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Articles 13201 - 13230 of 291657
Full-Text Articles in Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Trade-Off Between Limonene & Geraniol-Based Reprocessable And Non-Reprocessable Epoxy Thermosets: Role Of Aliphatic Diamines In Polymer Networks Design, Priyankkumar Kanubhai Patel
Trade-Off Between Limonene & Geraniol-Based Reprocessable And Non-Reprocessable Epoxy Thermosets: Role Of Aliphatic Diamines In Polymer Networks Design, Priyankkumar Kanubhai Patel
Electronic Theses & Dissertations
The growing demand for sustainable materials, driven by environmental concerns and the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, has garnered significant attention in the fabrication of bio-based epoxy thermosets as renewable alternatives to petroleum-derived thermosetting polymers. The present study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of epoxy prepolymer resins derived from limonene and geraniol via a two-step process, followed by the fabrication of thermally cross-linked flexible epoxy thermoset films using various traditional aliphatic diamine curing agents, namely 1,2-ethylenediamine (EDA), 1,4-butylenediamine (BDA), and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HDA). Additionally, the incorporation of cystamine, a disulfide-containing diamine, enabled the formation of a covalent adaptable network through …
Zn–Assisted Synthesis Of M (Mn/Fe/Co/Ni)-N-C Catalysts For Multifunctional Electrochemical Activity, Kemila A. Chaudhary
Zn–Assisted Synthesis Of M (Mn/Fe/Co/Ni)-N-C Catalysts For Multifunctional Electrochemical Activity, Kemila A. Chaudhary
Electronic Theses & Dissertations
The design and development of atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts (metal (M) supported on an nitrogen-carbon (NC) matrix with high multifunctional electrocatalytic performance is desirable but proved to be very challenging. Herein, we synthesized M-N-C catalysts (M = Fe, Co, Mn, and Ni) using Zn-assisted high temperature treatment and characterized using various techniques. The prepared catalysts were tested for their electrocatalytic performance towards oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction (OER and HER) as well as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The results indicated that Mn-N-C catalyst showed higher performance towards both the ORR (E1/2 = 0.90 V) and …
Evaluating San Francisco Urban Green Spaces And Policy To Inform Future Decision-Making: How Climate Change Adaptation Strategies Can Be Prioritized And Incorporated In Urban Park Design And Planning Through A Decision-Making Tool, Holley Anne Maassen
Master's Projects and Capstones
Amid the current climate crisis, enhancing urban green spaces (UGS), parks, and open spaces with climate change adaptation (CCA) as a strategic pillar in San Francisco’s urban planning is an essential strategic pillar to develop more resilient cities. However, in complex bureaucratic landscapes, integrating CCA strategies that meet project goals while ensuring inclusive stakeholder engagement presents a challenge. This project presents the identification, development, and application of a holistic decision-making tool (DMT) in the form of a Pugh matrix/decision matrix and with a focus on urban planning in San Francisco, California. Key decision-making criteria are identified and weighted through a …
Floating Pv In Bulawayo: Evaluating Evaporation Mitigation, Energy Yields And Economic Viability., Fidelis Hazvineyi Dambudzo Gorogodo
Floating Pv In Bulawayo: Evaluating Evaporation Mitigation, Energy Yields And Economic Viability., Fidelis Hazvineyi Dambudzo Gorogodo
Master's Projects and Capstones
Water scarcity and energy shortages are critical challenges in Zimbabwe, particularly in the semi-arid regions reliant on reservoir-based water supply systems. Evaporation losses from water reservoirs amplified by rising global temperatures has become a concern, particularly for Zimbabwe which has a relatively low water per-capita (776 liters). Electricity blackouts extending to 12-20 hours per day further worsens the situation by failing to pump available water, calling for solutions to enhance water and energy security. This study evaluates the feasibility of integrating Floating Photovoltaics (FPV) on the Umzingwane catchment dams (Umzingwane, Upper and lower Ncema, Insiza, Mtsabezi and Inyankun) to mitigate …
