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Articles 8551 - 8580 of 291657

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Grm-0204 Unpacking Early Burnout Through Predictive Risk Boundaries, Soarov Chakra Borty Nov 2025

Grm-0204 Unpacking Early Burnout Through Predictive Risk Boundaries, Soarov Chakra Borty

C-Day Computing Showcase

Caregiver burnout is a significant issue in healthcare delivery and management, as it directly impacts caregivers' health and compromises the standard of care, often leading to negligence, health deterioration, or withdrawal from caregiving duties. Caregivers play a crucial role in supporting the health, well-being, and quality of life of care recipients by providing both personal and professional services. However, the continuous needs and stress associated with caregiving duties can affect their health and everyday life, leading to caregiver burnout. This study applied data analytics and machine learning by merging several feature selection methods on the NHATS dataset, including LightGBM, XGBoost, …


Grm-0210 Distance Measures For Multi-Target Tracking, Rakshak Gurung Nov 2025

Grm-0210 Distance Measures For Multi-Target Tracking, Rakshak Gurung

C-Day Computing Showcase

Multi-object tracking (MOT) supports applications such as radar monitoring and autonomous perception, where multiple objects move, appear, or disappear over time. A central challenge is resolving which detections correspond to which tracks. The Hungarian algorithm is often used to solve this assignment problem. For ambiguous scenes, Murty’s algorithm extends this approach by generating multiple top-k association hypotheses. In this work, we study an alternative search-space formulation for top-k enumeration. Our results show that it can provide strong speedups over Murty’s method on small matrices. We also reviewed identity-focused MOT evaluation metrics such as HOTA and created a visualization tool to …


Grm-0254 Unified Robust Optimal Transport For Outlier-Resilient Learning, Rohan Jonnalagadda Nov 2025

Grm-0254 Unified Robust Optimal Transport For Outlier-Resilient Learning, Rohan Jonnalagadda

C-Day Computing Showcase

Classical Optimal Transport (OT) is particularly sensitive to outliers. The existing robust variant, ROBOT, mitigates this through hard truncation, but its rigidity often compromises stability. We propose WROT-r, a unified r-power framework for weighted robust OT that combines rigorous hard-clipping and smooth cost compression through a single parameter r. WROT-r offers a continuous robustness spectrum, enabling adaptive control over how strongly transport costs are down-weighted for outliers. Experiments on synthetic mean estimation and resilient GANs show clear patterns: larger r performs best under weak contamination by preserving more inliers, while smaller r (≈1.5) is more effective under moderate and strong …


Grm-1150 Investigating Spatial Patterns Of Tumor And Stroma In Gastric And Colorectal Cancer For Survival Prediction, Siri Yellu Nov 2025

Grm-1150 Investigating Spatial Patterns Of Tumor And Stroma In Gastric And Colorectal Cancer For Survival Prediction, Siri Yellu

C-Day Computing Showcase

The spatial organization of tumor cells, stroma, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in cancer progression and is strongly associated with clinical outcomes. However, quantifying the significance and statistical impact of these spatial patterns remains challenging due to the complex interactions among these components. In this study, we analyze spatial patterns associated with patient survival in gastric and colorectal cancer by integrating four predictive classifiers with spatial image statistics across four large patient cohorts. U-Net was used for semantic segmentation of tumor, stroma, and TILs on digitized Hematoxylin and Eosin–stained FFPE whole-slide images, while …


Grm-1153 National Energy And Emission Modeling And Analysis Tool, Swetha Kakaraparthi, S M Tanvir Faysal Alam Chowdhoury Nov 2025

Grm-1153 National Energy And Emission Modeling And Analysis Tool, Swetha Kakaraparthi, S M Tanvir Faysal Alam Chowdhoury

C-Day Computing Showcase

NEEMAT is a web-based decision-support tool that predicts vehicle and power-plant emissions plus fuel/energy consumption under rising EV adoption for Atlanta, Los Angeles, New York, and Seattle. A feedforward neural network trained on MOVES estimates tract-level vehicle energy use and CO2/NOx/PM2.5 by speed, vehicle type, fuel, and age, while a macroscopic traffic model captures flow effects. Grid-side CO2/CH4/N2O from EV charging are forecast with a Meta-Prophet model trained on Cambium. Users can explore 24-hour profiles and five-year outlooks, compare scenarios, and export results. Findings show that despite substantial EV uptake, mixed fleets and grid responses can raise total emissions, underscoring …


