Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Aggregating Twitter Text Through Generalized Linear Regression Models For Tweet Popularity Prediction And Automatic Topic Classification, Chen Mo, Jingjing Yin, Isaac Chun-Hai Fung, Zion Tse

Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Environmental Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Social media platforms have become accessible resources for health data analysis. However, the advanced computational techniques involved in big data text mining and analysis are challenging for public health data analysts to apply. This study proposes and explores the feasibility of a novel yet straightforward method by regressing the outcome of interest on the aggregated influence scores for association and/or classification analyses based on generalized linear models. The method reduces the document term matrix by transforming text data into a continuous summary score, thereby reducing the data dimension substantially and easing the data sparsity issue of the term matrix. To …

Survey Data On Energy And Fuel Use Of Firms In Economic Zones In The Philippines, Majah-Leah V. Ravago, Raul V. Fabella, Karl Robert L. Jandoc, Renzi G. Frias, J. Kathleen P. Magadia

Economics Department Faculty Publications

The data describe characteristics, operations, utilities, and fuels used in the production of 115 manufacturing and agro-industrial firms in Philippine special economic zones. The data include information on the firm's production, sales, and schedules; electricity sources, requirements, and uses; the importance of various conventional fuels, and the firms’ fuel expenditure in their major production processes. The data also include their employee's aptitude, knowledge, considerations, and opinions on alternative fuels and primary energies, and experiences in using them. The data were gathered through a series of focus group discussions (FGDs) in June 2019 and an online survey conducted in August to …

Clustered, Stacked And Imbricated Large Coastal Rock Clasts On Ludao Island, Southeast Taiwan, And Their Application To Palaeotyphoon Intensity Assessment, James P. Terry, A.Y. Annie Lau, Kim Anh Nguyen, Yuei-An Liou, Adam D. Switzer

All Works

This work investigated the characteristics of a boulder field on the exposed south east coast of Ludao Island (Green Island) in southern Taiwan. Although the region regularly experiences seasonal Pacific typhoons, fieldwork on Ludao was prompted following the double-strike of Typhoon Tembin in August 2012, which followed an unusual looping track and was one of the strongest storms to affect the island in recent decades. In Wen Cuen Bay, large limestone and volcanic clasts (103–105 kg) occur both as isolated individuals and also grouped into distinct clusters across the gently-sloping emerged reef platform of Holocene age. Some individuals reach megaclast …

Use Of Supplements For Maintenance Of Nelore Bullocks In Brachiaria Decumbens, During The Dry Season In Acre, Brazilian Amazon, J. C. Carneiro, Judson F. Valentim, L. A. R. Valle

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study had the objective of evaluating animal performance and net economic returns of Nelore bullocks receiving: 1) mineral mixture (MM), 2) mineral mixture + urea (MMU), and 3) multiple supplement (MS), during the dry season of 1999 in Acre, Brazilian Amazon. The animals were maintained in pastures of Brachiaria decumbens, and liveweight gains, forage availability and chemical composition were assessed during the experimental period. Liveweight gains of 0.58, 0.65 and 0.60 kg/day, respectively, for MM, MMU and MS, were not different (P> 0.05). The use of MMU provided additional net economic return of 10.8% in comparison with the …

Roots And Potatoes As Supplements To An Alfalfa – Grass Diet To Dairy Cows, T. Eriksson, P. Ciszuk, E. Burstedt

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fourteen multiparous dairy cows were used in 3 x 3 change-over experiment designed to study effects of replacing barley by roots and potatoes in diets based on leguminous forage on feed intake, milk production and utilisation of feed nitrogen. The cows received a mixture of alfalfa (Medicago L.) and grass silage ad libitum and an isoenergetic quantity of a supplement based on either barley and potatoes (Ba/P), fodder beets (Beta vulgaris L.) and potatoes (Be/P) or barley (Ba). The grass in grass silage was dominated by timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Total DM intake as well as yield …

Agronomic Evaluation Of Forage Grasses Under Mature Rubber Plantation, N. L. Costa, Valdinei T. Paulino, A. C. M. Igreja, C. R. Townsend, J. A. Magalhães, R. G. De A Pereira, T. S. Paulino