Effectiveness Of Urban Composting And Waste Management In The San Francisco Bay Area, Elijah Ashiagbor
Effectiveness Of Urban Composting And Waste Management In The San Francisco Bay Area, Elijah Ashiagbor
Master's Projects and Capstones
The increasing food waste epidemic contributes to environmental degradation through amplified GHG emissions, notably CH4, from MSW landfills. Addressing this challenge is essential for public health and environmental sustainability. This research reviews municipal composting initiatives within the San Francisco Bay Area, evaluating effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. Utilizing data from CalRecycle and local municipalities, this study analyzes different composting processes, regulatory compliance with California’s Senate Bill 1383, and factors affecting waste diversion rates. Key discoveries indicate that in-vessel composting shows better efficiency and compost quality compared to windrow methods, particularly suitable for urban counties with space limitations. However, participation rates in …
Analyzing Ballast Water Treatments, Invasive Species, And Pathogens, And A Decade-Long Analysis On The San Francisco And Baltimore Ports, Jasmin Ibarra-Cortes
Analyzing Ballast Water Treatments, Invasive Species, And Pathogens, And A Decade-Long Analysis On The San Francisco And Baltimore Ports, Jasmin Ibarra-Cortes
Master's Projects and Capstones
Installation of advanced technologies to treat ballast water on ships is necessary to meet current ballast water management standards and reduce the secondary spread of invasive species during intracoastal voyages. This research includes a literature review on non-native aquatic species, particularly diapausing eggs, and available treatment methods for installation. A comparative analysis from 2014 - 2024 on bulker, tanker, and container vessels arriving coastwise to the ports of San Francisco and Baltimore was performed to evaluate treatment installation trends, traffic patterns, and the effectiveness of treatment(s) on targeting diapausing eggs. Use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation combined with filtration has increased …
Optimizing Mars Terrain Segmentation With Weakly Supervised Learning: A Focus On Weighted Loss From Annotation Metadata, Malika Dutta
Optimizing Mars Terrain Segmentation With Weakly Supervised Learning: A Focus On Weighted Loss From Annotation Metadata, Malika Dutta
Theses and Dissertations
The study of planetary surfaces heavily depends upon space rovers that gather detailed images of terrain needed for analysis and navigation. Deep neural networks and other sophisticated machine learning techniques are necessary for autonomous navigation in challenging terrain. However, the inconsistent annotations by citizen scientists frequently hinder the performance of these models. This study seeks to optimize terrain segmentation to improve the autonomous capabilities of future Mars rovers by presenting a novel weakly supervised learning framework to handle noise and unreliability in datasets. Using factors like number of clicks, pixel accuracy, and annotator dependability, the method utilizes annotation metadata in …
From Tree Rings To Streamflow: Reconstructing The Hydroclimatic History Of The Mississippi River Basin Over The Past Millennia, Brandon Mcdaniel
From Tree Rings To Streamflow: Reconstructing The Hydroclimatic History Of The Mississippi River Basin Over The Past Millennia, Brandon Mcdaniel
Theses and Dissertations
The Mississippi River Basin (MRB), the largest watershed in the United States, plays a central role in shaping regional hydroclimate. This study reconstructs streamflow variability in the MRB from the year 1200 to 2005 by applying principal component regression to streamflow data from 51 gauges and the North American Drought Atlas (NADA), a tree-ring-based reconstruction of the summer self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index. Verification statistics indicated strong predictive skill across the domain. These findings provide critical insight into long-term hydroclimatic variability in the MRB and underscore the value of paleoclimate records for improving water resource assessments.