Grm-1249 Ai-Assisted Diabetic Retinopathy Screening From Fundus Images, Mohan Krishna Thiriveedhi, Tarun Teja Pokala Nov 2025

Grm-1249 Ai-Assisted Diabetic Retinopathy Screening From Fundus Images, Mohan Krishna Thiriveedhi, Tarun Teja Pokala

C-Day Computing Showcase

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of avoidable blindness among diabetic patients worldwide. Early screening is critical, but manual diagnosis is time-consuming and requires specialists. This paper presents a deep learning system to automatically analyze retinal fundus images and perform a focused, binary classification to distinguish between 'No DR' (Healthy) and 'Severe-Stage DR' (Severe/Proliferative). We benchmark three prominent architectures: a ResNet-50, an EfficientNet-B0, and a Vision Transformer (ViT-B/16). The models are trained and evaluated on a custom-balanced, binary dataset derived from the APTOS 2019 collection. We conduct two experiments, one with a small dataset (N=500) and one with a …


Uc-0205 Enhancing Gimp’S User Experience: Addressing Community Ui/Ux Issues, Alexander Stanley, Ryan Harrison, Dante Galvan, Rami Elmostafa Nov 2025

Uc-0205 Enhancing Gimp’S User Experience: Addressing Community Ui/Ux Issues, Alexander Stanley, Ryan Harrison, Dante Galvan, Rami Elmostafa

C-Day Computing Showcase

Water quality monitoring is crucial for environmental protection, public health, and ecosystem sustainability. With increasing pressures from urbanization, agricultural runoff, and climate change, robust data-driven approaches are essential for early detection of water quality degradation and informed decision-making in environmental conservation efforts. Current water quality monitoring relies on reactive threshold exceedances, failing to detect gradual degradation and multi-parameter deterioration patterns. This creates delayed response to pollution events and missed opportunities for preventive intervention in one of Queensland's most vital water systems. The importance objective is to implement and evaluate a Real-Time Multi-Stream Monitoring system for early detection of water quality …


Uc-0253 Stock Price Predictions Using Lstm & Technical Indicators, Kendal Elison, Allen Smith, Dylan Quinn Nov 2025

Uc-0253 Stock Price Predictions Using Lstm & Technical Indicators, Kendal Elison, Allen Smith, Dylan Quinn

C-Day Computing Showcase

Stock price predictions using traditional statistical methods remains challenging due to market volatility and nonlinear dynamics. Long Short-Term Memory (LTSM) networks may model temporal dependencies in stock data more effectively than traditional statistical methods. Historical data for several companies’ stocks was obtained from Yahoo Finance, where it was then enriched with various technical indicators such as momentum and volatility. Preliminary analysis through Scala programming language suggests that incorporating these technical indicators can enhance short-term price prediction accuracy. Future works may seek to integrate additional trend and volume based indications in another, more robust, programming language like Python.


Uc-1140 Riverguard, Grant Versluis, Collin Tucker, Wyatt Bramblett, Pedro Pinto, Geshlee Ruiz Nov 2025

Uc-1140 Riverguard, Grant Versluis, Collin Tucker, Wyatt Bramblett, Pedro Pinto, Geshlee Ruiz

C-Day Computing Showcase

RiverGuard’s mission is to protect and preserve waterways by using technology to identify and reduce pollution. The system uses an object detection model to automatically locate and classify trash within images or video of rivers and lakes, removing the need for slow, manual observation. By providing real-time insight into waste accumulation, RiverGuard helps communities, researchers, and organizations take faster, more effective action to keep waterways clean. Its goal is to create a sustainable monitoring system that empowers people to understand pollution patterns and support long-term environmental responsibility. RiverGuard represents a step toward cleaner water, healthier ecosystems, and a more informed …


Uc-1168 Shepherd's Sin - A Visual Novel Hybrid Game Made With Unity, Ara Randolph, Rin Egl, Everett Joiner, Jonah Swerdlow Nov 2025

