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Articles 41521 - 41550 of 294391

Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Stepwise Assembly Of Quinary Multivariate Metal−Organic Frameworks Via Diversified Linker Exchange And Installation, Yuchen Hu, Xin Zhang, Rebecca Shu Hui Khoo, Christian Fiankor, Xu Zhang, Jian Zhang Jun 2023

Stepwise Assembly Of Quinary Multivariate Metal−Organic Frameworks Via Diversified Linker Exchange And Installation, Yuchen Hu, Xin Zhang, Rebecca Shu Hui Khoo, Christian Fiankor, Xu Zhang, Jian Zhang

Department of Chemistry: Faculty Publications

Multivariate MOFs (MTV-MOFs) constructed from multiple components with atomistic precision hold the promise for many fascinating developments in both fundamental sciences and applications. Sequential linker installation can be an effective method to introduce different functional linkers into an MOF that contains coordinatively unsaturated metal sites. However, in many cases, these linkers must be installed according to a specific sequence and the complete synthetic flexibility and freedom is yet to be realized. Here, we rationally decreased the size of the primary ligand used in NPF-300, a Zr-MOF with scu topology (NPF = Nebraska Porous Framework), and synthesized its isostructure, NPF-320. NPF-320 …

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Dyonic Taub-Nut-Ads Space Phase Structure, Mohamed Tharwat Jun 2023

Dyonic Taub-Nut-Ads Space Phase Structure, Mohamed Tharwat

Theses and Dissertations

The Taub-NUT spacetime remains to hold many mysteries more than half a century after its discovery. The metric's controversy owes largely to the nut charge and the existence of Misner strings. Traditionally the metric is treated in the euclidean signature, this treatment hides the Misner strings. We treat the Taub-NUT spacetime with the Misner strings visible, not enforcing the time periodicity condition. We examine the phase structure belonging to three different horizon geometries. We deal with the hyperbolic, flat and spherical cases. We consider the stable phases, the phase transitions that exist between them, and find the preferable phases in …

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Role Of Defect Type In Optimizing Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production Catalysts, Mohamed Mahrous Jun 2023

Role Of Defect Type In Optimizing Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production Catalysts, Mohamed Mahrous

Theses and Dissertations

The search for new energy sources has become a global challenge due to the increasing demand for energy and the negative impact of traditional energy sources on the environment. The photoelectrochemical water splitting has emerged as a promising alternative source for producing hydrogen, which can be used as a clean fuel. However, it is necessary to tailor the properties of the light-active material that will be used to absorb sunlight and split water. This research project aimed at providing detailed insights into the effect of varying the type and concentration of defects on the optical and electronic properties of diamond …

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Simulations Of Intruder-Free X-Ray Transient Absorption And Time-Resolved X-Ray Scattering For Probing Attosecond Electron Dynamics, Mengqi Yang Jun 2023

Simulations Of Intruder-Free X-Ray Transient Absorption And Time-Resolved X-Ray Scattering For Probing Attosecond Electron Dynamics, Mengqi Yang

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

The motion of electrons plays a fundamental role in both physics and chemistry, and capturing such dynamics requires the ability to resolve changes at the attosecond timescale, which is enabled by the advent of ultrashort laser pulses. This dissertation aims to facilitate the interpretation of ultrafast electron dynamics and attosecond spectroscopy by real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) simulations. The first part of this dissertation focuses on improving the simulation of X-ray transient absorption spectra (XTAS) with Gaussian basis sets in RT-TDDFT by applying a filter to the transition dipole matrix. Due to the spatial limitation of atom-centered Gaussian functions, …

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Streaming Approximation Scheme For Minimizing Total Completion Time On Parallel Machines Subject To Varying Processing Capacity, Bin Fu, Yumei Huo, Hairong Zhao Jun 2023

Streaming Approximation Scheme For Minimizing Total Completion Time On Parallel Machines Subject To Varying Processing Capacity, Bin Fu, Yumei Huo, Hairong Zhao

Computer Science Faculty Publications

We study the problem of minimizing total completion time on parallel machines subject to varying processing capacity. In this paper, we develop an approximation scheme for the problem under the data stream model where the input data is massive and cannot fit into memory and thus can only be scanned a few times. Our algorithm can compute an approximate value of the optimal total completion time in one pass and output the schedule with the approximate value in two passes.