Investigations Into Fluorescence Of Fluorene Dimers: Linker Impacts And Tuning Potential Through Substituent Addition, Abigail R. Ressler
Investigations Into Fluorescence Of Fluorene Dimers: Linker Impacts And Tuning Potential Through Substituent Addition, Abigail R. Ressler
Theses and Dissertations
Fluorene-based fluorescing conjugated polymers are being used to develop sensors that show great sensitivity and selectivity, however, important questions about the photophysics of these systems remain unanswered. For example, a fluorescence intensity difference was observed between fluorene dimers linked with either an acetylene (diFA) or phenyl (diFP). The polymers diFA and diFP have similar structures and extinction coefficients, yet diFA yielded a five times higher fluorescence intensity than diFP. In project one, Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent DFT (TD-DFT) were used to calculate the ground and excited states of diFA and diFP. A python code was developed to solve …
Climate Change Impacts On Drinking Water Security: A Comparative Study In Australia’S Remote Central Australia And Torres Strait Islands, Nina Lansbury, Julia Bradford, Sandra J. Creamer, Geoffrey Evans
Climate Change Impacts On Drinking Water Security: A Comparative Study In Australia’S Remote Central Australia And Torres Strait Islands, Nina Lansbury, Julia Bradford, Sandra J. Creamer, Geoffrey Evans
Journal of the Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities are well adapted to the many different environments in which they have lived for thousands of years. However, their environments and communities are highly vulnerable to impacts of anthropogenic climate change, including increasing threats to the security of drinking water supplies. Climate change is intensifying the significant social and economic disadvantage Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities face from poverty, poor housing, and poor health including high exposure to infectious and other diseases. Lack of sufficient safe, clean, drinking water could force Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to leave their homelands, adding …
The Confluence, Volume 4, Issue 1, Full Issue
Adverse Cognitions: The Effects Of Childhood Trauma On Brain Development, Faith Salamone
Adverse Cognitions: The Effects Of Childhood Trauma On Brain Development, Faith Salamone
The Confluence
The effect of adverse experiences in childhood have been known to create lasting difficulties, even in adulthood. While it can be hard to determine the effects of childhood trauma on the brain, many studies have identified areas that appear to be negatively impacted by these adverse childhood experiences. This paper is a meta-analysis of eight articles that have attempted to investigate the effects of childhood trauma on the developing brain. These articles are specifically investigating the effects of childhood physical and/or sexual abuse. The areas that will be discussed in this paper are the prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, the limbic …
Cybersecurity And Global Threats: A Comparative Analysis Of Estonia And Russia’S Policies, María Paula Morales Palacios
Cybersecurity And Global Threats: A Comparative Analysis Of Estonia And Russia’S Policies, María Paula Morales Palacios
The Confluence
As digital technology continues to reshape the foundations of modern life, the question of how states respond to cyber threats has become increasingly urgent. This paper examines how political systems shape national cybersecurity policies by comparing Estonia and Russia, two countries facing similar external threats but governed by vastly different structures. Estonia’s democratic framework emphasizes transparency, citizen participation, and international cooperation, while Russia’s semi-authoritarian model centers on state sovereignty, centralized control, and strategic offensive capabilities. Drawing on key historical events, including the 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia and the 2016 attacks on Russian banks, the paper explores how each state’s political …
Entanglement Distribution Of Universal Quantum Cloners, James B. Daughtry
Entanglement Distribution Of Universal Quantum Cloners, James B. Daughtry
Student Scholarship
Szab`o et al. [4] show that universal quantum cloning machines may be used to manipulate entanglement between bipartite states. Entanglement is measured with concurrence, C, and it is shown that as the fidelity of the cloner improves, more entanglement transfers from the reference to the cloned state. This thesis characterizes the nature of this entanglement transfer by analyzing the entanglement distribution of the cloner. In this analysis we will show that entanglement is generally destroyed after cloning except in cases where there is no cloning, two identical qubits are created, or there is complete qubit transfer. Along with …
Constructing The Soliton Wave Structure And Stability Analysis To Generalized Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff Equation Using Improved Simple Equation Method, Mina Fahim, Hamdy Mohamed Ahmed, Islam Samir Soliman, Mohamed Elsaid, Kamal Hassan Eldib
Constructing The Soliton Wave Structure And Stability Analysis To Generalized Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff Equation Using Improved Simple Equation Method, Mina Fahim, Hamdy Mohamed Ahmed, Islam Samir Soliman, Mohamed Elsaid, Kamal Hassan Eldib
Basic Science Engineering
In this work, we investigated the (3+1)-dimensional generalized Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff equation, which models long wave propagation in shallow water and plays a significant role in fluid mechanics and plasma physics. Using the improved simple equations method, we obtained various solutions, including dark, bright, and singular solitons, and combinations of singular periodic solutions and exponential rational solutions. Additionally, we performed a linear stability analysis to examine the stability properties of these wave solutions. To further illustrate their characteristics during propagation, we provided 3D and contour plots for some opted wave solutions.
