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Articles 65491 - 65520 of 294440
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The Second Brain: How Gut Microbiomes Contribute To Mental Health And Depression, Connie Lin
The Second Brain: How Gut Microbiomes Contribute To Mental Health And Depression, Connie Lin
The Synapse: Intercollegiate science magazine
No abstract provided.
Iguanodons Throughout The Ages (Illustrations), Patrick Estell
Iguanodons Throughout The Ages (Illustrations), Patrick Estell
The Synapse: Intercollegiate science magazine
No abstract provided.
Negatives In The Positive Test Results: Anti-Black Healthcare Inequity And Emergent Hiv Therapies, René Garrett
Negatives In The Positive Test Results: Anti-Black Healthcare Inequity And Emergent Hiv Therapies, René Garrett
The Synapse: Intercollegiate science magazine
No abstract provided.
Misokinesia: Seen, Not Heard, Ellie Rapp
Misokinesia: Seen, Not Heard, Ellie Rapp
The Synapse: Intercollegiate science magazine
No abstract provided.
Estimating Transport Of Diesel Particulate Emissions In The Portland Metro Using Lagrangian-Based Dispersion Modeling, Andrew Mckinley Rogers
Estimating Transport Of Diesel Particulate Emissions In The Portland Metro Using Lagrangian-Based Dispersion Modeling, Andrew Mckinley Rogers
Environmental Science and Management Professional Master's Project Reports
Air pollution from diesel combustion is a well-known and serious problem which adversely impacts human and environmental health throughout the world. One of the primary pollutants of concern from diesel combustion are the solid particles formed as a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of the diesel, also known as diesel particulate matter. As a result of the ubiquitous use of diesel-fired engines in urban environments, understanding the transport of diesel particulate matter from the exhaust is paramount in assessing human exposure to this toxic pollutant. Air dispersion modeling is one method to study how diesel particulate matter is transported and …
Stakeholder Perceptions Of Microplastics Management In Oregon, Maya Hurst-Mayr
Stakeholder Perceptions Of Microplastics Management In Oregon, Maya Hurst-Mayr
Environmental Science and Management Professional Master's Project Reports
There is currently no federal policy in the United States that specifically addresses microplastics (MPs) pollution. However, states are beginning to act on this issue; California's SB 1422 initiates measurement of MPs in drinking water resources and Senate Bill 1263 requires the state to adopt a strategy to reduce the ecological impact of MPs in marine ecosystems. Other West Coast states like Oregon and Washington are expected to follow California's example. It is important to know what the actors who are a part of shaping MPs policy in Oregon would see as barriers and opportunities to doing so. We conducted …
Impact Of Type And Shape On The Transport Of Microplastics In Column Experiments, Cheyanne Amanda Schenkel
Impact Of Type And Shape On The Transport Of Microplastics In Column Experiments, Cheyanne Amanda Schenkel
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
The pervasive nature of plastic and the longevity of plastic compounds leaves a legacy of plastics and microplastics (MPs) that contaminate our environment, including drinking water sources. Although MPs have been well documented in every environmental setting, a paucity of research has focused on the transport and fate of MPs in groundwater systems. Previous field and lab studies have shown that MPs can migrate through aquifer material and that their retention and retardation are influenced by changing environmental factors. This study used coarse, well-sorted sand in controlled column experiments to investigate the influence of polymer type (PA, PE, PP, PEST) …
Analysis Of Deformation Near Salt Structures: Geomechanical Modeling And Case Studies From The Paradox Basin, Utah, And Flinders Ranges, South Australia, Mackenzie Anne Wegmann
Analysis Of Deformation Near Salt Structures: Geomechanical Modeling And Case Studies From The Paradox Basin, Utah, And Flinders Ranges, South Australia, Mackenzie Anne Wegmann
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
This thesis utilizes detailed field studies and numerical simulations to characterize near- salt deformation patterns. Establishing possible deformation patterns and their evolution helps to constrain assumptions within geomechanical models and aids in the evaluation of prospects that rely on trapping at or near the salt-sediment interface. For the field studies, I use a combination of mesoscopic structural analysis, drone photogrammetry, and 3D modeling to analyze variation in deformation patterns at a scale of meters to hundreds of meters along transects moving horizontally away from the salt-sediment interface adjacent to the western end of the Onion Creek salt diapir (OCSD) in …