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A Characterization Of Complex-Valued Random Variables With Rotationally-Invariant Moments, Michael L. Maiello Jun 2023

A Characterization Of Complex-Valued Random Variables With Rotationally-Invariant Moments, Michael L. Maiello

Rose-Hulman Undergraduate Mathematics Journal

A complex-valued random variable Z is rotationally invariant if the moments of Z are the same as the moments of W=e^{i*theta}Z. In the first part of the article, we characterize such random variables, in terms of "vanishing unbalanced moments," moment and cumulant generating functions, and polar decomposition. In the second part, we consider random variables whose moments are not necessarily finite, but which have a density. In this setting, we prove two characterizations that are equivalent to rotational invariance, one involving polar decomposition, and the other involving entropy. If a random variable has both a density and moments which determine …

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Investigation Into Differences In Palatability Among Festulolium Varieties As Haylage, E. Touno, S. Kushibiki, H. Shingu, A. Oshibe Jun 2023

Investigation Into Differences In Palatability Among Festulolium Varieties As Haylage, E. Touno, S. Kushibiki, H. Shingu, A. Oshibe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Japan, paddy fields that are no longer used for cultivation of rice are being converted to cultivation of forage crops. Therefore, grass with greater wet resistance and higher quality is required. Festulolium is an interspecific hybrid between the Lolium and Festuca species and combines the characteristics of high-quality ryegrass and resistance to hostile environments from fescues (Thomas & Humphreys, 1991). Among festulolium varieties, there is wide variation in environmental resistance and feeding value. One festulolium variety, Paulita, shows superior wet resistance to Evergreen and the total digestible nutrients of Evergreen was similar to that of cocksfoot (cv. Kitamidori) (Touno …

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The Feeding Value Of Silage Made From Peas Grown Alone Or In Mixture With Cereals, A. Kirilov Jun 2023

The Feeding Value Of Silage Made From Peas Grown Alone Or In Mixture With Cereals, A. Kirilov

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The interest in pea as a forage crop rich in protein does not decrease. In areas frequent summer drought pea (Pisum sativum) as a whole plant for forage gives assured yield and may be used for zero grazing, hay or silage. The winter varieties use winter-spring soil moisture better and give higher yield than the spring varieties, but they lodge, so it is necessary to sow them with supporting cereal crops to increase lodging resistance. The objective of the study was to compare the intake, digestibility, energy value and quality index of two wilted silage made from winter …

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Annual Legumes As An Alternative For Animal Feeding In Cuba, María Felicia Díaz, C. Padilla, E. Lon Wo, M. Castro, R. S. Herrera, R. O. Martínez Jun 2023

Annual Legumes As An Alternative For Animal Feeding In Cuba, María Felicia Díaz, C. Padilla, E. Lon Wo, M. Castro, R. S. Herrera, R. O. Martínez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Studies conducted in Cuba have demonstrated the importance of the agronomic and nutritional performance of the species Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Canavalia ensiformis (jackbean), Stizolobium niveum (mucuna), Lablab purpureus (dolicho) and Glycine max (soybean) as feed sources for non-ruminant species. Under Cuban tropical conditions, and with minimum agricultural inputs, jackbean, dolicho and mucuna have attained forage yields between 4 and 6 t dry matter (DM)/ha and grain yields between 2.57 and 3.41 t/ha and cowpea and soybean have given yields of between 1 and 2 t/ha (Díaz 2000). This study was carried out to determine the chemical composition of grains and …

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Relative Yields And Nutritive Value Of Whole Crop Rice Harvested On Four Successive Dates For Forage In Korea, Jong-Geun Kim, Y. C. Lim, E. S. Chung, S. H. Yoon, S. Seo, M. J. Kim Jun 2023