Uc-1168 Shepherd's Sin - A Visual Novel Hybrid Game Made With Unity, Ara Randolph, Rin Egl, Everett Joiner, Jonah Swerdlow

C-Day Computing Showcase

By day, the grand old house shifts and shudders as if though alive. The six other residents gather in its lounges and parlors, sipping tea, squabbling over rooms, and faking civility. They laugh, they bicker, and they carry on as though nothing festers within these walls. When night falls, their facades rot away. They twist into monstrous embodiments of malice, each one a reflection of the seven deadly sins. By morning, they forget. You do not. Armed with a worn-out Monster Hunter’s Guidebook, you must reclaim its missing pages to learn who these people truly are, what they truly are. …


Uc-1183 Morphyxcam: Instant Photo Transformation Tool, Priscilla Awatey, Long Doan, Shaokun Weng, Aryan Merchant Nov 2025

Uc-1183 Morphyxcam: Instant Photo Transformation Tool, Priscilla Awatey, Long Doan, Shaokun Weng, Aryan Merchant

C-Day Computing Showcase

MorphyxCam is an interactive browser-based application that lets users capture live images and apply real-time visual effects. The system performs color filtering, shading adjustments, dynamic warping, and expressive distortion effects. Users can instantly reshape features, apply artistic styles, and wrap their photos onto 3D surfaces, creating engaging and playful visual transformations. By capturing live camera images and transforming them through pixel-level filtering, distortion effects, and 3D surface mapping, the system shows how multimedia techniques can be applied creatively within a web browser. Overall, MorphyxCam showcases the potential of interactive digital imaging and highlights how accessible web technologies can be used …


Uc-1196 Verocity: A Reactive Combat Framework, Brendan Moore Nov 2025

Uc-1196 Verocity: A Reactive Combat Framework, Brendan Moore

C-Day Computing Showcase

Verocity is a Minecraft plugin designed for fast-paced, visceral combat, where interactivity and FUN take center stage. The complex mathematics and system design required to build this plugin push the limits of standard Minecraft development, providing a reactive framework for advanced combat interactions. New Actions and Combat Features: Enhanced Basic Attacks – Smooth, responsive, and satisfying to chain together. Throwable Items – Every item can be thrown. Swords lodge into enemies on impact, ready to be recovered. Dashing – Lunge to swords stuck in the ground or at enemies to pull them out while tactically repositioning. Umbral Blade – Command …


Uc-1207 Ai Driven Resident Inquiry Processing, Ben Moran, Sahil Sachwani, Thomas Ashe, Sean Johnson Nov 2025

Uc-1207 Ai Driven Resident Inquiry Processing, Ben Moran, Sahil Sachwani, Thomas Ashe, Sean Johnson

C-Day Computing Showcase

The AI Driven Resident Inquiry Processing System is designed to enhance the National Housing Compliance (NHC) ability to process resident inquiries using artificial intelligence(AI). NHC is a 501(c)(4) not-for-profit corporation who provides training and compliance services to the affordable housing industry. Each month NHC receives over 200 inquiries from residents via phone and email. These inquiries range from general questions to urgent, life-threatening concerns. Efficiently processing and responding to these inquiries is often critical to resident safety and well being. This project uses AI to automate resident inquiries as they are received, extract and classify key information, and display this …


Uc-1211 Machine Learning Linux Log Anomaly Detection, Samuel Scott, Audrey Loisy, Dylan Silva-Rivas, Sheamus Brady Nov 2025

Uc-1211 Machine Learning Linux Log Anomaly Detection, Samuel Scott, Audrey Loisy, Dylan Silva-Rivas, Sheamus Brady

C-Day Computing Showcase

Cybersecurity is becoming an increasingly important part of digital life. Malware can silently intrude on a user’s system and perform malicious actions and generate unusual system behavior without the user ever being aware. This malware often presents with unusual system logs being generated. These logs, however, are difficult to consistently track and analyze, especially for casual users. To help bridge this gap between hard-to-read log data and the useful information it contains, we created LUAADS (short for Linux User Account Anomaly Detection System), designed for Ubuntu systems. LUAADS can automatically collect entries from common log files (such as syslog and …


Uc-1222 Active Learning System For Labeling Chest X-Rays, Matthew Hall, Noah Lane, Josh Smith, Elijah Merrill Nov 2025