Measuring The Diphoton Production From Higgs Boson Decays And In Association With Heavy Flavor Jets, Brianna Lynn Dwyer
Measuring The Diphoton Production From Higgs Boson Decays And In Association With Heavy Flavor Jets, Brianna Lynn Dwyer
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
In this dissertation, two important measurements are presented related to diphoton production, the differential cross-section measurement of the Higgs boson in the diphoton decay channel as well as a measurement on inclusive diphoton production with associated heavy-flavor jets. Selections between the two analyses are complimentary, making them a natural pairing in the context of this dissertation. The cross-section measurement is performed in a fiducial region of phase space to closely matches experimental selections. This allows for a largely model-independent measurement, providing a meticulous test of the Standard Model as well as other theoretical predictions. The production of diphoton + heavy-flavor …
An Upgraded Photoinjector For The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator, Emily Frame
An Upgraded Photoinjector For The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator, Emily Frame
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) is planning an upgrade of the drive-beam accelerator’s photoinjector, the driving force of electron generation. The upgrade’s main goal is to improve beam brightness using linear accelerating cavities and a radiofrequency-gun cavity. In the process of this upgrade, one of the beam focusing solenoids is being redesigned. A beam dynamics optimization is performed for two new solenoid designs, with considerations for producing low-charge (∼ 1 nC) electron bunches as well as operations at higher charges (∼ 50 nC). This project focuses on the optimization study for both the low- and high-charge regimes, exploring the impact …
Microfabric Analysis Of Mid-Pliocene Amundsen Sea Interglacial Sediments Demonstrates A Link Between Iceberg Melt And Diatom Productivity (Iodp Exp. 379), Heather Leanne Furlong
Microfabric Analysis Of Mid-Pliocene Amundsen Sea Interglacial Sediments Demonstrates A Link Between Iceberg Melt And Diatom Productivity (Iodp Exp. 379), Heather Leanne Furlong
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
Anthropogenically induced climate change in the polar regions has rapidly become an emergent global issue, especially for low-lying coastal communities, which are most affected by sea-level rise. The future of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is of significant concern due to its history of instability and retreat, especially in light of the observed ongoing changes. Establishing rates of retreat is critical to forecasting future behavior of the WAIS, and previous studies have been unable to establish rates of ice sheet collapse in part because Antarctic continental shelf records are impacted by erosional hiatuses. In 2019, International Ocean Discovery Program …
Perceived Social And Environmental Impacts Of The Maya Train Project On The Yucatan Peninsula Of Mexico: A Case Study Of Puerto Morelos, Emely Hernandez Yac
Perceived Social And Environmental Impacts Of The Maya Train Project On The Yucatan Peninsula Of Mexico: A Case Study Of Puerto Morelos, Emely Hernandez Yac
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
The Maya Train Project (MTP) is a new national megaproject in Mexico, meant to connect the perimeter of the Yucatan Peninsula, and facilitate easier transportation for tourism, industry, and agriculture. Given the region’s dependence on tourism, the train will accelerate the growth, as well as the social and environmental impacts of tourism in the region. Globally, the tourism industry has resulted in inequitable social and environmental impacts for the local communities and there is concern that this new Maya Train Project will serve to accelerate uneven development in the region. This project focused on the coastal tourist city of Puerto …
Informative G-Prior For Linear Models, Yu-Fang Chien
Informative G-Prior For Linear Models, Yu-Fang Chien
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
Zellner's objective g-prior has been widely used in linear regression models due to its simple interpretation and computational tractability in evaluating marginal likelihoods. However, the g-prior further allows portioning the prior variability explained by the linear predictor versus that of pure noise. Here, a novel, yet remarkably simple g-prior speci_cation is proposed when a subject-matter expert has information on the marginal distribution of the response yi. The approach is extended for use in mixed models with some surprising, but intuitive results. Also, this formulation of g-prior is compared with other approaches via simulation studies.
