Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons^™

Higher Education Cybersecurity: A Vulnerability Assessment Of The U.S. South’S Institutional Websites, Zachary W. Taylor, Vivi Vo

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

As technology continues to advance, it is critical to understand how higher education institutions protect digital information of their stakeholders including students, faculty, and staff through cybersecurity measures. Although conceptual research has articulated various aspects of cybersecurity, no empirical research has explored the cybersecurity of higher education (.edu) websites through a vulnerability scan of these websites via an open PortScan and analysis. To fill a critical gap in the literature, this study conducted a vulnerability scan and open PortScan and analysis of all higher education websites in three of the lowest-income states in the United States: Louisiana (n=112), Mississippi (n=52), …

A New Scheme For Simple Asymmetric Bivariate Copulas And Applications, Rachid Bentoumi, Farid El Ktaibi, Christophe Chesneau

All Works

Bivariate copulas play a central role in modeling the dependence structure between two random variables and serve as a fundamental tool in various applied fields. In this article, we develop a new theoretical framework aimed at constructing simple asymmetric bivariate copulas of the form C(u, v) = uv [ϕ(v) + u(1 − ϕ(v))^], (u, v) ∈ [0, 1]². This framework relies on a tuning univariate function to achieve the desired asymmetry. We study this pioneering scheme, emphasizing its theoretical foundations, and illustrating it with several examples. More precisely, we establish important properties of the proposed copulas …

Development Trends And Priority Research Fields Of Electrochemical Discipline In The 15th Five Year Plan Period, Lin Zhuang, Wen-Bin Cai, Heng-Xing Ji, Qing Li, Gong-Wei Wang, Sen Xin, Qing Zhao, Fang-Yi Cheng, Yu-Guo Guo, Lan-Qun Mao, Yang Tian, Fei Wu, Li-Min Zhang, Yan Xiang, Jin-Song Hu, Rui Cao, Li Xiao, Hua-Bing Tao, Wei Xing, Dong-Ping Zhan, Hong-Gang Liao, Mei-Ling Xiao, Bin Ren, Zhang-Quan Peng, Rui Wen, Xiang Wang, Yue-Feng Song, Hou-Fu Lv, Bao-Yu Xia, Guo-Xiong Wang, Jun Cheng, Zhi-Pan Liu, Min Zhou, Bing Huang, Cun-Pu Li, Yu-Qin Zou, Shuang-Yin Wang, Hai-Bo Lin, Zi-Dong Wei

Journal of Electrochemistry

In fulfillment of the national science-and-technology development agenda, the Department of Chemical Sciences of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) convened the Strategic Symposium on the Fifteenth Five-Year (2026–2030) Development Plan for Electrochemistry held in Xiamen on 29 August, 2025—the culminating year of the Fourteenth Five-Year (2021–2025) Development Plan. More than forty leading experts in the field of electrochemistry participated with spanning nine thematic fronts: Interfacial Electrocatalysis, Interfacial Electrochemistry for Energy Storage, Bioelectrochemistry, Electrochemistry of Hydrogen Energy, Electrochemical Micro-/Nano-Manufacturing, Operando Electrochemical Characterization, Electro-Thermal Coupling Catalysis, Theoretical and Computational Electrochemistry, and Electrochemical Synthesis. The forum assembled China’s foremost electrochemical …

Dramatic Biases In Terrestrial Nitrogen Fixation In Earth System Models Revealed By Natural Isotope Signatures, Maoyuan Fang, Shushi Peng, Philippe Ciais, Daniel S. Goll, Benjamin Z. Houlton, Ying-Ping Wang, Yilong Wang, Pan Liu, Joshua B. Fisher, Pierre Regnier

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the primary input of new reactive nitrogen to natural terrestrial ecosystems. However, this flux is poorly constrained due to its unclear drivers and associated control mechanisms. Here, we extend the existing theory of nitrogen (N) isotope mass balance to estimate BNF rates and then use a Bayesian approach to constrain the BNF rates in natural terrestrial ecosystems by using measurements of natural N-isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N) in plants (δ_P) and soil (δ_S). Together with pairwise δ_P and δ_S measurements from 18 forest sites covering diverse climates and thousands …

Forbidden Triples For $2$-Connected Graphs With Minimum Degree Three Which Contain $K_4$ And $K_{2,2}$, Takafumi Kotani, Yoshimi Egawa

Theory & Applications of Graphs

For a family $\mathcal{H}$ of graphs, a graph $G$ is said to be $\mathcal{H}$-free if $G$ contains no member of $\mathcal{H}$ as an induced subgraph. Let $\mathcal{G}_2^{(3)}}(\mathcal{H})$ denote the family of $2$-connected $\mathcal{H}$-free graphs having minimum degree at least $3$. This paper is concerned with families $\mathcal{H}$ of connected graphs with $|\mathcal{H}| = 3$ such that $\mathcal{G}_2^{(3)}}(\mathcal{H})$ is a finite family. In particular, we show that for a connected graph $T$ of order at least $3$ that is not a star, $\mathcal{G}_2^{(3)}(\{K_4,K_{2,2},T\})$ is finite if and only if $T$ is a path of order at most $6$.

