Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Sulfur Fertilization Of Five Tropical Forages I. Dry Matter Production And Chemical Composition, J E. Van Eys, S Ginting, M Rangjuti, W L. Johnson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Four tropical grasses and one legume were grown on an oxic dystropept soil in W. Java, Indonesia. Two levels of S fertilizer were applied (0 and 60 kg S/ha). Forages were harvested at 6 and 9 week intervals during the wet and dry monsoons respectively. Production of leaves and stems was determined separately and samples of a 6- and 9-week regrowth were analyzed for chemical composition. The effect of S fertilization on dry matter (DM) yield was markedly influenced by the effect of season. During the wet season only the production of stems from napier grass was increased (P < .05). During the dry season stem and leaf production of napier grass and centro increased (P < .05) under fertilization but there was a decrease (P < .05) in leaf production of guinea grass. S fertilization increased S content in leaves and stems by 23%. There was a tendency for N to increase and for NDF in leaves to decrease. Only in centro was ADF and lignin of fertilized plants lower (P < .05). Although Ca, P, Mg, Cu and Zn were not affected by fertilization, ash content in leaves of fertilized forages differed (P < .05) from controls.

Effect Of Some Agronomic Practices On Productivity And Nutritive Analysis Of Aquatic Grass Echinochloa Stagnina, K M. Ghobrial, M A. Gabra, M A. Noreldin, M A. Salem

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results indicated that the higher green, dry and protein yields increased with increasing plant density up to 105,000 plant per feddan that were fertilized with 45 kg N/fed. The average of the obtained green, dry and protein yields were 14.16, 4.24 and 0.30 ton/fed. respectively. The nutritive analysis on DM basis was 7.13 % crude protein (CP), 2.12% ether extract (EE), 31.56% crude fidre (CF), 47.97% nitrogen free extract (NFE) and 11.22% ash. The calculated starch value (SV) as a feed unit was 1.34 ton/feddan.

Adaptation Of Grasses And Legumes To The Humid Tropics Of America, E A. Pizarro, J M. Toledo, M C. Amezquita

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of the adaptation of 4 grass and 11 legume accessions evaluated from 1980-84 in 16 sites throughout the Latin American humid tropics are presented. Multilocational analysis of adaptability and yield stability index (YSI) was performed on dry matter yield at 12 weeks regrowth across locations and time, respectively. Legumes were classified in three groups. The first one (Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 136-184, Zamia Jatifolia CIAT 728) had wide adaptability, high productivity and capacity to respond to quality changes of the environment. The second group (Desmodium ovalifolium CIAT 350, Stylosanthes capitata CIAT 1097-1405, Centrosema pubescens CIAT 438, and Pueraria phaseoloides CIAT …

Development And Evaluation Of Stylosanthes Pastures For Seasonally Dry Areas Of Queensland, Australia, B Walker, P J. Mckeague

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There are 20.8 million hectares of the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics of Queensland to which the Stylosanthes spp. (stylos) are adapted. Only 600 000 hectares have been sown, or are naturalised, to these legumes, mainly to Townsville stylo (S. humilis). However, since 1974 anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) has severely affected Townsville stylo pastures, and newer cultivars of Stylosanthes are being used, viz: Verano (S. hamata), Seca and Fitzroy shrubby stylos (S. scabra) and Graham (S. guianensis var. guianensis). As little was known about the animal production and pasture stability associated with these stylos ( especially shrubby stylos) under …

The Role Of Temperature Pastures Species In Beef Farming In The Humaid Sub-Tropics Of South America, Y E. Kawabe, E Hayashi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Attempts were made to identify and solve the problems which a beef farming operation in the humid sub-tropics of South America was facing. A total of 370ha of pasture at C.A.O.S.A. was established using temperate species, Lolium perenne, L. multiflorum, Trifolium repens, T. subterraneum and Medicago sativa, both to establish new and also to improve existing tropical pasture in order to overcome: 1. Cool season feed shortage., 2. Low nutritional value of tropical grasses. A rotational grazing system was introduced and the yield and feed value analysis showed a substantial increase in cool season feed while the …