Relative Yields And Nutritive Value Of Whole Crop Rice Harvested On Four Successive Dates For Forage In Korea, Jong-Geun Kim, Y. C. Lim, E. S. Chung, S. H. Yoon, S. Seo, M. J. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

About four million tons of forages are fed to ruminants in Korea, but half of them rely on rice straw as roughage and 0.6 million tons of forage was imported. The lack of forage results in increased imports of concentrate feeds and increased production cost. Now, Korea has about 1.1 million ha of rice fields, but as a consequence of world trade negotiation, Korea will open the rice market from next year. It is expected that due to aging farmers and lower rice price, about 0.2 million ha of paddy field will not be cultivated for grain rice. Therefore, we …

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Nutritional Evaluation Of Banana Peelings From The Various Banana Varieties In Different Regions Of Uganda, J. Nambi-Kasozi, Elly N. Sabiiti, F. B. Bareeba, E. Sporndly Jun 2023

Nutritional Evaluation Of Banana Peelings From The Various Banana Varieties In Different Regions Of Uganda, J. Nambi-Kasozi, Elly N. Sabiiti, F. B. Bareeba, E. Sporndly

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Uganda, peri-urban agriculture is very important in sustaining livelihoods of the increasing population in urban and peri-urban (U & PU) areas. However, this form of agriculture has a number of problems, feed shortage being the most important. The agricultural produce brought in from the rural areas is marketed in raw form hence increasing the crop wastes in the market areas. The crop wastes, if properly sorted, can serve as alternative feeds for the animals kept in the U & PU areas. Banana (Musa spp) peelings (BP) constitute the largest proportion of all the crop wastes in most …

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Effect Of Intensity Of Grassland Management On Chemical Composition And Content Of Structural Saccharides In Forage, Jan Pozdíšek, P. Mičová, M. Svozilová, A. Kohoutek Jun 2023

Effect Of Intensity Of Grassland Management On Chemical Composition And Content Of Structural Saccharides In Forage, Jan Pozdíšek, P. Mičová, M. Svozilová, A. Kohoutek

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage quality has a crucial effect on animal performance and on grassland management. This paper contributed information on the effects of different methods of grassland utilisation in the Czech Republic.

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Changes In Grass Quality Of Coastal Meadows In Estonia, Tiina Köster, Karin Kauer, R. Viiralt, A. Selge Jun 2023

Changes In Grass Quality Of Coastal Meadows In Estonia, Tiina Köster, Karin Kauer, R. Viiralt, A. Selge

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In Estonia the reason for reduction in coastal meadows and expansion of the stands of the common reed (Phragmites australis) is the discontinuation of traditional use of grasslands which were previously grazed and cut. Phragmites australis usually produces dense and monospecific stands at the waterline, where species richness is low. It can survive in ungrazed shore meadows, but it suffers from grazing (Tyler, 1969). The investigated Phragmitetum australis association had been influenced by grazing activities, but it remained rather sparse and due to that had relatively low productivity, reaching 3.11 t DM/ha. Traditionally coastal meadows have been used …

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Accumulation Of Zearalenone In Herbage Of Winter Pasture Situated In West Poland, P. Goliński, M. Kostecki, Barbara Golińska, B. T. Golińska, P. K. Goliński Jun 2023

Accumulation Of Zearalenone In Herbage Of Winter Pasture Situated In West Poland, P. Goliński, M. Kostecki, Barbara Golińska, B. T. Golińska, P. K. Goliński

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The importance of winter pastures in beef production in Europe has been growing steadily. In Poland, especially in its western part, there are already farms which utilise pasture swards during late autumn and winter. The major problem, however, is the quality of forage ingested by animals as it tends to deteriorate with the passage of the vegetation season with danger of accumulation of various mycotoxins (Laser et al., 2003) of which the most important is zearalenone (ZEA).

