Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Some Trials To Establish A Mixture Of Tall Fescue And Bahiagrass In Warmer Region Of Kyushu, M Ueno, Y Sugimoto, M Hirata

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to extend growing season and to increase annual production of pastures in southern part of Kyushu where warm and humid summers alternate cold winters, authors attempted to seed a mixture of cool- and warm-season pasture species. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) were sown in spring and autumn to form monoculture and mixture swards. Tall fescue started growth earlier and produced maximum yield in spring, while bahiagrass yielded much during early summer to autumn. In the mixture, combined yield of two species was between two monocultures, but total annual yield was less …

Pasture Improvement In Several South Pacific Islands, B Toutain

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Summary of past and present studies by French organizations of agronomic research regarding the establishment and management of tropical pastures. A review of stages for pasture improvement on several islands in the South Pacific and suggested future management needs for various tropical pasture species. Final results would give producers in developing countries a choise of species with its associated management, depending on the amount of inputs contributed by the grower.

Impact Matrix Analysis Method For Grassland Development- Development Of Grassland In The Snowy, Cold Region In Japan (6), S Idzumi, T Tsujii, Y Asahida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A simple matrix analysis method for environmental impact assessment was proposed. Environmental changes might be closely linked with result from direct or indirect action of development. Twenty-four impact items and fourty-five influenced items were picked up and scored. Influence for each item was given by 3 classes score. Development of grassland, agricultural remodeling of the land, resulted in a reduction of natural community. Conservation of natural condition, including woods, peatland and river, effects finally state of the grassland. Early check on the grassland development is highly appreciated.

Historical Aspect On Grassland Development In Hokkaido - Development Of Grassland In The Snowy, Cold Region In Japan (4), M Saito, Y Asahida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Agricultural development in Hokkaido began in the late 1860s' and has been remarkably advancing under intensive official support. Most of the grassland development has taken place over the last two decades while upland and rice fields were primarily developed by World War II. Today, approximately a century later, grassland, the majority of which is distributed in the eastern and northern regions, makes up the largest area of farmland and comprises 79% of the national total. Grassland is primarily used for cattle production. The level of grassland-based farming has rapidly risen to that of the EC nations. Further development of the …

Land Clearing For Grassland Establishment In Hokkaido - Development Of Grassland In The Snowy, Cold Region In Japan (3)-, T Akazawa, Y Asahida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Most of the cultivated grassland in Hokkaido has been developed by mechanized work. Land clearing is first conducted using the working method suitable to remove natural obstacles, and it even influences the types of grassland use as well as the succeeding works, because of the top soil disturbance and carriage or the improvement of original slope. In this paper, these essential points are discussed.

Natural Grassland In Hokkaido - Development Of Grassland In The Snowy, Cold Region In Japan (2), T Tsujii, Y Asahida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Histoty, type and present condition of natural grassland in Hokkaido are described briefly. And some climatological and human impact problems are discussed. Sufficient rainfall, especially heavy snow supports the existence and development of many types of natural grassland community. Rapidly development of artificial grassland and reform of arableland sometimes caused big influence to natural grassland.

Climate And Hydrology Related To Grassland In Hokkaido- Development Of Grassland In The Snowy, Cold Region In Japan (1), H Takahashi, Y Umeda, Y Asahida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Seasonal and regional aspects of climate and water balance in Hokkaido are described briefly. And some climatological and hydrological problems are discussed in relating to developments of grassland. Detail analysis of depth of snow cover and daily mean temperature indicated that the growing season of grass is restricted by these two climatological elements in Hokkaido. Seasonal change of water balance calculated from meteorological factors suggested that water supplied by precipitation overflows the grassland in late autumn and early spring. Especially, melted snow supplies a large quantity of water to the grassland in short time. These are considerable problems for the …

The Results On Loosening Soil To Improve Fringed Sagebrush Grassland In Inner Mongolia, Ma Zhi Guang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The program of loosening soil to improve grassland has been extensively studied for six years in the semiarid part of central Mongolia, especially on fringed sagebrush (Artemisia frigida Willd.) grassland which had already been deteriorated by beef cattle grazing. A detailed program was carried out from 1978 to 1984 involving the measurement of soil volume weight, soil water content, vegetative succession as well as forage production after soil loosened. It was shown that after six years study, the vegetation had changed from fringed sagebrush grassland to steppe grassland dominated by Stipa spp., and Agropyron cristatum. Forage yield increased by …