Insights Into Fluid-Rock Interactions On The Cv3 Chondrite Parent Body Through The Use Of Secondary Garnets In The Allende Cv3 Chondrite And Terrestrial Skarns, Jessica Marie Johnson
Insights Into Fluid-Rock Interactions On The Cv3 Chondrite Parent Body Through The Use Of Secondary Garnets In The Allende Cv3 Chondrite And Terrestrial Skarns, Jessica Marie Johnson
Earth and Planetary Sciences ETDs
Garnets are valuable for studying geologic processes, particularly fluid-rock interactions in terrestrial skarns. This dissertation examines secondary garnets and associated Ca-Fe silicates in Allende-like CV3 chondrites and terrestrial skarns to assess garnets as recorders of fluid-rock interactions. Chapter 2 investigates garnets from the Willsboro-Lewis skarn, revealing that mineral separate techniques misrepresent rare earth element (REE) signatures. Chapter 3 examines garnets and clinopyroxenes from the Victorio Mining District skarn, showing that REE incorporation was controlled by fluid composition rather than crystal chemistry. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on extraterrestrial samples. Chapter 4 finds that garnets and pyroxenes in Allende CV3 matrix …
Dry And Wet Deposition Of Atmospheric Microplastics In Las Vegas, Nevada, Laine Adame
Dry And Wet Deposition Of Atmospheric Microplastics In Las Vegas, Nevada, Laine Adame
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Plastics have been one of the most widely used man-made materials since their inception, and production is expected to grow by five percent every year. Plastic waste has become a growing global environmental issue. Primary MPs are plastics that are created to be intentionally tiny for their specific functional purpose. Secondary microplastics (MPs) are byproducts of plastic waste occurring due to the breakdown of larger plastics resulting in the presence and accumulation of MPs in the environment. MPs are defined as tiny particles of plastic between 5 mm and 1 μm in size. MPs have been found in the deep …
Associations Of The Medicaid Expansion Policy With Racial/Ethnic Disparities In Breast Cancer Screening And Treatment, James Howard Smith Ii
Associations Of The Medicaid Expansion Policy With Racial/Ethnic Disparities In Breast Cancer Screening And Treatment, James Howard Smith Ii
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Background and Aim. This dissertation examines Medicaid expansion’s effect on breast cancer (BC) screening and treatment disparities in two Medicaid-expanding states (MES) that passed Medicaid expansion (New Jersey and Vermont) relative to two non-expansion states (NES) (Georgia and Wisconsin). It then compares the association of Medicaid expansion to other states that did not undertake this policy on various subgroups, such as minorities by race and ethnicity, income, and age groups. Black women still bear significant BC disparities due to untimely screenings, treatments, and deaths. Therefore, it is critical to investigate how socioeconomic status influences racial/ethnic disparity gaps, given that BC …
An Edge Computing Device Optimized And Transfer Learning Enhanced Deep Learning Model For Detecting Wildfire Flame And Smoke, Giovanny Vazquez
An Edge Computing Device Optimized And Transfer Learning Enhanced Deep Learning Model For Detecting Wildfire Flame And Smoke, Giovanny Vazquez
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
The integration of autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with edge computing technology and deep learning (DL)-based object detection offers a groundbreaking solution for real-time wildfire detection, enabling rapid data processing directly on devices and minimizing response delays in critical scenarios. However, although showing early promise, performance is often constrained by limited training data and edge computing devices that lack graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration. This thesis seeks to address these limitations in two stages.First, this work explores the transformative potential of Transfer Learning (TL) to enhance wildfire object detection model accuracy while also investigating TL’s impact, for DL-based object detection …
Specters Of Change: A Rhetorical And Qualitative Analysis Of Environmental Ghost Stories From Las Vegas Locals, Rachel J. Wuester
Specters Of Change: A Rhetorical And Qualitative Analysis Of Environmental Ghost Stories From Las Vegas Locals, Rachel J. Wuester