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Diversity And Variation In Nutritive Value Of Plants Growing On 2 Saline Sites In Southwestern Australia, Hayley C. Norman, R. A. Dynes, D. G. Masters Jun 2023

Diversity And Variation In Nutritive Value Of Plants Growing On 2 Saline Sites In Southwestern Australia, Hayley C. Norman, R. A. Dynes, D. G. Masters

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In south-western Australia 10% or 1.8 million ha of the farmed area is affected by dryland salinity and a further 6 million ha are at risk of salinity (NLWRA, 2001). Animal production from saltbush (Atriplex spp.)-based pasture systems represents the most likely large-scale opportunity for productive use of saline land in the short to medium term. Feeding saltbush-based pastures as a maintenance feed during the prolonged autumn feed gap typical in Mediterranean-type climates maximises their economic value. The aim of this study was to explore the diversity and nutritive value of plants that typically persist in saltbush-based saltland pastures.

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Nutritional Characteristics Of Four Species Of Native Pastures From The Highlands Of Central Mexico, O. A. Castelán, A. A. Rayas, A. Espinoza, J. Estrada, C. Arriaga, F. Mould Jun 2023

Nutritional Characteristics Of Four Species Of Native Pastures From The Highlands Of Central Mexico, O. A. Castelán, A. A. Rayas, A. Espinoza, J. Estrada, C. Arriaga, F. Mould

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research in Mexico has been devoted to nutritional characterisation of improved pastures, but native species of grasses have not been studied. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the nutritional value of four species of native pastures and composite samples of them.

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Seasonal Variation Of Forage Productivity And Quality Of Communally Managed Grassland In The N’Komati River Basin, D. W. Nguluve, C. Menezes, A. Buluveze, A. P. Laita Jun 2023

Seasonal Variation Of Forage Productivity And Quality Of Communally Managed Grassland In The N’Komati River Basin, D. W. Nguluve, C. Menezes, A. Buluveze, A. P. Laita

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Livestock production is increasing in Mozambique. This trend, however, is facing such challenges as land tenure, erratic and not well-distributed rainfall (resulting in floods or droughts), overgrazing, wildfires, and the unsustainable resource management practices of communities. The study objectives were to evaluate forage species occurrence and seasonal variation and to estimate grassland productivity, nutritive value and savanna carrying capacity.

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Forage Composition And Quality Of Tankbed Grassland Ecosystems In Sri Lanka; A Preliminary Study Of “Tabbowa” Tank, G. G. C. Premalal, Sujatha Premaratne Jun 2023

Forage Composition And Quality Of Tankbed Grassland Ecosystems In Sri Lanka; A Preliminary Study Of “Tabbowa” Tank, G. G. C. Premalal, Sujatha Premaratne

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Although, Sri Lanka does not have large natural lakes, the early settlers devoted their energy to build water bodies (tanks or reservoirs) in association with forest catchments to provide water for irrigation. The tank bed is a grassland area of the tank, which lies between the catchment forest and the present water level. In general, the tankbed has three major zones - lower, middle and upper - and in some seasons the middle and upper parts may be underwater. This tankbed area is dominated by grassland vegetation and is a valuable feeding ground for free-grazing livestock. The main objective of …

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Variations In Nutritive Values Of Two Different Desert Forage Plants Growing In The United Arab Emirate Environment, T. Ksiksi, A. Bamakhrama, M. Satri Jun 2023

Variations In Nutritive Values Of Two Different Desert Forage Plants Growing In The United Arab Emirate Environment, T. Ksiksi, A. Bamakhrama, M. Satri

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Forage plants in desert environments have to withstand both shortages in resources and over grazing during most years. This variation in resource availability is associated with variation in the nutritive values of the plant species. Moreover, these differences are not only seasonal but also vary between plant parts. Variations in nutritive values in key species, therefore, need to be better understood in order to sustainably feed livestock (Abdurazak et al., 2000), because effective management requires adequate knowledge of the interaction between the animal, the pasture and the environment (Kassilly, 2002). Forage toxicity could, however, cause irreparable damage to production. …

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Factors Affecting Forage Quality Of Native Species In Iranian Rangelands, Hossein Arzani, J. Torkan, H. Kaboli, M. Zohdi Jun 2023

Factors Affecting Forage Quality Of Native Species In Iranian Rangelands, Hossein Arzani, J. Torkan, H. Kaboli, M. Zohdi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Animal performance is closely correlated with the nutrient value of the forage available and this is affected by different factors (Arzani et al., 2001). Crude protein content (CP), digestible dry matter (DDM) and metabolisable energy (ME) were considered particularly appropriate for evaluation of range forage quality. This paper reports on factors affecting the forage quality of range species grown in Iran.