Copper(Ii) And Silver(I)‑1,10‑Phenanthroline‑5,6‑Dione Complexes Interact With Double‑Stranded Dna: Further Evidence Of Their Apparent Multi‑Modal Activity Towards Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Anna Clara Milesi Galdino, Lívia Viganor, Matheus Mendonça Pereira, Michael Devereux, Malachy Mccann, Marta Helena Branquinha, Zara Molphy, Sinéad O'Carroll, Conor Bain, Georgia Menounou, Andrew Kellett, André Luis Souza Dos Santos
Copper(Ii) And Silver(I)‑1,10‑Phenanthroline‑5,6‑Dione Complexes Interact With Double‑Stranded Dna: Further Evidence Of Their Apparent Multi‑Modal Activity Towards Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Anna Clara Milesi Galdino, Lívia Viganor, Matheus Mendonça Pereira, Michael Devereux, Malachy Mccann, Marta Helena Branquinha, Zara Molphy, Sinéad O'Carroll, Conor Bain, Georgia Menounou, Andrew Kellett, André Luis Souza Dos Santos
Articles
Tackling microbial resistance requires continuous efforts for the development of new molecules with novel mechanisms of action and potent antimicrobial activity. Our group has previously identified metal-based compounds, [Ag(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione)2]ClO4 (Ag-phendione) and [Cu(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione)3](ClO4)2.4H2O (Cu-phendione), with efficient antimicrobial action against multidrug-resistant species. Herein, we investigated the ability of Ag-phendione and Cu-phendione to bind with double-stranded DNA using a combination of in silico and in vitro approaches. Molecular docking revealed that both phendione derivatives can interact with the DNA by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Cu-phendione exhibited the highest binding affinity to either major (− 7.9 kcal/mol) or minor (− 7.2 kcal/mol) …
Application Of Pork Checkoff We Care Sustainability Principles To Pork Production: Water, Nutrition, And Biosecurity, Hannah Miller
Application Of Pork Checkoff We Care Sustainability Principles To Pork Production: Water, Nutrition, And Biosecurity, Hannah Miller
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The Pork Checkoff program was founded in 1986 as a means to strengthen U.S. pork in the market place (Pork Checkoff). Under this program all U.S. pork producers and importers pay $0.40 for every $100 worth of pigs is sold (Pork Checkoff). Funds are then used for pork promotion, research, and education for producers and consumers (Pork Checkoff). The Pork Checkoff program uses the We Care ethical principles as a means to address “continuous improvement in the pork industry’s production practices and promote a strong record of responsible farming to those outside of the industry” (National Pork Board, 2018a). The …
Evaluation Of Continuous Power-Down Schemes, James Andro-Vasko, Wolfgang Bein
Evaluation Of Continuous Power-Down Schemes, James Andro-Vasko, Wolfgang Bein
Computer Science Faculty Research
We consider a power-down system with two states—“on” and “off”—and a continuous set of power states. The system has to respond to requests for service in the “on” state and, after service, the system can power off or switch to any of the intermediate power-saving states. The choice of states determines the cost to power on for subsequent requests. The protocol for requests is “online”, which means that the decision as to which intermediate state (or the off-state) the system will switch has to be made without knowledge of future requests. We model a linear and a non-linear system, and …
Novel Architecture Of Onem2m-Based Convergence Platform For Mixed Reality And Iot, Seungwoon Lee, Woogeun Kil, Byeong Hee Roh, Si-Jung Kim, Jin Suk Kang
Novel Architecture Of Onem2m-Based Convergence Platform For Mixed Reality And Iot, Seungwoon Lee, Woogeun Kil, Byeong Hee Roh, Si-Jung Kim, Jin Suk Kang
College of Engineering Faculty Research
There have been numerous works proposed to merge augmented reality/mixed reality (AR/MR) and Internet of Things (IoT) in various ways. However, they have focused on their specific target applications and have limitations on interoperability or reusability when utilizing them to different domains or adding other devices to the system. This paper proposes a novel architecture of a convergence platform for AR/MR and IoT systems and services. The proposed architecture adopts the oneM2M IoT standard as the basic framework that converges AR/MR and IoT systems and enables the development of application services used in general-purpose environments without being subordinate to specific …