Uc-1222 Active Learning System For Labeling Chest X-Rays, Matthew Hall, Noah Lane, Josh Smith, Elijah Merrill

C-Day Computing Showcase

This project aims to develop a complete Active Learning System for chest X-ray image classification, designed to automate data preparation, streamline model training, and reduce the manual effort required for medical image labeling. The system establishes a structured and scalable pipeline that moves from raw data ingestion to automated decision-making, incorporating dataset indexing, patient-aware splitting, preprocessing, configuration management, and validation to ensure data flows reliably through the system. The model component uses CNNs to generate baseline diagnostic predictions across chest pathologies. Active learning strategies are then applied to identify the most informative unlabeled images, enabling iterative retraining that improves model …


Uc-1226 Iknowit: Multilingual Smartphone Tutorial Platform, Jacqueline Juarez, David Bazan, Julissa Rivera Nov 2025

Uc-1226 Iknowit: Multilingual Smartphone Tutorial Platform, Jacqueline Juarez, David Bazan, Julissa Rivera

C-Day Computing Showcase

Digital literacy challenges affect millions of adults who struggle with basic smartphone use due to rapidly changing technology and limited support. iKnowIT is a dynamic, web-based learning platform designed to provide clear, visual, and multilingual tutorials that guide users through essential device functions. The goal of iKnowIT is to bridge the digital divide and empower users to engage confidently with modern technology


Uc-1244 Agentic Ai For Intelligent Customer Communication, Lucas Papadopoulos, Jeremy Hopkins, Munir Gargour, Weston Dease Nov 2025

Uc-1244 Agentic Ai For Intelligent Customer Communication, Lucas Papadopoulos, Jeremy Hopkins, Munir Gargour, Weston Dease

C-Day Computing Showcase

E-commerce web shoppers need fast, reliable responses to a variety of requests: account modifications, order tracking, or policy inquiries. Businesses must address user queries in a fast and efficient manner, or else lose customers. Multi-agent AI models boast the ability to answer customer questions and act upon consumer queries without outside intervention. However, research is sparse as to how agentic models can transfer benefit to large commercial software stacks under realistic commercial load. We sought to ask whether a multi-agent AI architecture can effectively handle commercial-scale e-commerce customer service tasks. Moreover, we investigated how a multi-agent AI architecture compares to …


Uc-1259 Light'em Up, Collin Sutton, Ronnie Jones, Max Anderson Nov 2025

Uc-1259 Light'em Up, Collin Sutton, Ronnie Jones, Max Anderson

C-Day Computing Showcase

The primary goal of “Light’em Up” is to create engaging and intelligent AI that can operate within three degrees of freedom and against forces of gravity. Enemies will track the player, predict their movement, and collaborate to set traps and outflank them. All of this takes place in space, at high speeds, and at a scale where gravity has a real effect on navigation. We have four distinct AI enemies at play: Homing missiles - single agent system that follows the player’s movement at a slightly faster speed Tracking missiles - single agent system that moves at a constant speed …


Uc-1261 Ai-Powered Gre Vocabulary App, Michael Verde, Ellyan Landeta, Cynthia Onuorah, David Tran, Bereket Binchamo Nov 2025

Uc-1261 Ai-Powered Gre Vocabulary App, Michael Verde, Ellyan Landeta, Cynthia Onuorah, David Tran, Bereket Binchamo

C-Day Computing Showcase

Our project develops a client-side React application for GRE vocabulary practice using structured JSON word data. The site supports filtering, search, audio output, and randomized quizzes. A reinforcement-learning hint system, inspired by prior research on adaptive learning, guides users toward difficult vocabulary. We aimed to create an interface that demonstrates how lightweight front-end tools can support personalized study without requiring a backend.


