Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Factors Affecting The Production Of Berries Of The Red Huckleberry Plant In The Redwood Experimental Forest, Kagat G. Mcquillen

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

Vaccinium parvifolium (red huckleberry) is a culturally and commercially valued food for different coastal tribes of northwestern California.

Today some tribes are regaining access to ancestral lands, and Indigenous researchers are working to document information about culturally significant plant species and their management to reclaim traditional ecological knowledge and restore food sovereignty.

The present study, focused on red huckleberry, Vaccinium parvifolium, took place in the ancestral territory of the Yurok Tribe, currently managed by the US Forest Service as the Redwood Experimental Forest (REF) in Klamath, CA. Geographic Information Systems-based mapping, forest ecological field data collection, and a literature …

Assessing Soil Disturbance From Tethered Logging On Steep Slopes In Northern California, Karolyn Marie Fagundes

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

The implementation of tethered harvesting allows for the expansion of mechanized logging onto steeper slopes. Recent updates to the California Forest Practice Rules have explicitly removed the slope limitation for logging equipment, provided it’s tethered. California is now witnessing the reintroduction of ground-based logging equipment on steep slopes. Previously, operating equipment on steep slopes was considered detrimental due to the potential for soil disturbance. However, tethered equipment interacts with the soil in a new way due to the use of a winch. Relatively few studies have attempted to quantify soil disturbance with this new practice. The goal of this study …

Sediment Production From Forest Roads In Areas Affected By The August Complex Fire In Northern California, Zachary J. Gigone

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

Wildfire activity is increasing in California and is an important factor affecting erosion rates. Landscapes recently affected by wildfire, areas that have been salvage logged after a fire, and unpaved forest roads are all major sources of sediment which can impair water quality and negatively impact many aquatic species. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify erosion rates from native and gravel surfaced forest road segments after the August Complex fire, evaluate the impact of salvage logging activities on sediment production from roads, and understand the effect of soil burn severity on sediment production from these road segments. Finally, this …

Examining The Impacts Of Beaver Dam Analogues And Groundwater Storage On Miners Creek, California, Miles Munding-Becker

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

Beavers have been altering streams in North America for millions of years by impounding water behind their dams. The recent historical removal (intensely throughout the 18^th and 19^th century) of these dams altered the hydrology in low gradient streams from dynamic anastomosing streams and wet meadow complexes to incised channels with little structural diversity. Anthropogenic structures called Beaver Dam Analogues (BDAs) are used as a restorative process by mimicking natural beaver dams that can reverse channel incision, increase ponded and groundwater storage, and provide low velocity habitat for aquatic species and vegetation. A system of four original BDAs …

Protecting Public Trust Resources In America's Private Forests: Case Studies In The Diversity Of U.S. State-Level Forestry Policies, Brita Ann Goldstein

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

Privately-owned forests in the U.S. provide ecological and socioeconomic benefits to Americans. At the same time, they challenge common law principles that govern the administration of public goods. There is long-standing tension between private property rights, which entitles forest landowners to make land management decisions about their properties, and the role of state governments in protecting public trust resources on behalf of the general public. Each state chooses to protect public trust resources on private lands in a different way, meaning the U.S. is a patchwork of diverse private forest policy approaches. Describing this range of approaches can help inform …

Techno-Economic Feasibility Of Electrifying Food Markets In Nigeria With Biogas Hybrid Mini-Grids, Demi Temitope Ogunwo

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

This thesis explored the feasibility of electrifying a food market in an urban city in Nigeria with a hybrid biogas-powered mini-grid. Under the Energizing Economies Initiative of the Rural Electrification Agency of Nigeria, nine markets in the country currently receive constant access to electricity via hybrid mini-grid systems. As a majority of these systems are diesel-solar-battery systems, this thesis explored the use of biogas generators as a substitute for diesel generators in hybrid mini-grids for food markets. A fruit and vegetable market in Ketu, Lagos was used as a case study for the research. The research for this thesis was …

New Development Of Neutrosophic Probability, Neutrosophic Statistics, Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures, And Neutrosophic Plithogenic Optimizations, Florentin Smarandache, Yanhui Guo

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This collective book presents state-of-the-art papers on new topics related to neutrosophic theories, such as neutrosophic algebraic structures, neutrosophic triplet algebraic structures, neutrosophic extended triplet algebraic structures, neutrosophic algebraic hyperstructures, neutrosophic triplet algebraic hyperstructures, neutrosophic n-ary algebraic structures, neutrosophic n-ary algebraic hyperstructures, refined neutrosophic algebraic structures, refined neutrosophic algebraic hyperstructures, quadruple neutrosophic algebraic structures, refined quadruple neutrosophic algebraic structures, neutrosophic image processing, neutrosophic image classification, neutrosophic computer vision, neutrosophic machine learning, neutrosophic artificial intelligence, neutrosophic data analytics, neutrosophic deep learning, and neutrosophic symmetry, as well as their applications in the real world.