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The agronomic performance of seven forage grasses, under a mature rubber plantation, was assessed in a cutting trial carried out at Porto Velho, Rondônia. During the rainy season, the higher dry matter yields were obtained with B. brizantha, P. atratum BRA-9610 and B. humidicola. During the dry season, the grasses more productive were B. brizantha and P. atratum BRA-9610. In both seasons, magnesium and potassium contents did not vary among grasses. During the rainy season, the higher nitrogen and phosphorus contents were obtained with P. regnelli BRA-0159 and, P. guenoarum BRA-3824 and B. humidicola, respectively, while P. atratum …

Constraints And Opportunities For Development Of Grasslands In Urban Areas Of The Niayes Zone In Senegal, S. T. Fall, I. Cissé

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A survey was carried out in urban areas of the Niayes zone in Senegal to explore grasslands development in agropastoral systems around towns. Rapid rural appraisal and farms multiple visits were done to describe the forage cropping system, identify constraints and opportunities of developing grasslands in urban areas. In Niayes urban areas, forage production system is being developed based on the cropping of several grass and tree species. Only a minority of farmers is involved in that activity. Level of grass production is rather low. Weak development of grasslands is observed. Main reasons are: farmer poor willingness to crop for …

Semiarid Grassland And Winter Cereals For Lamb Production In Northeast Patagonia, Argentina, D. P. Miñón, G. G. Durañona, J. C. García Vinent, H. D. Giorgetti, G. D. Rodríguez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In northeastern Patagonia where grain crops often led to harvest failure, low yields and a high drought risk, a lamb production system was established. On a 10 years old agriculture wheat cropping was interrupted in 1996, allowing re-vegetation through exclusion of grazing. Natural grassland recovered, prevailing the species Stipa tenuis, Piptochaetium napostaense, Stipa ambigua. Part of the plot was sown to wheat grass (Thinopyrum ponticum). In 1999, to improve sheep feeding, oat (Avena sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were sown for grazing during winter-spring season. In this system Corriedale sheep, Texel x australian …

Comparison Of Multiple Imputation Algorithms And Verification Using Whole-Genome Sequencing In The Cmuh Genetic Biobank, Ting-Yuan Liu, Chih-Fan Lin, Hsing-Tsung Wu, Ya-Lun Wu, Yu-Chia Chen, Chi-Chou Liao, Yu-Pao Chou, Dysan Chao, Hsing-Fang Lu, Ya-Sian Chang, Jan-Gowth Chang, Kai-Cheng Hsu, Fuu‑Jen Tsai

BioMedicine

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) can be conducted to systematically analyze the contributions of genetic factors to a wide variety of complex diseases. Nevertheless, existing GWASs have provided highly ethnic specific data. Accordingly, to provide data specific to Taiwan, we established a large-scale genetic database in a single medical institution at the China Medical University Hospital. With current technological limitations, microarray analysis can detect only a limited number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a minor allele frequency of >1%. Nevertheless, imputation represents a useful alternative means of expanding data. In this study, we compared four imputation algorithms in terms of …

Gravity Field Changes During Deep Exploitation Of The Coal Longwall And Their Relation To Stress Distribution And Seismic Activity, Łukasz Kortas

Journal of Sustainable Mining

Mining operations cause volumetric deformations within the rock mass and changes in its density, to which the gravimetric method is sensitive. These changes are particularly well seen in periodic measurements of the local gravity field. The paper analyses the relationship between the movement of a longwall in a coal seam and the change in the distribution of the gravity field in time and space observed on the ground surface. Relative gravimetric measurements were carried out in six series between 2018 and 2020; before the start of coal extraction, with the progress of the longwall and after the cessation of mining. …

Study Of The Relationship Of Tidal Changes In Gravity With The Time Of Mining Tremors In The Area Of The Mining Longwall In A Coal Mine – Case Study In Uscb, Poland, Sławomir Siwek