Uc-1263 Budgetwise - The College Friendly Budgeting App, Taylor Thompson, Yasmeen Issa, Sameer Khan, John Nguyen, Reynaldo Lechuga Nov 2025

Uc-1263 Budgetwise - The College Friendly Budgeting App, Taylor Thompson, Yasmeen Issa, Sameer Khan, John Nguyen, Reynaldo Lechuga

C-Day Computing Showcase

For our senior project, we developed BudgetWise, a budgeting app designed to help college students manage their finances with confidence. BudgetWise has an emphasis on ease of use and accessibility, with features such as dark mode for improved visibility. Bank accounts and credit cards can be securely linked to the user’s account where they can track their recent purchases, create budgets based on their personalized needs, and track their spending with a dynamic progress bar that changes colors the closer they get to their budget limit. By combining financial tools with accessibility, BudgetWise empowers students to make informed financial decisions …


Uc-1273 V.A.P.R. Rush, Rylan Collins, Jullian Duarte, Oliver Hugh, Ethan Mcmillian Nov 2025

Uc-1273 V.A.P.R. Rush, Rylan Collins, Jullian Duarte, Oliver Hugh, Ethan Mcmillian

C-Day Computing Showcase

A 3D platformer where you can transform from a cube to a boat and a plane. The game is on mobile and features the player traversing through a vapor wave inspired level with techno music in the background. They must perform jumps and lane switches to the beat of the song, and survive to the end of the level to win.


Mobile Computer Vision Application For Agricultural Disease Detection Of Pepper Diseases Using Two-Stage Deep Learning System, Carlos Jose Estevez, Mai Dang, Ryan Bass Nov 2025

Mobile Computer Vision Application For Agricultural Disease Detection Of Pepper Diseases Using Two-Stage Deep Learning System, Carlos Jose Estevez, Mai Dang, Ryan Bass

SMU Data Science Review

Plant diseases pose a significant threat to food security, particularly in developing countries where farmers often lack the resources and infrastructure for early detection. In nations like Mexico and the Dominican Republic, the spread of harmful plant diseases impacts key agricultural commodities, such as habanero peppers, leading to substantial yield losses. This study presents a computer vision system based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and an object detection model (YOLO) to help farmers detect pepper diseases efficiently. The system uses a two-stage approach: YOLOv11n first detects pepper leaves in images, then a lightweight MobileNetV3Small model classifies whether the detected leaves …


Predicting Simulation Times For Multiphase Thermal-Hydraulic Models, Andrew Yule, Andrew Taylor Nov 2025

Predicting Simulation Times For Multiphase Thermal-Hydraulic Models, Andrew Yule, Andrew Taylor

SMU Data Science Review

Addressing the challenge of computationally intensive OLGA

simulations in the oil and gas industry, a machine learning framework is

developed for accurate runtime prediction. A specialized feature extraction

pipeline identifies key parameters—such as simulation time, time step,

number of branches, and section count—from OLGA input files that serve as

high-impact predictors. Multiple predictive models, including regression,

tree-based ensembles, and neural networks, are implemented to validate

accuracy and robustness. Results reveal that prioritizing simulations based on

predicted runtimes optimizes licensing resources and reduces operational

costs, making real-time scheduling more efficient. This research demonstrates

the effectiveness of data-driven runtime prediction in enhancing …


Ai-Powered Compliance: Accelerating Efficiency And Decision-Making For Compliance Related Inquiries., Amberly R. Rodriguez Nov 2025

Ai-Powered Compliance: Accelerating Efficiency And Decision-Making For Compliance Related Inquiries., Amberly R. Rodriguez

SMU Data Science Review

This research examines the potential of an AI-powered chatbot to streamline compliance workflows by reducing the time and effort required to locate and interpret complex compliance documents. The prototype integrates a centralized MySQL-based document repository, a contextual document querying engine, and a Streamlit web interface, enabling employees to retrieve accurate, document-backed answers within seconds. The system supports both stored and user-uploaded documents, with features such as automated summarization and source citations to enhance transparency and trust. Manual evaluation demonstrated notable gains in efficiency and accuracy compared to traditional search methods, with strong potential to improve adherence to compliance policies. Future …


Ai-Driven Optimization Of Wind Energy Distribution In Texas Using Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning, Waleed Amer, Owolabi Oluwadamilola, Bassey Ogbonnaya Nov 2025

Ai-Driven Optimization Of Wind Energy Distribution In Texas Using Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning, Waleed Amer, Owolabi Oluwadamilola, Bassey Ogbonnaya