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
This thesis explores “environmental ghost stories,” a term created to represent narratives that blend emotions and memories of ecological loss to make sense of environmental change. This project utilizes a mixed-methods approach that blends narrative theory, environmental rhetoric, and qualitative interviews to examine the narratives of chronic and acute changes experienced by long-term residents of Las Vegas, Nevada. Participants (N = 15) were required to have resided in the Las Vegas valley for a minimum of twenty years in order to have had the opportunity to witness both chronic and acute changes to their environment. Using a phronetic iterative approach …
Creating A Shade Tree Commission For Shamokin, Skye Sunderhauf, Beth Williams, Marques Owens, Olivia Follansbee
Creating A Shade Tree Commission For Shamokin, Skye Sunderhauf, Beth Williams, Marques Owens, Olivia Follansbee
Final Reports in ENST 411: Environmental Community Projects
Final Project for ENST411 Environmental Community Projects
Turtle Creek Tree Restoration Project, Rebecca Beneroff, Risa Kanefsky, Max Dicerbo, Pj Newhart, Amanda Mitchell
Turtle Creek Tree Restoration Project, Rebecca Beneroff, Risa Kanefsky, Max Dicerbo, Pj Newhart, Amanda Mitchell
Final Reports in ENST 411: Environmental Community Projects
Over the course of this project our group members Rebecca, Max, PJ, Amanda, and Risa worked closely with Jim Knight and Brian Auman from Turtle Creek Park to help research, plan, and execute a tree transplanting event that would be efficiently implemented and environmentally sound. This work involved extensive preparatory work in the park including soil testing, bare leaf tree identification, tree and shrub species characterization, and recommendation. The entire process was rooted in the most up to date literature and scientific practices surrounding bare root tree nurseries, existing land management plans, invasive species and public park management, ecological succession, …
Towards The Signed Decomposition Of Young Quasisymmetric Schur Functions Into Dual Immaculate Quasisymmetric Functions, Gavin Butts, Joshua Hallam
Towards The Signed Decomposition Of Young Quasisymmetric Schur Functions Into Dual Immaculate Quasisymmetric Functions, Gavin Butts, Joshua Hallam
Honors Thesis
We introduce a family of descent-preserving, sign-reversing involutions on encodings of standard immaculate tableaux which, in the two-row case, identifies pairs standard immaculate tableaux, leaving exactly those satisfying the conditions of standard Young composition tableaux fixed. Using this result, we derive the first explicit signed decomposition of the Young quasisymmetric Schur functions into dual immaculate quasisymmetric functions, confirming the conjectured decomposition, by Allen-Hallam-Mason, in the two-row setting. Along the way, considering the number of descent elements, we obtain counted refinements of standard immaculate tableaux and standard Young composition tableaux with shapes (n,n+1) and (n+1, …
Assessment Of The 3-30-300 Standard In New London, Connecticut: Gis Analysis And Systematic Literature Review On Urban Tree Cover, Natalie Michele Reilly
Assessment Of The 3-30-300 Standard In New London, Connecticut: Gis Analysis And Systematic Literature Review On Urban Tree Cover, Natalie Michele Reilly
Honors Scholar Theses
Cecil Konijnendijk’s 3-30-300 standard allows cities to monitor their current urban forestry conditions and progress toward improvement. The standard is met if individuals can see three trees from their home, have 30% canopy cover in their neighborhood, and are within 300 meters of a green space. I conducted a systematic review of relevant literature and an assessment of whether New London, Connecticut meets the standard. My goal was to evaluate the benefits of urban forestry standards, the feasibility of implementation, and whether cities tested adhered. The 30-component of the standard was the most difficult part to meet due to a …
2025 Revised Draft Final Unreclaimed Sites Quality Assurance Project Plan (Qapp), Pioneer Technical Services, Inc.
2025 Revised Draft Final Unreclaimed Sites Quality Assurance Project Plan (Qapp), Pioneer Technical Services, Inc.
Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Superfund Site
No abstract provided.