Journal of Sustainable Mining

Deep mining of coal deposits in Upper Silesia Coal Basin in Poland over several hundred years has led to disturbances in the natural state of equilibrium. As a result of changes in stress distribution, mass distribution (changes in gravity forces) and deformation of the rock mass, seismic tremors with energy reaching up to 10E+09J are generated. In this paper, the time of mining tremors occurrence is linked with changes in the gravitational load of the rock mass caused by litosphere tides, which are considered to be one of the factors leading to occurrence of natural seismic tremors. The analysis used …

Taphonomic And Diagenetic Pathways To Protein Preservation, Part I: The Case Of Tyrannosaurus Rex Specimen Mor 1125, Paul Ullmann, Kyle Macauley, Richard Ash, Ben Shoup, John Scannella

School of Earth & Environment Departmental Research

Contrary to traditional views, fossil bones have been shown to occasionally retain original cells, blood vessels, and structural tissues that are still comprised, in part, by their original proteins. To help clarify how such remarkable preservation occurs, we explored the fossilization history of a famous Tyrannosaurus rex specimen previously shown to yield original cells, vessels, and collagen protein sequences. By analyzing the trace element composition of the femur of this tyrannosaur, we show that after death its carcass decayed underwater in a brackish, oxic, estuarine channel and then became buried by sands that quickly cemented around the bones, largely protecting …

Characterizing Long Covid: Deep Phenotype Of A Complex Condition, Rachel R. Deer, Madeline A. Rock, Nicole Vasilevsky, Leigh Carmody, Halie Rando, Alfred J. Anzalone, Marc D. Basson, Tellen D. Bennett, Timothy Bergquist, Eilis A. Boudreau, Carolyn T. Bramante, James Brian Byrd, Tiffany J. Callahan, Lauren E. Chan, Haitao Chu, Christopher G. Chute, Ben D. Coleman, Hannah E. Davis, Joel Gagnier, Casey S. Greene, Ramakanth Kavuluru

Institute for Biomedical Informatics Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Numerous publications describe the clinical manifestations of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC or "long COVID"), but they are difficult to integrate because of heterogeneous methods and the lack of a standard for denoting the many phenotypic manifestations. Patient-led studies are of particular importance for understanding the natural history of COVID-19, but integration is hampered because they often use different terms to describe the same symptom or condition. This significant disparity in patient versus clinical characterization motivated the proposed ontological approach to specifying manifestations, which will improve capture and integration of future long COVID studies.

METHODS: The Human Phenotype Ontology …

Nuscon: A Community-Driven Platform For Quantitative Evaluation Of Nonuniform Sampling In Nmr, Yulia Pustovalova, Frank Delaglio, D. Levi Craft, Haribabu Arthanari, Ad Bax, Martin Billeter, Mark J. Bostock, Hesam Dashti, D. Flemming Hansen, Sven G. Hyberts, Bruce A. Johnson, Krzysztof Kazimierczuk, Hengfa Lu, Mark Maciejewski, Tomas M. Miljenović, Mehdi Mobli, Daniel Nietlispach, Vladislav Orekhov, Robert Powers, Xiaobo Qu, Scott Anthony Robson, David Rovnyak, Gerhard Wagner, Jinfa Ying, Matthew Zambrello, Jeffrey C. Hoch, David L. Donoho, Adam D. Schuyler

Department of Chemistry: Faculty Publications

Although the concepts of nonuniform sampling (NUS) and non-Fourier spectral reconstruction in multidimensional NMR began to emerge 4 decades ago (Bodenhausen and Ernst, 1981; Barna and Laue, 1987), it is only relatively recently that NUS has become more commonplace. Advantages of NUS include the ability to tailor experiments to reduce data collection time and to improve spectral quality, whether through detection of closely spaced peaks (i.e., “resolution”) or peaks of weak intensity (i.e., “sensitivity”). Wider adoption of these methods is the result of improvements in computational performance, a growing abundance and flexibility of software, support from NMR spectrometer vendors, and …