An Information Of The Improvement Of The Sandy Pastures In Nei Monggol (Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Region Through Aerial Seeding, You Ke-Ming, Hou Yong-Zhang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Nei Monggol Autonomous Region, there are lots of sandy lands where the population rate is rather low. The renovation of these sandy lands through aerial seeding into better pastures is an important task of the local economical construction and state land repairing. In recent years, we carried out the aerial seeding in the different types of sandy lands in Nei Monggol Autonomous Region. The total acreage seeded accounts to 0.2 million ha. Generally, three years after an aerial seeding, almost 30-50% of mobile sand dunes and semi-fixed dunes in all seeded districts have been fixed. The coverage of the …

Pasture Improvement By Aerial Seeding In China, Huang Wenhui, Li Huilan

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Artificial improved pastures have been developed rapidly since 1979 in all regions of China. There were totally about 860,000 hectares (ha) in 1980, and the estimated area in 1985 is 6,660,000 ha. The expected acreage will be 33,330,000 ha fifteen years later, i.e. in the year of 2000. Certain portions of these pastures were established by means of aerial seeding. It amounted 430,000 ha over 120 counties in 22 provinces between year 1979-1984. The prospect of this aerial seeding seems promising in the sparsely populated North-western and South-western vast areas as well as in the hilly regions of central China. …

On The Improvement Of Natural Meadow By Using Shepherding Fences, Wang Ching Jui, Cao Xi Min

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The shepherding fence is an effective measure for mankind to make reasonable use of the animal factor to influence and transform the plant community on the subalpine meadow, to achieve the cultivation of the meadow in a direction-finding way and to increase the productivity of the meadow. It can enable us to use animals to cultivate grasses, promote the growth of the grasses for livestock, and lengthen the utilizing seasons of the meadow. Our six-year experiments and researches have proved that the shepherding fence can increase the output of the unit area on the meadow by 4.5-7 times.

Effect Of Italian Ryegrass Establishment Methods Of Yield, Herbage Quality And Soil Compaction, H T. Kunelius, M R. Carter, K B. Mcrae

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a summer annual in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada and reseeding in spring is necessary for maintaining productive swards. Intensive cultivation and seeding method of Italian ryegrass was compared with four direct seeding techniques in four three-year experiments on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam soil, at two sites, on Prince Edward Island. Dry matter yields of ryegrass were similar for direct seeding and seeding cultivated seed bed for the first two years. Some yield advantage was recorded when direct seeded ryegrass followed barley in the third year. Total nitrogen concentration in tissue …

Raising Efficiency Of Solar Energy Utilization By Tall Fescye (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) Through Optimization Of Nutritive, Water Regimes And Clipping Frequency, V P. Spasov, D S. Kornyshev

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Agroclimatic resourses of the North-West of the USSR allow to produce up to 10 t/ha of grasses dry matter and to accumulate up to 2.4% of photosynthetic active radiation (PhAR) in the yield for vegetation period. We proved experimentally the possibility of increasing yielding capacity up to 16 t/ha of dry matter and PhAR indices up to 3% through establishment of tall fescue Occidental grass stands with 1900-2000 shoots per m2, optimization of nutritive (N480 P130 K360), water (0.75 MVC-1.0 MWC) regimes and through clipping frequency (3 cuts). During vegetation period, such grass stands had a powerful assimilation mechanism: leaf …

Seasonal Dry Matter Production In Grazed Pasture Of Paspalum Notatum And Cumulative Effect Of Defoliation, M Hirakawa, T Okubo, R Kayama

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Two experiments were conducted. Seasonal variation of dry matter production and growth of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) including vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) were investigated in Exp. 1 (Field Exp.). The effects of clipping frequency and nitrogen application levels on the regrowth of bahiagrass in association with grazing intensity was observed in Exp. 2 (Pot Exp.). In Exp. 1, the pasture was rotationally grazed by 9 or 6 beef cattle and botanical composition, intake, daily gain and number of tillers were determined. The pasture was dominated by vetch and Italian ryegrass in …

Winter And Spring Growth Variability Of Grazed Permanent Meadow: The Case Of The Pyrenees Mountains, M Duru

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the Central Pyrenees, winter and early spring growth of permanent meadows provides available feed for flocks. Therefore, we studied the main factors of variation of this growth (soil fertility level, nitrogen fertilization, climate, ... ) to improve pasture availability. During three winters and springs, we measured the growth on three plots of different fertility level (0.108 % - 0.045 % - 0.018 % P205 Dyer) at an altitude of 1250 m. We set a value on growth by measuring cumulated dry matter every three weeks (or less often it there was snow) from November to April. The harvested dry …

Factors Affecting Productivity And Compositional Stability Of Artemisia Steppes In Idaho And Utah, Usa., Kimball T. Harper, Carol Schoener Climer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Long-term average annual production is significantly and positively correlated with average precipitation and soil nitrogen and potassium. Annual variations in production are more closely correlated with community complexity than with variation in precipitation. Year-to-year variability in composition of the standing crop at a specific site appears to be more strongly affected by species divesity than by variation in precipitation.