Introduction To Superhyperalgebra And Neutrosophic Superhyperalgebra, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

In this paper we recall our concepts of n th-Power Set of a Set, SuperHyperOperation, SuperHyperAxiom, SuperHyperAlgebra, and their corresponding Neutrosophic SuperHyperOperation, Neutrosophic SuperHyperAxiom and Neutrosophic SuperHyperAlgebra. In general, in any field of knowledge, one actually encounters SuperHyperStructures (or more accurately (m, n)- SuperHyperStructures).

Soft Set Product Extended To Hypersoft Set And Indetermsoft Set Product Extended To Indetermhypersoft Set, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

In this paper we define the Soft Set Product as a product of many soft sets and afterwards we extend it to the HyperSoft Set. Similarly, the IndetermSoft Product is extended to the IndetermHyperSoft Set. We also present several applications of the Soft Set Product to Fuzzy (and fuzzy-extensions) Soft Set Product and to IndetermSoft Set and IndetermHyperSoft Set.

The Reciprocal Of The Butterfly Theorem, Ion Patrascu, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Linguistic Matrices, W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

The authors build linguistic matrices only for those linguistic variables which yield a linguistic continuum or an ordered linguistic set. Most of the properties enjoyed by real and complex matrices are satisfied by these linguistic matrices. However, we see when we try to define operations on linguistic matrices that they behave in different ways. The possible operations defined on linguistic matrices are only the maximum and minimum. Further, we have different identities for min and max operations on these matrices for linguistic variable and its associated linguistic words.

Linguistic Functions, W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

In this book, the authors have proved the analogues of the Bolzano Weierstrass theorem for the linguistic version. Several concepts in the case of linguistic continuum are very distinct from the natural classical real continuum. Categorically, we have three linguistic variables: one leading to a continuum, some finite and orderable set, and some not orderable. We define a linguistic plane associated with linguistic variables and give graphs associated with linguistic functions.

Linguistic Graphs And Their Applications, W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

The authors define the notion of directed linguistic graphs and linguistic-weighted graphs.

The second chapter discusses all types of linguistic graphs, linguistic dyads, linguistic triads, linguistic wheels, complete linguistic graphs, connected linguistic graphs, disconnected linguistic graphs, and linguistic components of the graphs. Further we define the notion of linguistic subgraphs of a linguistic graph. The third chapter also introduces the notion of Linguistic Cognitive Maps (LCMs) analogous to Fuzzy Cognitive maps (FCMs). We also propose Linguistic relational Maps, which are analogous to Fuzzy Relational Maps. These models find applications in problems whose data is unsupervised, but the values are linguistic.

Linguistic Geometry And Its Applications, W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

The authors venture to define the notion of linguistic geometry in this book.

It is pertinent to keep on the record that linguistic geometry differs from the classical geometry.

Many fundamental concepts and notions of classical geometry are not valid or extendable in the case of linguistic geometry.

We discuss in dept the linguistic variables, graphs and geometry essential for social information networks.

And then develop the new notion of linguistic geometry and its related properties.

The concept of linguistic social information geometric networks is also developed.

Collected Papers (On Various Scientific Topics), Volume Xiii, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This thirteenth volume of Collected Papers is an eclectic tome of 88 papers in various fields of sciences, such as astronomy, biology, calculus, economics, education and administration, game theory, geometry, graph theory, information fusion, decision making, instantaneous physics, quantum physics, neutrosophic logic and set, non-Euclidean geometry, number theory, paradoxes, philosophy of science, scientific research methods, statistics, and others, structured in 17 chapters (Neutrosophic Theory and Applications; Neutrosophic Algebra; Fuzzy Soft Sets; Neutrosophic Sets; Hypersoft Sets; Neutrosophic Semigroups; Neutrosophic Graphs; Superhypergraphs; Plithogeny; Information Fusion; Statistics; Decision Making; Extenics; Instantaneous Physics; Paradoxism; Mathematica; Miscellanea), comprising 965 pages, published between 2005-2022 in different …

Linguistic Semilinear Algebras And Linguistic Semivector Spaces, W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, K. Ilanthenral, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This book introduces algebraic structures on linguistic sets associated with a linguistic variable.