Assessing Population Exposure To Coastal Flooding Due To Sea Level Rise, Matthew E. Hauer, Dean Hardy, Scott A. Kulp, Valerie Mueller, David J. Wrathall, Peter U. Clark

Faculty Publications

The exposure of populations to sea-level rise (SLR) is a leading indicator assessing the impact of future climate change on coastal regions. SLR exposes coastal populations to a spectrum of impacts with broad spatial and temporal heterogeneity, but exposure assessments often narrowly define the spatial zone of flooding. Here we show how choice of zone results in differential exposure estimates across space and time. Further, we apply a spatio-temporal flood-modeling approach that integrates across these spatial zones to assess the annual probability of population exposure. We apply our model to the coastal United States to demonstrate a more robust assessment …

Causal Effects On Low Apgar At 5-Min And Stillbirth In A Malaria Maternal–Fetal Health Outcome Investigation: A Large Perinatal Surveillance Study In The Brazilian Amazon, Julio Abel Seijas-Chávez, Melissa Nolan Ph.D., Mph, Mary K. Lynn, Maria José Francalino Da Rocha, Muana Da Costa Araújo, Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca, Gabriel Zorello Laporta

Faculty Publications

Background

Malaria elimination in Brazil poses several challenges, including the control of Plasmodium falciparum foci and the hidden burden of Plasmodium vivax in pregnancy. Maternal malaria and fetal health outcomes were investigated with a perinatal surveillance study in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre state, Brazilian Amazon. The research questions are: what are the causal effects of low birth weight on low Apgar at 5-min and of perinatal anaemia on stillbirth?

Methods

From November 2018 to October 2019, pregnant women of ≥ 22 weeks or puerperal mothers, who delivered at the referral maternity hospital (Juruá Women and Children’s Hospital), …

Binational Reflections On Pathways To Groundwater Security In The Mexico–United States Borderlands, Rosario Sanchez, José Agustin Breña-Naranjo, Alfonso Rivera, Randall T. Hanson, Antonio Hernández-Espriú, Rick J. Hogeboom, Anita Milman, Jude A. Benavides, Adrian Pedrozo-Acuña, Julio Cesar Soriano-Monzalvo

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Shared groundwater resources between Mexico and the United States are facing unprecedented stressors. We reflect on how to improve water security for groundwater systems in the border region. Our reflection begins with the state of groundwater knowledge, and the challenges groundwater resources face from a physical, societal and institutional perspective. We conclude that the extent of ongoing cooperation frameworks, joint and remaining research efforts, from which alternative strategies can emerge, still need to be developed. The way forward offers a variety of cooperation models as the future offers rather complex, shared and multidisciplinary water challenges to the Mexico–US borderlands.

Two-Dimensional Steady Boussinesq Convection: Existence, Computation And Scaling, Jeremiah S. Lane, Benjamin F. Akers

Faculty Publications

This research investigates laser-induced convection through a stream function-vorticity formulation. Specifically, this paper considers a solution to the steady Boussinesq Navier–Stokes equations in two dimensions with a slip boundary condition on a finite box. A fixed-point algorithm is introduced in stream function-vorticity variables, followed by a proof of the existence of steady solutions for small laser amplitudes. From this analysis, an asymptotic relationship is demonstrated between the nondimensional fluid parameters and least upper bounds for laser amplitudes that guarantee existence, which accords with numerical results implementing the algorithm in a finite difference scheme. The findings indicate that the upper bound …

Nutritive Quality Of Tropical Grasses Sown Under A Pine Plantation, D. Gutmanis, Antonio João Lourenço, V. B. G. Alcantara, Maria T. Colozza

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A trial was conducted in Brazil to evaluate the nutritive quality of 6 tropical grasses: tanzania (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania), green-panic (P. maximum var. Trichoglume), aruana (P. maximum cv. Aruana), brizanta (Brachiaria brizantha), humidicola (B. humidicola) and tifton-85 (Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85), planted under two different densities of pines (Pinus elliottis): 200 and 400 stems/ha, as well as in full sunlight. The results showed a significant increase in protein content and a significant decrease in NDF and cellulose contents as tree density increased. Comparing the values obtained under shading conditions …