An Approach For Material Model Identification Of A Composite Coating Using Micro-Indentation And Multi-Scale Simulations, Pouya Shojaei, Riccardo Scazzosi, Mohamed Trabia, Brendan O’Toole, Marco Giglio, Xing Zhang, Yiliang Liao, Andrea Manes
An Approach For Material Model Identification Of A Composite Coating Using Micro-Indentation And Multi-Scale Simulations, Pouya Shojaei, Riccardo Scazzosi, Mohamed Trabia, Brendan O’Toole, Marco Giglio, Xing Zhang, Yiliang Liao, Andrea Manes
Mechanical Engineering Faculty Research
While deposited thin film coatings can help enhance surface characteristics such as hardness and friction, their effective incorporation in product design is restricted by the limited understand-ing of their mechanical behavior. To address this, an approach combining micro-indentation and meso/micro-scale simulations was proposed. In this approach, micro-indentation testing was conducted on both the coating and the substrate. A meso-scale uniaxial compression finite element model was developed to obtain a material model of the coating. This material model was incorporated within an axisymmetric micro-scale model of the coating to simulate the indentation. The proposed approach was applied to a Ti/SiC metal …
Bodipy–Pyrene Donor–Acceptor Sensitizers For Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: The Impact Of The Bodipy-Core On Upconversion Efficiency, Natalia Kiseleva, Mikhail Filatov, Jan C. Fischer, Milian Kaiser, Marius Jakoby, Dimitry Busko, Ian A. Howard, Bryce Richards, Andrey Turshatov
Bodipy–Pyrene Donor–Acceptor Sensitizers For Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: The Impact Of The Bodipy-Core On Upconversion Efficiency, Natalia Kiseleva, Mikhail Filatov, Jan C. Fischer, Milian Kaiser, Marius Jakoby, Dimitry Busko, Ian A. Howard, Bryce Richards, Andrey Turshatov
Articles
Triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is an important type of optical process with applications in biophotonics, solar energy harvesting and photochemistry. In most of the TTA-UC systems, the formation of triplet excited states takes place via spin–orbital interactions promoted by heavy atoms. Given the crucial role of heavy atoms (especially noble metals, such as Pd and Pt) in promoting intersystem crossing (ISC) and, therefore, in production of UC luminescence, the feasibility of using more readily available and inexpensive sensitizers without heavy atoms remains a challenge. Here, we investigated sensitization of TTA-UC using BODIPY–pyrene heavy-atom-free donor–acceptor dyads with different numbers of alkyl …
A Modified Spectroscopic Approach For The Real-Time Detection Of Pollen And Fungal Spores At A Semi-Urban Site Using The Wibs-4+, Part I, Emma Markey, Jerry Hourihane Clancy, Moisés Martínez-Bracero, Finnian Neeson, Roland Sarda-Estève, Dominique Baisnée, Eoin Mcgillicuddy, Gavin Sewell, David J. O’Connor
A Modified Spectroscopic Approach For The Real-Time Detection Of Pollen And Fungal Spores At A Semi-Urban Site Using The Wibs-4+, Part I, Emma Markey, Jerry Hourihane Clancy, Moisés Martínez-Bracero, Finnian Neeson, Roland Sarda-Estève, Dominique Baisnée, Eoin Mcgillicuddy, Gavin Sewell, David J. O’Connor
Articles
The real-time monitoring of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) such as pollen and fungal spores has receivedmuch attention in recent years as a result of their health and climatic effects. In this study, theWideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS) 4+ model was evaluated for its ability to sample and detect ambient fungal spore and pollen concentrations, compared to the traditional Hirst volumetric method. Although the determination of total pollen and fungal spore ambient concentrations are of interest, the selective detection of individual pollen/fungal spore types are often of greater allergenic/agricultural concern. To aid in this endeavour, modifications were made to the …
A Machine Learning Approach To Intended Motion Prediction For Upper Extremity Exoskeletons, Justin Berdell
A Machine Learning Approach To Intended Motion Prediction For Upper Extremity Exoskeletons, Justin Berdell
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