Developments On Abbreviations Towards Machine Reading Comprehension, Sing Choi
Developments On Abbreviations Towards Machine Reading Comprehension, Sing Choi
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Machine reading comprehension is a critical step in development of applications that require the semantic understanding of human speech-to-text driven work. Many devices such as smart home appliances like the Amazon Echo Dot, Google Home, or smart assistants like Apple Siri or Microsoft Cortana are examples of these applications. The comprehension task involves a deeper understanding and recognition of named entities such as person names, locations, medicals codes, quantities, abbreviations, and acronyms in speech or text data. In this dissertation, we explore and extend the different approaches and techniques in modern research that tackles the problem of recognition and definition …
Advancements In Solar Energy Life Cycle Assessment And Implications For Power Plants In The Western Us, Santiago Cisneros Castillo
Advancements In Solar Energy Life Cycle Assessment And Implications For Power Plants In The Western Us, Santiago Cisneros Castillo
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
New solar energy technologies, such as second-generation photovoltaic panels, are increasingly being installed at utility scale. Our accounting of the life cycle climate change impacts or carbon footprint of solar power technologies needs to be revised as technologies change and as prior omissions of related impacts are identified. This thesis aims to update the life cycle climate change impacts of two solar energy technologies. First, the direct land use change (DLUC) and albedo change impacts from removing native vegetation and installing CSP troughs were incorporated into life cycle assessment (LCA) scenarios for the four currently operational CSP trough power plants …
High Dynamic Range Actively Quenched Silicon-Germanium Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes, Abraham Castaneda
High Dynamic Range Actively Quenched Silicon-Germanium Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes, Abraham Castaneda
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are solid-state devices capable of providing large current pulses in the milliampere range in response to incident photons. The large gain inherent to SPADs makes them a popular technology for photon-counting applications, but their operation can be hindered by long recharge times, which necessitates the use of active quenching to reduce dead times and increase detection rates. For the prompt gamma/neutron radiation experiments conducted at the Nevada National Security Site, photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) have been the primary photodetector of choice, but their continued use is expected to dwindle as it becomes increasingly difficult to source quality …
Climate Change And Hydropower Development Impacts In The Lower Mekong Basin, Nudthawud Homtong
Climate Change And Hydropower Development Impacts In The Lower Mekong Basin, Nudthawud Homtong
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
The Mekong River Basin is vital to East and Southeast Asia, supporting over 60 million people and sustaining critical ecological systems. However, the basin faces dual threats from climate change and hydropower development, jeopardizing its ecological balance, hydrological patterns, and resource reliability. This research focuses on the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), where aggressive hydropower expansion and climate variability have intensified concerns about sustainable water management. The study is divided into three interconnected parts. Part I examines spatial and temporal precipitation patterns in the Chi-Mun Basin (CMB) and Lower Mekong River (LMR) from 1950 to 2008, using linear regression and Mann-Kendall …
Planting Seeds, Changing Minds: A Narrative Analysis Of Environmental Children’S Books, Julianna Jovillar
Planting Seeds, Changing Minds: A Narrative Analysis Of Environmental Children’S Books, Julianna Jovillar
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Children’s books are some of the earliest forms of entertainment and education a person will interact with in their lifetime. Simultaneously weaving a tale and teaching a lesson, children’s books, therefore, have the great potential to communicate important lessons and mindsets at young ages. Utilizing narrative theory (Fisher, 1984) and ecocriticism (Glotfelty, 1996), while also considering environmental ideologies and narrative components (Bloomfield, 2024), this study explores the functions of environmental children’s books and how they might communicate environmental messaging and encourage ecological thinking. Following a narrative analysis of 46 environmental children’s books, the results of this study indicate that there …