Production And Mineral Composition Of Tropical Grasses Sown Under A Pine Plantation, D. Gutmanis, V. B. G. Alcantara, Maria T. Colozza, Antonio João Lourenço

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A trial was conducted in Brazil to evaluate the performance of 6 tropical grasses: tanzania (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania), green-panic (P. maximum var. Trichoglume), aruana (P. maximum cv. Aruana), brizanta (Brachiaria brizantha), humidicola (B. humidicola) and tifton-85 (Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85), planted under two different densities of pines (Pinus elliottis): 200 and 400 stems/ha, as well as in the full sunlight. The results showed that the dry matter yield decreased as shading increased. The grasses tanzania and brizanta were the most tolerant to shading. Although N concentration increased with …

Dry Matter Production And Nutritive Value Of Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) And Orchardgrass (Dactylis Glomerata L.) Under Different Light Regimes, A. C. Varella, P. L. Peri, R. J. Lucas, D. J. Moot, D. L. Mcneil

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Spring and summer alfalfa dry matter and nitrogen production rates were greater than orchardgrass in open pasture and under three shade levels. Ten years old Pinus radiata allowed 60% light transmissivity. The addition of artificial shade resulted in 45% and 25% transmissivity. Orchardgrass pastures were nitrogen deficient and water stressed. In contrast, alfalfa was not stressed and it was more light responsive than orchardgrass. Differences in nutritive value were relatively small between species and between light regimes. Sheep liveweight gain on alfalfa was greater than on orchardgrass. Orchardgrass demonstrated shade tolerance, but alfalfa was more productive even at 25% transmissivity. …

Different Methods Of Artificial Shade For Agro-Silvipastoral Research, A. C. Varella, D. J. Moot, R. J. Lucas, D. L. Mcneil, P. L. Peri, K. M. Pollock

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Artificial shading sources are used to simulate silvipastoral light environments and study the effect of shade on pasture. Different sources of shade may not imitate normal forest light environment. An experiment was conducted to examine the light environment and effect on pasture yield components of two artificial shading materials. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pasture was submitted to three light regimes: full sunlight (100% transmissivity); black shade cloth (40%) and wooden slats (45%).

The pattern of light exposure for plants differed under slats and shade cloth, but light intensity and quality were similar. Alfalfa dry matter (DM) yield and leaf …

Modeling Of Groundwater Potential Using Cloud Computing Platform: A Case Study From Nineveh Plain, Northern Iraq, Ali Za. Al-Ozeer, Alaa M. Al-Abadi, Tariq Abed Hussain, Alan E. Fryar, Biswajeet Pradhan, Abdullah Alamri, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud

Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications

Knowledge of the groundwater potential, especially in an arid region, can play a major role in planning the sustainable management of groundwater resources. In this study, nine machine learning (ML) algorithms—namely, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision Jungle (DJ), Averaged Perceptron (AP), Bayes Point Machine (BPM), Decision Forest (DF), Locally-Deep Support Vector Machine (LD-SVM), Boosted Decision Tree (BDT), Logistic Regression (LG), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—were run on the Microsoft Azure cloud computing platform to model the groundwater potential. We investigated the relationship between 512 operating boreholes with a specified specific capacity and 14 groundwater-influencing occurrence factors. The unconfined aquifer in …

Antagonistic Role Of Aqueous Complexation In The Solvent Extraction And Separation Of Rare Earth Ions, Pan Sun, Erik A. Binter, Zhu Liang, M. Alex Brown, Artem V. Gelis, Ilan Benjamin, Mrinal K. Bera, Binhua Lin, Wei Bu, Mark L. Schlossman

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Research

Solvent extraction is used widely for chemical separations and environmental remediation. Although the kinetics and efficiency of this process rely upon the formation of ion-extractant complexes, it has proven challenging to identify the location of ion-extractant complexation within the solution and its impact on the separation. Here, we use tensiometry and X-ray scattering to characterize the surface of aqueous solutions of lanthanide chlorides and the water-soluble extractant bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP), in the absence of a coexisting organic solvent. These studies restrict ion-extractant interactions to the aqueous phase and its liquid-vapor interface, allowing us to explore the consequences that one …