Responses Of Two Pasture Grasses To Each Other And To Soil Depth And Fertilizer, Charles D. Bonham

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Responses of two perennial grasses, bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron inerme) and big bluegrass (Poa ampla), to competition were studied in a reseeded, disturbed area. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were added to topsoil depths of 30 and 90 cm. The objective was to determine effects of competition, between the two grasses, on forage production. Amount of forage produced was also evaluated with respect to fertilizer and depth of topsoil in combination with competition. The two species were studied as pairs of individual plants. Each pair was either a monoculture or biculture. Three stages of phenology for species represented …

Influence Of Superphosphate Fertilization Of Natural Pasture On Botanical Composition In Southwest Spain, M Martin Bellido, Josefa T. Perez Corcho, V Moreno Cruz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A trial was designed to study the effect of superphosphate fertilizatio,n:()f native pasture on the botanical composition and its evolution in a semiarid Mediterranean climate of Southwest Spain. Vegetation was studied during three years (1982, 1983 and 1984) at the end of the growing period of each year, being pasture grazed by beef cows in a stocking rate of 0.23 cow/ha. No effect of phosphorus fertilization on botanical composition was found the second year of study coincident with a year of low precipitation. When precipitation was higher than average in the third year; the increment of legumes in fertilized pasture …

Mutual Influence Of Temperate Legumes And Grasses Grown In Association At Different Nitrogen Levels, E Meister, J Lehmann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In grass/legume associations white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) contribute significantly to the nutritive value of such mixtures. Compared to Italian ryegrass (Lolium italicum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata ), the legumes have an inherently higher content of protein, magnesium and calcium. In addition they indirectly help to improve the quality (protein and mineral content) of the companion grass, presumably over a nitrogen transfer from the legume to the grass partner: On the other hand, the chemical composition of these …

Advantages And Management Of Grass-Legume Associations In Forage Production, J Lehmann, E Meister

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The quality and forage yield of grass/legume associations is higher than in pure grass stands, with comparable nitrogen inputs. During a 180 day growing season, 10 - 15 t/ha of forage dry matter can be produced with less than 150 kg fertilizer nitrogen. Forage from mixed swards has a higher energy and protein content and a better balanced mineral composition. Both the high content of digestible organic matter and the legumes have a positive influence on the dry matter, energy and protein intake of the cows and the amount of milk these can produce therefrom. The decrease in quality with …

The Introduction Of Legumes Into A Degraded Cultivated Pasture In The Cerrados Of Brazil, W Couto, G G. Leite, A O. Barcellos

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Low productivity and poor feeding value of native pastures and improved pure grass pastures during the dry season, are responsible for low beef cattle performance in the Cerrados. Legume introduction into native pastures increases forage yield and feed quality but requires land clearing and fertilizer application. Introduction of legumes into old Brachiaria pastures offers a higher forage yield potential and can use previously applied fertilizer. Two planting methods, (i) over-sowing after light soil surface disturbance and (ii) sodseeding in rows 35 cm apart, were equally effective in terms of number of plants established in an eight years old Brachiaria ruziziensis …

Factors Affecting Weed Invasion In Pasture Of Co-Operative Livestock Farms In Japan, M Nashiki, T Nomoto, R Meguro, K Sato

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Weed invasion is a most serious problem, causing severe pasture deterioration, in Japan. Knowledge of the natural and man made conditions most favorable to weed invasion would be useful for controlling these noxious invaders by cultural or chemical methods. This study points out the major harmful weeds and the conditions under which they can easily invade and impair pasture production, as ascertained from data obtained by a survey conducted in 1981. All farms responding were classified for presence or absence of each weed species within the category of factors such as air temperature and so on. The survey data indicates …

Phytosociological Diagnosis Of Sown Pastures By Weed Species Group, S Okuda, S Kawanabe, H Sakai

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Results of a phytosociological study on weed communities of sown pastures were applied for the diagnosis of pasture conditions. Weed communities were closely related with site conditions and successional stage, and species groups were identified as indicators for the diagnosis of pasture conditions. The chenopodietea group which appeared in xerotic sites and the Bidentetea group which appeared in mesic sites indicated the initial stage of pasture development or pasture disturbed by overgrazing. These two groups appeared at the eutrophic site. The Artemisietea and Plantaginetea groups indicated the second stage of pasture development, and it was considered that the presence of …