10.27.2025 Ored Connect, Liz Williamson

ORED Newsletter

ORED Field Fest

OTC Director Candidates

Surface Chemistry-Dependent Binding Interactions Between Kraft Lignin And Polyelectrolyte-Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles, Oluwaseun Ayodeji Akinsola, Samuel Lohse

All Faculty Scholarship for the College of the Sciences

This study investigated the relationship between gold nanoparticle (AuNP) surface chemistry and the binding affinity of unfractionated kraft lignin to polyelectrolyte-coated AuNPs. Specifically, fluorescence quenching titrations were employed to determine lignin’s binding affinity (K_a) to different charged polymer surfaces displayed on 90 nm citrate-stabilized AuNPs, (poly(allylamine hydrochloride)) (PAH), polyacrylate (PAA), and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC). AuNP–lignin conjugates were characterized by UV–vis absorbance spectroscopy, ζ-potential analysis, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. The characterization data showed that the size, surface charge and aggregation state of the lignin–AuNP conjugates depended on the original surface chemistry of the AuNP, in conjunction …

Development Of A Mesothelin-Binding Engineered Scaffold Protein As A Theranostic For Pleural Mesothelioma, Roberto Silvestri, Margherita Piccardi, Alessia Laurenza, Filomena Rea, Allison R. Sirois, Martina Lari, Francesco Bartoli, Giovanni Signore, Lorena Tedeschi, Elisabetta Ferraro, Paola Anna Erba, Roberto Giovannoni, Stefano Landi, Federica Gemignani, Sarah J. Moore

Engineering: Faculty Publications

Mesothelin (MSLN) is a tumor biomarker expressed at high levels on the surface of numerous cancers with extremely limited expression in healthy tissues. MSLN-targeting agents developed for diagnosis and therapy could have a significant impact on the management of MSLN-expressing cancers. Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is a deadly cancer that arises from mesothelial cells lining the pleura and is predominantly linked to asbestos exposure. There are currently no effective treatments, and diagnosis occurs in late stages of disease due to the lack of clinical symptoms in the early stages. Recent efforts to diagnose and treat PM have focused on identifying and …

Cross-Model Watermarking Via Discriminative Samples For Secure Authentication, Juan Zhao, Yudao Sun, Zhihai Yang, Cai Xu, Hongji Chen, Fan Zhang, Jianxin Li

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Deep neural networks on cloud platforms face growing security threats, with AI services increasingly relying on heterogeneous models for the same task to meet diverse user needs. Existing methods fail to distinguish benign modifications from malicious attacks in cross-model scenarios. To address this challenge, we propose a non-intrusive cross-model watermarking method that generates discriminative samples as universal keys, enabling authentication without altering model parameters or architectures. Specifically, we introduce a margin enhancement loss to amplify confidence gaps between benign and malicious behaviors, ensuring high transferability across models. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the high efficacy of our proposed …

Variations In Extreme Wet Days During The Ond Rainy Season In Tanzania And Their Linkages To Atmospheric-Oceanic Anomalies, Philemon Henry, Paul Ts Limbu

Tanzania Journal of Science

Extreme rainfall remains one of the leading natural disasters in Tanzania, affecting the majority of citizens and the country’s economy. Understanding the seasonal patterns and associated atmospheric and oceanic anomalies could help mitigate their impacts. The current study investigates changes in seasonal extreme wettest days (EWDs) rainfall in Tanzania and the associated atmospheric and oceanic anomalies during October-December (OND), from 1981 to 2020. EWD is defined as days when daily rainfall meets or exceeds the 99^th percentile. Singular value decomposition (SVD), Mann-Kendall, t-test, and Pettitt test methods were applied in this study. The results indicate that approximately 2 EWD …

Gw231123: A Binary Black Hole Merger With Total Mass 190–265 M⊙, A. G. Abac, I. Abouelfettouh, Teviet Creighton, Mario C. Diaz, R. Espinosa, J. Lawrence, Francisco Llamas Villarreal, Soma Mukherjee, Volker Quetschke, Miriam Ramos Arevalo, Wenhui Wang

Physics & Astronomy Faculty Publications

On 2023 November 23 the two LIGO observatories both detected GW231123, a gravitational-wave signal consistent with the merger of two black holes with masses and (90\% credible intervals), at luminosity distance 0.7-4.1 Gpc and redshift of , and a network signal-to-noise ratio of 20.7. Both black holes exhibit high spins, and respectively. A massive black hole remnant is supported by an independent ringdown analysis. Some properties of GW231123 are subject to large systematic uncertainties, as indicated by differences in inferred parameters between signal models. The primary black hole lies within or above the theorized mass gap where black holes between …

Efficient Smooth Tensor Train And Tensor Ring Completion For Image Classification Enhancement, Salman Ahmadi-Asl, Roman V. Garaev, Rustam A. Lukmanov, Naeim Rezaeian, Asad Masood Khattak, Manuel Mazzara