A New Phosphatized Ophiuroid From The Lower Triassic Of Nevada And Its Position In The Evolutionary History Of The Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata), Ben Thuy, Vivienne Maxwell, Sara B. Pruss

Geosciences: Faculty Publications

The Lower Triassic fossil record of brittle stars is relatively rich, yet most records published to date are based on poorly preserved or insufficiently known fossils. This hampers exhaustive morphological analyses, comparison with recent relatives or inclusion of Early Triassic ophiuroid taxa in phylogenetic estimates. Here, we describe a new ophiuroid from the Lower Triassic of Nevada, preserved as phosphatized skeletal parts and assigned to the new taxon Ophiosuperstes praeparvus gen. et sp. nov Maxwell, V. Pruss. S.B. This unusual preservation of the fossils allowed for acid-extraction of an entire suite of dissociated skeletal parts, including lateral arm plates, ventral …

Comment On “Intensity Interference In A Coherent Spin-Polarized Electron Beam”, Herman Batelaan, Sam Keramati, T. J. Gay

Department of Physics and Astronomy: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Competition For Light In A Leucaena Leucocephala / Chloris Gayana Silvopastoral System, N. F. G. Rethman, J. P. Lindeque

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The spatial variation in the vigour of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham) trees growing together with Rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana cv. Katambora) in an alley cropping system made it possible to assess the competitive effect for light. The height and especially lateral development of trees had a strong influence on light interception by the canopy, with radiation in the intercrop area being 49% lower where the trees were more vigorous. There was a corresponding (43%) decrease in grass production. These findings indicate that future studies should also include aspects such as espacement of trees, pruning of trees in the …

Optimizing Yield And Quality Of Orchardgrass Pasture In Temperate Silvipastoral Systems, P. L. Peri, R. J. Lucas, D. J. Moot, A. C. Varella, D. L. Mcneil

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of this study was to provide grazing management recommendations for a silvipastoral system by determining the effects of shade and nitrogen (N) on the pattern of dry matter accumulation and nutritive value of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) in a subhumid temperate environment. Orchardgrass in open pasture (100% transmittance) and under 10 year old Pinus radiata tree shade (60% transmittance) at 200 stems/ha was used as the main plot and nitrogen (0 and 300 kg N/ha as synthetic urine) was the subplot factor. Dry matter (DM) production of orchardgrass in the first 60-day spring rotation was similar in …

Herbage Characteristics As Affected By The Canopies Of Dominant Trees In A Savanna Of Southern Mozambique, James P. Muir, A. Alage, Inacio C. Maposse

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This study surveyed the species composition, forage yield and forage nitrogen concentration of the herbaceous layer 50, 100 and 200% of the canopy radius from the trunks of many-stemmed false thorn, knob thorn, scented thorn and marula trees in a southern Mozambican savanna. Tree species did not affect herbaceous DM yield or species diversity. Neither direction nor distance from the tree trunk affected DM or specific diversity. Crude protein percentages were 15% higher for legumes and 9% higher for grasses at 50% canopy than at 200% canopy. Grasses under the marulas, the only non-legume tree in the study, had 18% …

Selecting New Brachiaria For Brazilian Pastures, Cacilda B. Do Valle, Valéria P. B. Euclides, Manuel C. M. Macedo, José R. Valério, S. Calixto

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Brazilian beef production relies heavily on cultivated pastures, of which about 80% are planted mainly to two Brachiaria cultivars. The narrowness of diversity associated with reproduction by apomixis of most plants in this genus prompted an intense search for new cultivars amongst recently collected and introduced ecotypes from Africa. This paper reports results for a three-year evaluation of 21 pre-selected ecotypes in two typical Cerrado ecosystems. Plots, replicated four times, were seeded in rows and cut every 6 weeks during the rainy season followed by a cut in the middle and one at the end of the dry season. Significant …