil are described. Studies showed that there was a slight, but significant (P < 0.05), overall effect of these chemicals on germination of seed of six species and cultivars: however, perchloroethylene appears to have no effect on germination.

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Effect Of Seed Pre-Sowing Hardening On Grain Sorghum, Antonio Corleto, Mallik A-As-Saqui Jul 2026

Effect Of Seed Pre-Sowing Hardening On Grain Sorghum, Antonio Corleto, Mallik A-As-Saqui

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The claim that seed pre-sowing hardening treat­ment increases the drought tolerance and seed production of crops was investigated. The results obtained by this study confirm those findings. It was found that seeds, when soaked in tap water for 24 h and dried at room tem­perature until they had reached their original weight, showed a major increment in seed pro­duction and number of seeds per panicle com­pared with the control and hardened seeds sub­jected to other soaking times and the alternative method of drying. Highest seed production with 24 h soaking was found when soil fertility (fertilizer and irrigation) was satisfactory. …

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