The linguistics with single closed binary operations are only semigroups and monoids. Authors feel it is not possible to define the notion of linguistic group.

We describe the new notion of linguistic semirings, linguistic semifields, linguistic semivector spaces, and linguistic semilinear algebras defined over linguistic semifields.

We also define algebraic structures on linguistic subsets of a linguistic set associated with a linguistic variable.

نيوتروسوفيك أوفرسيت ، نيوتروسوفيك أونديرست ، وإزاحة نيوتروسوفيك [Neutrosophic Overset, Neutrosophic Underset, And Neutrosophic Offset], Florentin Smarandache, Riad K Al-Hamido (Translator From English To Arabic)), Khaled Adnan Alabdullah (Translator From English To Arabic)

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

تم تعريف Neutrosophic Over-/ Under- / Off-Set and -Logic لأول مرة بواسطة Smarandache في عام 1995 ونشر في عام 2007. وهي مختلفة تمامًا عن المجموعات / المنطق / الاحتمالات الأخرى. قام بتمديد مجموعة العدلات على التوالي إلى Neutrosophic Overset {عندما يكون بعض مكونات neutrosophic> 1} ، Neutrosophic Underset {عندما يكون بعض مكونات neutrosophic <0} ، وإلى إزاحة Neutrosophic {عندما تكون بعض مكونات العدلات خارج الفاصل الزمني [0 ، 1] ، أي بعض مكونات العدلات> 1 ومكونات أخرى نيوتروسوفيك <0}. هذا ليس مفاجئًا فيما يتعلق بالمجموعة / المنطق الغامض الكلاسيكي ، أو المجموعة / المنطق الغامض الحدسي ، أو الاحتمال الكلاسيكي / غير الدقيق ، حيث لا يُسمح بالقيم خارج الفاصل الزمني [0 ، 1] ، نظرًا لأن عالمنا الحقيقي به العديد من الأمثلة و تطبيقات المكونات الزائدة / السفلية / البعيدة عن العدلات

Neutrosophic Over-/Under-/Off-Set and -Logic were defined for the first time by Smarandache in 1995 and published in 2007. They are totally different from other sets/logics/probabilities. He extended the neutrosophic set respectively to Neutrosophic Overset {when some neutrosophic component is > 1}, Neutrosophic Underset {when …

Lost And Found In Mathematics, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This book is inspired by a German theoretical physicist, Sabine Hossenfelder’s publication: “Lost in Mathematics”. Her book seems to question highly mathematical and a lot of abstraction in the development of physics and cosmology studies nowadays. There is clear tendency that in recent decades, the physics science has been predominated by such an advanced mathematics, which at times sounding more like acrobatics approach to a reality. Through books by senior mathematical-physicists like Unzicker and Peter Woit, we know that the answer of TOE is not in superstring theories or other variations of such 26 dimensional bosonic string theory, of which …

From Logic To Realism To Brighter Future For Humanity, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This collection of published papers at International Journal of Neutrosophic Science actually began with just a simple request by Dr. Broumi Said, the editor of IJNS, to us, to submit an article for his new journal. Then we submitted a series of new articles discussing various applications of Neutrosophic Logic, a new kind of logic as developed by one of us (FS). We explore a wide range of subject, from Godel’s incompleteness theorem, to possible technocalypse and neutro-futurology, and also additional sections. Hopefully you will find these articles interesting for better understanding of nature.

Collected Papers (On Neutrosophic Theory And Its Applications In Algebra), Volume Ix, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This ninth volume of Collected Papers includes 87 papers comprising 982 pages on Neutrosophic Theory and its applications in Algebra, written between 2014-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with 81 co-authors from 19 countries.

Collected Papers (On Neutrosophic Theory And Applications), Volume Viii, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This eighth volume of Collected Papers includes 75 papers comprising 973 pages on (theoretic and applied) neutrosophics, written between 2010-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with 102 co-authors from 24 countries.

Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures And Their Applications, Florentin Smarandache, Memet Sahin, Derya Bakbak, Abdullah Kargın

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

Neutrosophic Logic is a general framework for unification of many existing logics, such as fuzzy logic (especially intuitionistic fuzzy logic), paraconsistent logic, intuitionistic logic, etc.

In 2019 Smarandache generalized the classical Algebraic Structures to NeutroAlgebraic Structures (or NeutroAlgebras) {whose operations and axioms are partially true, partially indeterminate, and partially false} as extensions of Partial Algebra, and to AntiAlgebraic Structures (or AntiAlgebras) {whose operations and axioms are totally false}, and he continued to develop them and extend a Structure in any field to the NeutroStructure and AntiStructure.

The NeutroAlgebras & AntiAlgebras are a new field of research, which is inspired from …

Collected Papers (On Neutrosophic Theory And Applications), Volume Vii, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This seventh volume of Collected Papers includes 70 papers comprising 974 pages on (theoretic and applied) neutrosophics, written between 2013-2021 by the author alone or in collaboration with 122 co-authors from 22 countries.

Collected Papers (On Physics, Artificial Intelligence, Health Issues, Decision Making, Economics, Statistics), Volume Xi, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This eleventh volume of Collected Papers includes 90 papers comprising 988 pages on Physics, Artificial Intelligence, Health Issues, Decision Making, Economics, Statistics, written between 2001-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with 84 co-authors from 19 countries.

Collected Papers (On Neutrosophic Theory And Applications), Volume Vi, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This sixth volume of Collected Papers includes 74 papers comprising 974 pages on (theoretic and applied) neutrosophics, written between 2015-2021 by the author alone or in collaboration with 121 co-authors from 19 countries.

Collected Papers (On Neutrosophics, Plithogenics, Hypersoft Set, Hypergraphs, And Other Topics), Volume X, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This tenth volume of Collected Papers includes 86 papers in English and Spanish languages comprising 972 pages, written between 2014-2022 by the author alone or in collaboration with 105 co-authors from 26 countries.

Collected Papers (Neutrosophics And Other Topics), Volume Xiv, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

This fourteenth volume of Collected Papers is an eclectic tome of 87 papers in Neutrosophics and other fields, such as mathematics, fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, picture fuzzy sets, information fusion, robotics, statistics, or extenics, comprising 936 pages, published between 2008-2022 in different scientific journals or currently in press, by the author alone or in collaboration with 99 co-authors from 26 countries.

Small Tech, High Touch: A Permutation, Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

In an earlier paper published in a neutrosophic math journal (IJNS), we discussed a new approach to technology, which may be called as ‘opti-realism’ or ‘pess-optimism’ as alternative to utopianism based on technocracy, which may lead the world into global techno-totalitarianism. In this article, we submit a new approach to Nature and technology, which is more modest and humble, rather than a techno-utopianism version of reality that most futurists argue for. Our proposed approach resembles more to Myer-Briggs 16 types of personality, including IJNS, IFNS etc. In our scheme, there are 8 characters of approach toward technology which can lead …

On Neutrosophic Αψ -Supra Open Sets, Mani Parimala, Muthusamy Karthika, Harish Garg, Saeid Jafari, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

Neutrosophic topological space is an extension of fuzzy topology. Neutrosophic topological space addresses each element’s membership, indeterminacy and non-membership grades. Dropping an axiom in the neutrosophic topological space produces a new topological space called neutrosophic supra topological space. Elements in this neutrosophic supra topology are neutrosophic sets. We established the neutrosophic αψ-supra open set in neutrosophic supra topological spaces in this paper. Also, we investigate the properties of the newly defined set. Neutrosophic αψ -supra continuity is introduced and studied subsequently.

Analyzing The Sustainability Of Industry Affected In Covid-19 Pandemic Scenario Using Cosine Similarity Measure Under Svpns And Pnn Model, Priyanka Majumder, Florentin Smarandache

Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications

COVID-19 outbreak is a reminder of the fact that the pandemics have happened in the past and will also occur in the future. The COVID-19 not only has affected the economy; but also it has affected the livelihood, which leads to the changes in businesses. This study aims to identify the most significant indicator (or parameter) that impacts the sustainability of industries. The study should also develop a realtime monitoring system for the sustainability of industries affected by COVID 19. In this work, the Polynomial Neural Network (PNN) and cosine similarity measure under SVPNS (Single-Valued Pentapartitioned Neutrosophic Set) environment have …