Grass Production At The Arctic Circle, Finland, T Mela

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grass production has progressed vigorously in Finland during the last two decades. The aim to produce high protein fodder from grass has prompted large-scale production of grass for silage. The development of technology to harvest young grass to make silage and feed cattle with silage has made the progress possible. Grass protein production has proceeded so far that 60 % of the protein for intensely fed dairy cows comes from silage, hay and pasture. The intensity of grass production has increased, for instance through nitrogen fertilization multiplying. Yields per hectare have risen by 50 % in grass for silage and …

Review Of Forage/Livestock Production On Mixed Farms In Sahel West Africa, James R. Dickey

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This is a review of forage and livestock production as they interact with farming in Sahel West Africa. Because of the complementarity of livestock and farming, as well as the abundant production of native forage in the higher rainfall southern farming areas, there is considerable hope among the donor community and host governments that both livestock and crop production can be substantially increased in the Sudan zone of West Africa. According to Winrock (1978) crop residue provides 24 % of the world supply of ruminant nutrients .. On the other hand, livestock manure supplies a large part of the agricultural …

Forage Research In Morocco And Approach To Face Constraints In A Developing Country, G Jaritz, M Bounejmate

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage production is of a iow level in Morocco because of socio-economic and technical constraints in spite of its potential functions to integrate animal husbandry into cropping systems and to prevent soil degradation. An approach to applied forage research is described which takes into account the existing constraints including the suboptimal functioning of the present extension service. It combines small plot experimentation with commercial field testing on livestock farms owned by a number of development organizations and influential farmers in different edapho-climatic regions. In this way, pilot units for demonstration, economic analysis and convincing of decision makers are created and …

Permanent Grasslands On Lowland Peat Soil And Cutover Bogs, I A. Vertogradskaya, Y Z. Zverkov, V B. Bakin, A N. Ulanov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The fifty year experience of grassland establishment used for pasture under systematic fertilization, maintenance and temperate or regulated drainage is an example of effective sown meadow longevity and conservation of fertility and organic matter in lowland peat soil in the North-East European part of the USSR. At the same time the 20-year observation proved that the need for special complex measures arises to create and keep up effective fertility in lowland peat lands after peat extraction and withdrawal of the most peat mass (cutover bogs). Artificial meadows are of great importance here, they can guarantee high productivity and become an …

Forage Production From Maize: Soybean Intercrops, S J. Herbert, D H. Putnam, A Vargas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) were intercropped in various planting patterns, and at varying densities and nitrogen rates to determine if such mixtures could provide forage superior to pure maize for ruminants. In 1980 all but one intercrop pattern had dry matter (DM) yields similar to maize monoculture even when every second maize row was replaced with a soybean row. In all studies soybean alone yielded about half that of maize yield alone. Density studies in 1981 and 1982 showed yields similar to maize alone. However, experiments both years indicated that maize row …

The Effect Of Row Width And Intrarow Spacing On The Productivity And Nutritional Quality Of Silage Corn, Y Kishida, S Uchida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of planting density on silage corn production and silage quality. Dent corn cv. Pioneer 3424 was planted at different or the same densities by changing row width or intrarow spacing or the both. The dry matter yield and silage quality were determined at different stages of ripening and the results are summarized as follows: When intrarow spacing was changed (under different intrarow spacings), the rate of increase of dry matter per plant was high at the low and intermediate planting densities and the dry matter yield per 10 are was high at …

Frequency Of Cutting, Row Spacing And Fertilization Of Guieneagrass (Panicum Maximum) And Jaraguagrass (Hyparrhenia Rufa), J A. Gomide, D S. Queiroz, J A. Obeid, C P. Zago

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two 3 x 2 x 2 factorial experiments were carried out to study the effects of 3 spaces between rows, 2 cutting intervals and 2 levels of NK application, on the yield of Guineagrass and Jaraguagrass. Data were collected over 3 years. Higher drymatter (DM) yield from either grass was obtained under the longest cutting interval, but in several cases significant cutting interval x spaces between rows interaction was observed. Reducing the spaces between rows had the effect of either reducing the yield from the plots under the longest interval of cutting or favoring yield from plots under more frequent …

Production And Chemical Compositions Of Tyfon Under Various Environmental Conditions In Hokkaido, Japan, H Oohara, D J. Hayes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A new variety of Brassica sp., tyfon has been introduced to Japan by Daehnfeldt Inc. through C. Itoh Trading Co., Ltd. The authors have been carrying out a comprehensive research on the qualification of tyfon through a field trial under various environmental conditions in Hokkaido, Japan, including the feeding value of it, etc., since 1983. The experimental result is summarized as follow:

1. Tyfon is widely adaptable to various environmental conditions in Hokkaido. Comparing to other forages under cultivation in Hokkaido, this crop will assure of a higher yield than other forages.