Effects Of Rate And Timing Of Glyphosate And Paraquat Application On Establishment And Production Of Surface- Sown Pasture Species, D A. Kim, C H. Kwon, S H. Lim, W B. Han, Y J. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This experiment was carried out during 1983-1984 to determine an effective method for the introduction of pasture species on nonarable hill country without cultivation. In this experiment, 1.8 and 2.8kg a.i.ha·1 rates of glyphosate and a 0.7kg a.i.ha·1 rate of paraquat were applied, and also 30, 45 and 60 days intervals beween spraying and sowing were used.

Establishment of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) was not affected by the application of herbicides, but that of ladino clover (Trifolium repens) was significantly affected by glyphosate and paraquat. It was found that glyphosate and paraquat have no apparent soil residual activity or pre-emergence effect …

Renovation Of Deteriorated Pasture By Surface Sowing Renovation Of Pasture With Glyphosate Herbicide And Burning, M Sawada, K Kunezaki, T Januma

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The pastureland requiring renovation is first sprayed with the highly safe glyphosate herbicide (sold under the tradename of Roundup), in June / August when the pasture grass and weeds have grown over 20 cm in height; the application of the herbicide will completely eradicate all vegetation. Next, about 40days later summer burning is appliedto the land to incinerate and prevent growth of seeds of Rumex japonicus Houtt, etc. Immediately thereafter the conventional methods of developing pastureland by nontillage is employed to renovate the land--application of soil amendments to the land, followed by application of fertilizer and seeding. Should subsequently seeds …

Improving The Establishment Of White Clover And Perennial Ryegrass By Coating The Seed With Calcium Peroxide, J H. Ollerenshaw

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Controlled environment and field studies have shown that the establishment and subsequent growth of Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L. is adversely affected by high soil moisture contents. The purpose of the research described in this paper was to determine whether or not coating the seed of the two species with an oxygenating compound improved plant emergence and shoot growth. Coated and uncoated seed of both species experienced high soil moisture contents in field plots at an upland site and were also subjected to temporary water logging in pots under glasshouse conditions. The adverse effects of waterlogging in …

Grassland Improvement By Hoof Cultivation: Effect Of Sowing Time On Establishment, Survival, Botanical Composition And Production, H W. Lee, J S. Shin, D A. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An experment for hoof and tooth cultivation by using the Korean native cow was conducted to study the effect of seeding time on establishment, survival, botanical composition and yield over tow years at alpine area of Korea. Sowing times were April and May in spring and August and September in autumn. Establishment of April, May and August sowing was similar result, showing about 10 percent establishment. Survival was more satisfactory in spring sowing than in autumn sowing. Low temperature during the winter season was thought to be main factors causing the death of the species sown in autumn. However, establishment …

Simulated Grazing Compared To Herbicide Suppression Of Grass Competition When Sod Seeding Forage Legumes, Clive Holland, M B. Tesar

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Many grassland areas in the humid northeastern U.S. that are in need of improvement are operated by marginal producers and livestock farmers who do not own the necessary equipment or cannot afford the higher costs involved in complete and/or chemical renovation. This study was designed to (1) compare mechanical defoliation, simulating grazing, of grass sods with an accepted herbicide to suppress competition when sod seeding forage legumes and; (2) determine stand establishment and yields from seed broadcast on the surface in early spring or drilled into the sod four weeks later. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and birdsfoot trefoil …

The Effects Of Burning And Grazing On The Population Dynamics Of The Native Savanna Of Colombia, H Hayashi, Luis E. Tergas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A series of studies designed to clarify the characteristics of the native savanna in the Colombian Eastern Plain (Llanos Orientales) was carried out. A detailed study of population dynamics of the savanna with and without burning under different stocking rates is described. Density of vegetation in the burnt plot increased year by year, whereas that of the unburnt plots decreased year by year. After the third dry season the differences of density compared with those before the treatments were 111 % for the burnt plot and -41 % mean for the unburnt plots. The density of Trachypogon vestitus and forbs …

Adaptive Characteristics Of "Secar" Cultivar Of Agropyron Spicatum To The Mountainous Rangelands Of Lesotho, Carl J. Goebel, Victor Ramakhula, Mohammed Tazi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

It appears, through laboratory testing and field observations, that some forms of the Agropyron especially A spicatum may be adapted to seeding the mountainous rangelands of Lesotho. Future studies will determine if reproduction will occur and if the introduced grasses will survive under various grazing intensities.