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Determination And Comparison Of Forage Quality Of Five Species In Different Phenological Stages In Alborz Rangelands (Iran), A. Ahmadi, Hossein Arzani, A. A. Jaafari Jun 2023

Determination And Comparison Of Forage Quality Of Five Species In Different Phenological Stages In Alborz Rangelands (Iran), A. Ahmadi, Hossein Arzani, A. A. Jaafari

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to evaluate grazing capacity and integrated management of rangelands and grasslands , it is necessary to be aware of the quality of range plants. Phenological (growth) stage has the greatest effect on forage quality with most of the qualitative indices decreasing with the progress of the phenological stage (Holecheck et al., 2001). This research studied the changes in forage quality for species in the Alborz rangelands.

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Variation In The Quality Of Forage Of Six Rangeland Species In Different Phenological Stages, Zeid Ahmadi, H. Arzani, Hossein Azarnivand Jun 2023

Variation In The Quality Of Forage Of Six Rangeland Species In Different Phenological Stages, Zeid Ahmadi, H. Arzani, Hossein Azarnivand

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

An understanding of forage quality is fundamental to the measurement of grazing capacity. In addition, knowledge of forage quality is necessary for planning grazing and developing range improvement and development programmes, such as planting and seeding of rangelands. Among the different factors that affect forage quality, phenological stage is particularly important (Cook, 1972; Caballero et al.,2001). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of plant species, phenological stages and life form on forage quality indices.

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Chemical Composition And Gas Production Of Pasture Dominated By Artemisia Frigida And Carex Duriscula Species, G. Udval Jun 2023

Chemical Composition And Gas Production Of Pasture Dominated By Artemisia Frigida And Carex Duriscula Species, G. Udval

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In vitro gas production from a feed sample incubated with a rumen fluid inoculum has been successfully used by Menke et al. (1979) and Steingass & Menke (1986) to predict the nutritive value of the substrate fermented. Recently, the gas test has been adapted so that the increase in gas production at a series of chosen time intervals is read off. The aim of this study was to describe the kinetics of fermentation of the feed incubated with reference to OMD, DMD, metabolisable energy (ME), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF, ADF), cellulose and lignin contents. Samples were harvested …

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Seasonal Variation Of Crude Protein Content Of Different Herbaceous, Shrub And Tree Species, M. R. Mosquera-Losada, E. Fernández-Núñez, A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez Jun 2023

Seasonal Variation Of Crude Protein Content Of Different Herbaceous, Shrub And Tree Species, M. R. Mosquera-Losada, E. Fernández-Núñez, A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Silvopastoralism is a sustainable way of land management that reduces fire risk due to the reduction of fuel under trees when plants are used as animal food. This is particularly important in areas like Galicia that have 16% of the fired area of Europe. Silvopastoral systems can contribute to environment conservation and provide feed for autochthonous breeds more adapted to mountain conditions, enhancing biodiversity conservation. In formation on seasonal changes in crude protein content of spontaneous species will indicate better management of pasture resources in mountain areas.

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Nutrient Accumulation In Leaves And Soft Twigs Of Moringa Oleifera Lam. At Different Growth Stages In Western Highland Of Cameroon, E. Tedonkeng Pamo, B. Boukila, J. R. Kana, F. Tendonkeng, L. B. Tonfack, M. C. Solefack Momo Jun 2023

Nutrient Accumulation In Leaves And Soft Twigs Of Moringa Oleifera Lam. At Different Growth Stages In Western Highland Of Cameroon, E. Tedonkeng Pamo, B. Boukila, J. R. Kana, F. Tendonkeng, L. B. Tonfack, M. C. Solefack Momo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Moringa oleifera belongs to the Moringaceae family and is considered to have its origin in the south of the Himalayan mountains. The species is being introduced into the highland zone of Cameroon. It is a tree which has many valuable properties and it is of great nutritional and scientific interest. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate nutrient composition in leaves and soft twigs of M. oleifera at different growth heights when grown in the Western Highland of Cameroon.