2. The growth of tyfon varies with agronomic …

Responses Of Tropical Pasture Grasses To Photoperiod And Temperature, Y Nada

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Photoperiodic responses of 24 tropical grasses and temperature responses of 27 tropical grasses were investigated in controled environment. Concerning with photoperiodic response, grasses were classified as follows. Short-day response : napiergrass, speargrass, angletongrass. Medium-day response : plicatulum, jaraguagrass, carpetgrass, dallisgrass, Guineagrass, switchgrass, buffe­lgrass, sabigrass. Long-day response : Pangolagrass, bahiagrass, setaria, bermudagrass. Others : paragrass, vaseygrass, side-oats grama, knotgrass, Rhodesgrass, kikuyugrass, red-oat grass, coloured Guineagrass, molassesgrass. Difference of obligated response in which plant need special photoperiod for ear emergence, and not obligated response were also stated. Concerning with temperature response, growth of grasses under low (20/15°C day and night) or high …

Effects Of Climatic Zone, Topography, Land Utilization And Soil Condition On The Mineral Content Of Natural Grasses In Bali, K Lana, I M. Nitis, S Uchida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

To evaluate nutritional quality of the natural grasses fed to livestock, grasses grown in different climatic zones (zones B, C, D, E and F), different topographies ( coast, hills and higher altitude), various forms of land utilization (rice field, dry land and plantation) and different soil conditions, allocated in 15 districts of 8 regencies in Bali were analyzed for their macro and micro element contents. Although P, K, Mn and Mo contents were higher and Mg, Na, Fe and Zn contents were lower in wet season than in dry season, Ca and Cu contents were constant throughout the seasons. The …

Potential Role For Stylo In Traditional Crop And Livestock Production Systems In Nigerian Subhumid Zone, M A. Mohamed Saleem, R Von Kaufman, R M. Otsynia, H Suleiman

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The typical soils (Alfisols) of the subhumid zone of Nigeria deteriorate under continuous cropping and grazing. Due to increasing demand for land, soil recovery through natural fallowing is too time consuming. Because other reclamation techniques are expensive forage legumes that rapidly confer most fallow benefits and improve livestock nutrition have an important role in traditional crop-livestock production systems. In its experiments ILCA subhumid zone team used Stylosanthes spp. (stylo) in the following way: - (i) undersown or sown on alternate ridges with sorghum, (ii) sorghum transplanted into it, and (iii) the succeeded by maize after varying years of its growth. …

Effects Of Fertilization, Time And Height Of Cutting Regrowth Of Tropical Grasses, Y Watanabe, R Ishida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study was conducted to clarify the cutting methods of four tropical species in Hokuriku district of Japan, to get the information of regrowth. In 1983, green panic, fall panic, Rhodesgrass and African millet were used and regenerated leaf and stem weight at three weeks after cutting was measured. In 1984, green panic and African millet were used and growth analysis was done. Effects of time and height of cutting, nitrogen (N) topdressing before and after cutting, seeding time and interrow space on regrowth of the species were studied using 'orthogonal arrays' and two-factor factorial design. Only the main effects …

Yearly Forage Crop Rotation Systems In The Lowland Areas Of Kyushu, Japan, K Ibaraki, H Tokunaga

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

n Kyushu, the southernmost island of Japan, very intensive cattle raising are being done mostly in the lowland areas by drylot-feeding system. A rotation system of forage maize (Zea mays) followed by Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum. IR) in a year is the most popular of all for maximizing and stabilizing dry matter (DM) production there (Ibaraki, 1985). A series of field trials to select suitable cul ti vars ( cv.) and cultural managements in maize and IR were conducted on the volcanic ash soil at Kyushu Nat. Agr. Exp. Stn in Kumamoto in 1980-4. For stable DM production of forage …