SMU Data Science Review

Abstract. The integration of large-scale wind power into modern electrical grids presents persistent challenges due to variability, curtailment, and compliance with operational constraints. This study proposes a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) framework for optimizing wind energy distribution within the Texas power grid. The system employs three specialized agents—managing wind curtailment, storage utilization, and load adjustments—to collaboratively balance supply and demand under dynamic grid conditions. Using historical operational data from the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), the framework was trained and evaluated on a range of scenarios encompassing both typical and extreme operating conditions. Results demonstrate substantial performance improvements compared …


A Comparative Time Series Analysis Of The Arima And Temporal Fusion Transformer (Tft) Models, Catherine Ticzon, Aaron Abromowitz, Bivin Sadler Nov 2025

A Comparative Time Series Analysis Of The Arima And Temporal Fusion Transformer (Tft) Models, Catherine Ticzon, Aaron Abromowitz, Bivin Sadler

SMU Data Science Review

Several new transformer-based time series models have been developed in the past five years and research has provided evidence of these models’ superior performance compared to classic statistical models such as ARIMA. While transformer-based models show impressive performance on baseline datasets, no research has been done on the robustness of these models on datasets with controlled modifications and in a replicable manner. In this paper, the Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) model was compared to the classical statistical model ARIMA on simulated data using multiple horizons. Data were simulated using a linear combination of exogenous variables; in total, 50 realizations of …


Analyzing The Global Happiness Index, Victoria Hernandez, Christy W. Wachira Nov 2025

Analyzing The Global Happiness Index, Victoria Hernandez, Christy W. Wachira

SMU Data Science Review

This study explores the Global Happiness Index using data compiled from the OECD and Our World in Data to identify key factors contributing to societal well-being. Six primary predictors were analyzed: GDP per capita, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom to make life choices, generosity, and perceptions of corruption. Regression and clustering techniques were employed to uncover patterns among countries. By expanding the analytical scope beyond conventional economic and social indicators, this study helps identify new pathways for improving well-being across diverse cultural and economic landscapes. Additional variables such as perceived safety, political engagement, and values related to family and …


A Decolonial Approach To International Education: Insights From A Cal Poly Global Program In Palermo, Sicily., Elvira Pulitano, Iyad Jamaly Nov 2025

A Decolonial Approach To International Education: Insights From A Cal Poly Global Program In Palermo, Sicily., Elvira Pulitano, Iyad Jamaly

csuglobaljournal

This article presents a critical intervention in the current debates about decolonizing international education. It is based on a Global Program in Palermo, Sicily, offered by Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in summer 2023. As both program creator/director and student participant in the program, the authors rely on their personal experience and insights along with expertise in coloniality and decolonial theories. The article focuses on a series of pedagogical activities led by a young group of migrants and refugees who, in the city of Palermo, have come together to form two associations designed and structured to offer new contemporary models …


The Relationship Between Walking Vs Running And Mental Health, Kim Ning Nov 2025

The Relationship Between Walking Vs Running And Mental Health, Kim Ning

Science University Research Symposium (SURS)

The present study examined how mental health, specifically depression, anxiety, and stress, relates to the amount of hours one spends in a week walking or running. While previous research has focused on the general effects of physical exercise on mental health, few studies have compared the influence of high intensity physical activity to low intensity physical activity specifically in college students` mental health outcomes. Fifty-five (N=55) Belmont University students were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the amount of hours they spent running or walking in a week and different mental health surveys. A series of six correlation tests …


Anxiety’S Relationship With Caffeine Usage And Frequency, William H. Simmons, Kyra Cannon, Harry Lackey Nov 2025

Anxiety’S Relationship With Caffeine Usage And Frequency, William H. Simmons, Kyra Cannon, Harry Lackey

Science University Research Symposium (SURS)

Previous research has suggested mixed findings regarding caffeine’s relationship with anxiety, despite caffeine being the most widely consumed psychoactive substance. This study investigated this relationship further, exploring whether caffeine consumption is associated with perceived anxiety symptoms. Sixty-five participants completed an online survey through Qualtrics that assessed daily caffeine intake and anxiety levels using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. A linear regression tested the relationship between levels of caffeine use and perceived levels of anxiety. An independent samples t-test compared anxiety levels between participants who consume less than 400 mg of caffeine and those who consume 400 mg or more. …