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Evaluation Of Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activities Of Plantains And Pastures By Electron Spin Resonance (Esr), Y. Tamura, T. Masumizu Jun 2023

Evaluation Of Superoxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activities Of Plantains And Pastures By Electron Spin Resonance (Esr), Y. Tamura, T. Masumizu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Producing animals without using feed-grade antibiotic growth promoters and chemical medicines is essential. In response, many scientists are now studying medicinal plants and herbs to identify and quantify those plants that may have a beneficial effect on animal production. Plantains have been used in herbal medicines and are being evaluated as a potential pasture species because of their medicinal values in animal health. In this study, antioxidant activities of plantains were compared to those of common pasture species to clarify the effects of plantains on animal health and production.

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Characterisation Of Herbage From Temperate Organic Pastures, E. Kuusela Jun 2023

Characterisation Of Herbage From Temperate Organic Pastures, E. Kuusela

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing is an essential part of organic dairy farming systems. Although the nutritive value of herbage and herbage availability determine the intake and nutrient supply for grazing cows, the composition of typical herbage from organic pastures has been unclear.

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Water-Soluble Carbohydrate (Wsc) Concentrations In Ireland And Norway Of Lolium Perenne Differing In Wsc Genotype And Receiving Varying Rates Of N Fertiliser, P. O'Kiely, L. Nesheim, P. Conaghan, F. P. O'Mara Jun 2023

Water-Soluble Carbohydrate (Wsc) Concentrations In Ireland And Norway Of Lolium Perenne Differing In Wsc Genotype And Receiving Varying Rates Of N Fertiliser, P. O'Kiely, L. Nesheim, P. Conaghan, F. P. O'Mara

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Cultivars bred for elevated water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration may have improved grass ensilability and nutritive value. Increasing rates of application of N fertiliser generally reduce grass WSC concentration, although it is unknown if the response is similar for normal and elevated WSC genotypes or if these factors interact with growing conditions. This experiment evaluated the effects on grass WSC concentration of varying N fertiliser application rates to perennial ryegrass cultivars of high or normal WSC genotype grown in Ireland and Norway.

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Proanthocyanidins From Hedysarum, Lotus And Onobrychis Spp. Growing In Sardinia And Sicily And Their Antioxidant Activity, A. Tava, M. G. De Begedetto, D. Tedesco, G. Di Miceli, G. Piluzza Jun 2023

Proanthocyanidins From Hedysarum, Lotus And Onobrychis Spp. Growing In Sardinia And Sicily And Their Antioxidant Activity, A. Tava, M. G. De Begedetto, D. Tedesco, G. Di Miceli, G. Piluzza

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Proanthocyanidins (PA), or condensed tannins, are a class of natural polyphenolic compounds, occurring in numerous plant species, including a number of economically significant forage legumes. These compounds are polymers of flavan-3-ols, and typically contain from 2 to 20 units. Their biological significance is still being debated and, in recent years, a great deal of attention has been focused on their role in ruminant nutrition. Evidence has indicated that PA, in a moderate concentration (0.5-5% DM), may have considerable importance in protecting dietary proteins against microbial degradation in the rumen, and in preventing bloat. The antioxidant activity (AA) is also an …

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Changes In Crude Protein Content With Advancing Maturity In Lucerne, S. Katić, D. Milić, V. Mihailović, A. Mikić, S. Vasiljević Jun 2023

Changes In Crude Protein Content With Advancing Maturity In Lucerne, S. Katić, D. Milić, V. Mihailović, A. Mikić, S. Vasiljević

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The main determinants of the quality of lucerne forage are digestibility and protein content (Julier et al., 2001) as well as crude fibre content. In the early vegetative phases, the crude protein content of the leaves and stems is the highest and crude fibre content the lowest (Katic et al., 2003). The aim of this study was to determine the rate of change in crude protein levels at different stages of growth and development.

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