A fully solid-state, software-defined, one-handed, handle-type control device built around a machine-learning (ML) model that provides intuitive and simultaneous control in position and orientation each in a full three degrees-of-freedom (DOF) is proposed in this paper. The device, referred to as the “Smart Handle”, and it is compact, lightweight, and only reliant on low-cost and readily available sensors and materials for construction. Mobility chairs for persons with motor difficulties could make use of a control device that can learn to recognize arbitrary inputs as control commands. Upper-extremity exoskeletons used in occupational settings and rehabilitation require a natural control device like …
Gas Phase C-H And C-C Bond Activation By Ternary Metal Complexes, Kevin Parker
Gas Phase C-H And C-C Bond Activation By Ternary Metal Complexes, Kevin Parker
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
The activation of relatively inert C-H bonds has remained a challenge in organic chemistry for over a century. Metal catalysts have been deployed to overcome the labile reactivity of these bonds and through gas-phase studies, detailed mechanisms can be elucidated for this important class of chemistry. The powerful combination of ion-molecule reactions, collisional activation of ions, and density functional theory calculations allows for structural elucidation, intermediate determination, and as shown throughout this work, a complete picture of catalytic processes. Modified linear ion-trap mass spectrometers were used to trap and generate reactive intermediates of the form [(L)(M)(X)]+ (L= auxiliary ligand; M= …
Evaluating Holocene Precipitation Variability In The Baltic Region Using Oxygen Isotopes Of Lacustrine Carbonate From Estonia, Maxwell Gordon Boes
Evaluating Holocene Precipitation Variability In The Baltic Region Using Oxygen Isotopes Of Lacustrine Carbonate From Estonia, Maxwell Gordon Boes
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
A high-resolution Holocene record of groundwater isotopic composition from eastern Europe enhances the current understanding of ocean atmosphere interactions and moisture transport dynamics. In the modern system, it has been established that the amount of regional winter precipitation is driven by the strength and direction of the sea level atmospheric pressure gradient over the Atlantic Ocean. This is defined by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, that shows a positive correlation with precipitation amount during the cold season. This study aims to discover the link between atmospheric dynamics and the ratio of warm season to cold season precipitation through the …
Assessing The Effects Of Instream Large Wood On Floodplain Aquifer Recharge And Storage At Indian Creek, Kittitas County, Washington, Usa, Stephen Bartlett
Assessing The Effects Of Instream Large Wood On Floodplain Aquifer Recharge And Storage At Indian Creek, Kittitas County, Washington, Usa, Stephen Bartlett
All Master's Theses
Numerous stream restoration projects in the Yakima River Basin in Washington have placed large wood (LW) into tributary channels. One intended effect is to divert water onto floodplains to increase groundwater (GW) recharge and seasonal storage in shallow alluvial aquifers during spring high flows with the intention of releasing GW into streams during the drier summer months. Large wood was emplaced in the Indian Creek tributary of the Teanaway River in Kittitas County, Washington beginning in 2016. Potential changes in the groundwater recharge in the adjacent floodplain before and after the LW installation were investigated through stratigraphic analysis, stream-flow modeling, …
Detecting Impacts Of Historic And Undocumented Landslide Tsunamis At High Latitude Sites Using Ndvi, Trent Adams
Detecting Impacts Of Historic And Undocumented Landslide Tsunamis At High Latitude Sites Using Ndvi, Trent Adams
All Master's Theses
In the last century most of the largest landslide tsunamis on record have occurred in remote regions of the world, which has led to a limited understanding of their impacts on landscapes. The goal of this work is to present a methodology to identify impacts of landslide tsunamis with a technique that does not require field work in extremely remote locations. Although landslide tsunamis have occurred that were not directly witnessed by anyone, evidence of landslide tsunamis can still be observed via satellite. Using multispectral satellite images, we calculated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to identify tsunami-impacted sites, estimate tsunami …
Balancing Supercapacitor Voltages In Modular Bidirectional Dc–Dc Converter Circuits, Robert Alfie S. Peña, Alaa Hijazi, Pascal Venet, Florian Errigo