Introduction Of Knotgrass (Paspalum Distchum L.) As Forage Crops To Lowland Paddy Field In Warm Region, H Ikeda, M Oyamada, R Akashi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Knotgrass(Paspalum distichum L.), one of native grasses grown wild in swamps of warmer region of Japan, has an attention as a forage crop adapted to lowland paddy fields. Surveys were conducted during 1982 to 1983 to investigate the production of Knotgrass pastures including Italian ryegrass established on a swamp in ldogawa Farm, Kunitomi,Miyazaki. In 1982, slurry alone was applied at a rate ofN ,P205, K20; 60, 60, 75 kg/lOa/year and in 1983, 15 kg urea/lOa(N: 7 .5 Kg/lOa) ware added after each harvest, six times a year. Fresh yields of Knotgrass and Italian ryegrass in 1982 were 7.06 kg and …

Regrowth Ability Of Napiergrass (Pennisteum Purpureum Schamach) In The Dry, Cold Season In Taiwan, Yeong-Chyn Wang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Three varieties of napier grasses, A146, 7001 and 7007 were propagated with two-node stem cuttings in 50 cm x 100 cm population density in the field on 13th of Sept. 1983, to compare the regrowth ability of these grasses under the dry and cold season in southern Taiwan and to select a better one for recommendation in this area. Some parameters of growth analysis, the Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Ratio (LAR), Net Assimilate Rate (NAR), Crop Growth Rate (CGR) and Relative Growth Rate (RGR) of the grasses were traced every 2 weeks after the cutting. LAI increased with …

Studies On Dry Matter Production Of Bahiagrass (Paspalum Notatum) Sward Ii. Characteristics Of Co2 Balance And Solar Energy Utilization During The Regrowth Period, W Agata

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

To clarify the characteristics of CO2 balance and solar energy utilization during the regrowth period of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) sward, canopy photosynthesis and dark respiration were periodically measured in the same sward used in the previous paper I. The measurement of canopy photosynthesis was done using the chamber method under field conditions. Dark respiration in population was calculated based on the dark respiratory rates in each organ and dry weight at each regrowth stage. Canopy photosynthesis correlated closely with solar radiation. The light response of gross photosynthetic rate (Pg) changed with LAI increase from a saturated curve to a …

Studies On Dry Matter Production Of Bahiagrass (Paspalum Notatum) Sward I. Characteristics Of Dry Matter Production During The Regrowth Period, W Agata

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This investigation was carried out to elucidate the characteristics of dry matter production during the regrowth period of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) sward. Growth analysis was periodically done throughout the regrowth period based on total dry weight and leaf area index. Total and top dry weight increased showing a typical sigmoid curve from July 27 to September 11. Produced dry weight and average crop growth rate during the regrowth period were 983 gDW/m2 and 21.3 gDW/m2/day, respectively. The harvest index on September 11 was 45.4%. Leaf area index also increased showing the sigmoid curve during the regrowth. Maximum leaf area …

Method For Obtaining Better Germination Of Green Panic (Panicum Maximum Var. Trichoglume Eyles) Seed, T Okada

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Because germination of green panic seed was unstable, a series of tests were performed to establish methods for obtaining better germination of this seed earlier than usual after it is harvested. In this report key points of the methods formulated are described. Seed ripened at 21 °C showed a higher germination percentage in its early age ( 4 months after harvest) than that ripened at 25°C or 29°C. Excellent early age germinations were realized by drying seed slowly immediately after harvest, especially by spending as much as a month gradually drying seed at 20°C and stirring every few days. Heating …

Economics Of Producing Corn (Maize) And Sorghum As Feeds For Animal Production In China, Bingxing Zhang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Due to insufficient production of animal products the Chinese people have eaten too much grain and too little meat and milk. Now, as a result of burriper harvests for several years in succession, it is time for the Chinese peasants to convert their surplus grain into feeds for the development of animal production to meet the growing needs of the Chinese people for meat and milk on the one hand and for wool and leather on the other. At the same time more forage sorghum and corn should be grown, especially on unused or misused poor lands and wide hillsides …