Balancing Supercapacitor Voltages In Modular Bidirectional Dc–Dc Converter Circuits, Robert Alfie S. Peña, Alaa Hijazi, Pascal Venet, Florian Errigo
Electronics, Computer, and Communications Engineering Faculty Publications
At present, passive balancing methods dominate energy storage applications, however, they suffer from a long balancing duration. In this article, we took advantage of a modular architecture, where several modular power converters replace a central dc–dc converter for fast charging and balancing of a supercapacitor stack. A strategy has been proposed to control how power is shared among the converters during the charging period in order to balance the supercapacitors. However, some converters enter control saturation due to voltage differences between supercapacitors caused by their nonuniform conditions and characteristics. The originality of this article lies in taking into account the …
Regional Perspectives Report Chapter 3: Ontario, Christopher J. Lemieux, Allan G. Douglas, David Pearson
Regional Perspectives Report Chapter 3: Ontario, Christopher J. Lemieux, Allan G. Douglas, David Pearson
Geography and Environmental Studies Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Testing Effects Of Lorentz Invariance Violation In The Propagation Of Astroparticles With The Pierre Auger Observatory, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, J. M. Albury, I. Allekotte, K. Almeida Cheminant
Testing Effects Of Lorentz Invariance Violation In The Propagation Of Astroparticles With The Pierre Auger Observatory, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, J. M. Albury, I. Allekotte, K. Almeida Cheminant
Faculty Publications
Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) is often described by dispersion relations of the form E-i(2) = m(i)(2) + p(i)(2) + delta E-i,n(2+ n) with delta different based on particle type i, with energy E, momentum p and rest mass m. Kinematics and energy thresholds of interactions are modified once the LIV terms become comparable to the squared masses of the particles involved. Thus, the strongest constraints on the LIV coefficients delta(i,n) tend to come from the highest energies. At sufficiently high energies, photons produced by cosmic ray interactions as they propagate through the Universe could be subluminal and unattenuated over cosmological …
Testing Xrf Identification Of Marine Washover Sediment Beds In A Coastal Lake In Southeastern Texas, Usa, Harry F. L. Williams, Chelsea E. Beaubouef, Kam-Biu Liu, Nicholas Culligan, Lance Riedlinger
Testing Xrf Identification Of Marine Washover Sediment Beds In A Coastal Lake In Southeastern Texas, Usa, Harry F. L. Williams, Chelsea E. Beaubouef, Kam-Biu Liu, Nicholas Culligan, Lance Riedlinger
Faculty Publications
This study tests the ability of a novel approach to identifying washover beds in coastal lakes. Combined X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and cluster analysis was used to identify hurricane washover beds in sediment cores from Clam Lake on the McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Texas. The lake is known to contain washover beds from recent hurricanes, but the washover sediment has similar microfossil, loss-on-ignition and textural characteristics to non-washover sediment and is not readily distinguishable. Sediment cores taken from marshes surrounding the lake do contain visually-recognizable sandy washover beds of Hurricanes Ike, Rita, Carla and Audrey. XRF analysis of these …
Regenerative Agriculture Effects On Invertebrate And Bird Communities And Insect-Provided Ecosystem Services, Alex Michels
Regenerative Agriculture Effects On Invertebrate And Bird Communities And Insect-Provided Ecosystem Services, Alex Michels
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Conventional agricultural practices can have unintended consequences on the environment and wildlife. Insects and birds are declining at rapid rates around the world, and the current conventional agricultural paradigm is a major driver through habitat loss and the intensification of production. Invertebrates in agroecosystems provide services to both farmers and the rest of society. Regenerative systems may promote the functioning of an agroecosystem by influencing invertebrate abundance, diversity, and ecosystem services and mitigate bird and insect declines through conservation practices that increase soil health, reduce disturbances, and increase biological diversity. Here I address knowledge gaps of the effects of regenerative …