Effect Of Nitrogen And Cutting Management On The Dead Stubble, Carbohydrate Reserves In Stubble, And Regrowth Of Forage Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrid, S Seo, D A. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is one of the most important annual grasses utilized for supplemental summer forage. For better forage production, this experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the different nitrogen (N) rate, cutting height, cutting stage on the dead stubble, carbohydrate reserves (CHO-R) in stubble, and regrowth of forage sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The cultivar used in the present study was Pioneer 988. The experiment was arranged as a split plot design and undertaken over a period of 5 months from May to September, 1981 and 1982 in Suweon, Korea. The dead stubble after cutting was …

Yield Advantage Of Maize - Bean Intercrop System, T Gemma, H Miura

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two-year field study was conducted to determine the yield advantage in maize-bean intercrop system at a certain plant population pressure. Maize cultivar 'Wasehomare' was intercropped with bean cultivar 'Top Crop' in the replacement series treatments with each sole crop in 1983 and 1984. Fresh grain weight of maize and fresh pod weight of bean were analysed statistically. Grain weight per plant was increased significantly in some intercrop treatments in both years. Pod weight per plant was slightly increased by intercropping in only 1983. Competitive ability of maize was dominant in many intercrop treatments in both years. To assess yield advantage …

Effects Of The Association Corn-Soybean On Dry Matter Production And Nutritional Silage Value, R Garcia, A R. Evangelista, J D. Galvao

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Experiments were conducted to study the influence of corn-soybeans plant population in five cropping systems (four com-soybean associations and single corn) on the dry matter production and nutritional silage value. Variation in corn plant populations did not influenced green matter production, however, dry matter production increased as population increase. The cropping systems influenced both green and dry matter production. Plant population influenced on the nutritional silage value. The protein content and dry matter digestibility was higher for 30 thousand plants of corn per hectare. Two rows of corn to four of soybean resulted in superior protein content. The association com-soybean …

Effects Of Nitrogen And Potassium Fertilization On Dry-Matter Production, Nutrients Uptakes And Competitive Relation In Mixed Culture Of Forage Sorghum And Soybean, Y Kawamoto, Y Masuda, I Goto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization were examined on dry-matter production, N, P, Ca, and Mg contents and competitive relation for the nutrients uptakes in mixed culture of forage sorghum and soybean. The nutrients contents. of sorghum in mixed culture tended to be high under nitrogen or potassium fertilization, in comparing with those in pure culture. The density exchange rate of sorghum was less than 1.0, and that of soybean was greater than 1.0. It was suggested that inter-specific competition for sorghum and intra-specific competition for soybean showed greater effects on dry matter production and nutrients uptakes of individual …

The Effects Of Deep Incorporation Of Sewage Sludge And/Or Limestone On The Physical And Chemical Properties Of Acid Gob For Revegetation Of Grasses, J H. Jones, F J. Olsen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It is very difficult to establish and maintain vegetation on acid gob ( the coarse waste materials resulting from washing coal) sites. A study was conducted to determine the effects of varying rates of sewage sludge and/or limestone incorporated to 30 and 60 cm depths on the physical and chemical properties of gob for the establishment of grasses. The experimental site was located at Peabody Coal Company's Will Scarlet mine, Williamson County, Illinois, USA. The incorporation of sewage sludge as an amendment to acidic, low fertility and droughty gob resulted in favorable increases in organic matter, pH and reduced bulk …

The Differences In Surface Runoff And Soil Loss Between Vertical And Horizontal Cattle Tracks In Inclined Grasslands, M Oikawa, K Okamoto, Y Ogawa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The amount of surface runoff water and soil loss produced by artificial rainfall were measured in the grasslands where vertical and horizontal cattle tracks sharply developed, in order to establish the suitable design of paddock and the arrangement of water or salt sites that reduce the inclined grassland to erode. In mountainous grassland with steep slopes, grazing cattle take the nearly same routes which were determined by the degree of inclination and the locations of fences, water and salt sites or camping sites. The routes were gradually denuded of vegetation and formed many paths called "Ushimichi (in Japanese)", and were …