All Works

This paper deals with studying the data completion problem for enhancing the image classification task under the pixel removal scenario. In some applications, it happens that a part of the pixels of a given image is lost due to several issues, such as corruption by outliers or artifacts and/or incompleteness due to imprecise data acquisition. This issue results in a completely wrong classification outcome using Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). In this paper we investigate the benefit of data completion in enhancing the classification accuracy of the DNN models to build more robust and stable DNN models. To this end, we …

User Privacy In The Digital Playground: An In-Depth Investigation Of Facebook Instant Games, Sideeq Bello

LSU Master's Theses

Amid growing concerns over data privacy in web and mobile applications, this study aims to assess the privacy mechanisms in instant games on Facebook, a platform with approximately 3.03 billion monthly active users and a substantial repository of personal data. Instant Games have become increasingly popular due to their ease of access and social integration features. Investigating these games can provide insights into privacy mechanisms and practices, thereby informing the development of more fair, compliant, and user privacy-centric gaming experiences. Thus, this study proposes an integrated analytical framework that leverages a combination of descriptive, memory, and network analysis techniques to …

Bimw: Blockchain-Enabled Innocuous Model Watermarking For Secure Ownership Verification, Xinyun Liu, Ronghua Xu

Michigan Tech Publications

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and edge computing gives rise to edge intelligence (EI), which offers effective solutions to the limitations of traditional cloud-based AI; however, deploying models across distributed edge platforms raises concerns regarding authenticity, thereby necessitating robust mechanisms for ownership verification. Currently, backdoor-based model watermarking techniques represent a state-of-the-art approach for ownership verification; however, their reliance on model poisoning introduces potential security risks and unintended behaviors. To solve this challenge, we propose BIMW, a blockchain-enabled innocuous model watermarking framework that ensures secure and trustworthy AI model deployment and sharing in distributed edge computing environments. Unlike widely applied …

Protocol For Assessing And Managing Radon Gas Exposure Risks In Caves: A Case Study Of Altamira And Paleolithic Cave Art Of Northern Spain World Heritage Site, Sergio Sanchez-Moral, Javier Lario, Soledad Cuezva, Juan Carlos Cañaveras, Tamara Martín-Pozas, Angel Fernández-Cortés

International Journal of Speleology

Exposure to radon and its progeny poses a significant health risk for workers in tourist caves. Implementing protective measures is challenging due to increasingly strict gas concentration and dose limits in new regulations. This study evaluates the annual effective radiation doses received by workers and researchers, considering seasonal and spatial radon variability. Radon levels, temperature, and ventilation patterns were continuously monitored for at least one year in each cave. Results show significant radon fluctuations influenced by seasonal ventilation regimes driven by thermal gradients between the cave and external atmosphere. Using International Commission on Radiological Protection guidelines, the study calculates the …

Risk Prediction Of Surface-Water Bursting In The Gully-Crossing Mining Section Of Shallow Coal Seams Within Thin Bedrock Zones, Niu Chao, Luo Yutao, Liu Ning, Xiao Lele, Sun Qiang, Zhang Weiwei, Xue Xicheng, Zeng Dabao, Bai Yang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background The gully-crossing mining of shallow coal seams within thin bedrock zones is prone to connecting hydraulically conductive fracture zones in the overburden with surface water bodies, significantly increasing the risk of water disasters, such as water inrushes and surface-water bursting in mines. Some mining faces in the Shandong Coal Mine, Shaanxi Province are located beneath the Shajie Gully basin, where storm runoff is highly likely to flow into the underground mine through mining-induced fractures, posing a serious threat to mine safety. Therefore, there is an urgent need to research risk identification and assessment of surface-water bursting. Methods This study …

Influence Patterns Of Nanomaterials On The Properties Of Ultrafine Sulfoaluminate Cement, Li Xiaolin, Wang Pengfei, Gao Yinghui, Zhang Mingxuan, Dong Enyuan, Qu Yue, Zhao Yue

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective and Methods This study aims to reduce the economic cost of sulfoaluminate cement-based grouting materials while also achieving excellent grouting reinforcement effects. To this end, it investigated the variation patterns of the compressive strength, setting time, and fluidity of the ultrafine fly ash (UFA)-ultrafine sulfoaluminate cement (USC) system by incorporating different dosages of silica fume (SF) and nano-silica (NS). Furthermore, the mechanisms behind the hydration reactions of the system were explored. Using multiple distinct testing techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) mineralogy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), this study analyzed …

Structural Characteristics Of The Overburden And Water Yield Property Of Weathered Bedrock Aquifer In A Representative Medium-Deep Coal Seam, Wang Lu, Hua Zhaolai, Huang Hao, Li Zenglin, Ren Shuaifeng, Wang Sitong

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background The weathered bedrock aquifer represents a major water-filled aquifer encountered during coal mining in the Jurassic coalfield in northern Shaanxi Province. Therefore, evaluating the water yield property of the weathered bedrock aquifer is the key to the prevention and control of water hazards in coal seam roofs. Methods This study investigated panel 12 of the Caojiatan Coal Mine, Shaanxi Province. Analysis of the stratigraphic and lithological structure types of the overburden of coal seam 2^–2 identified the weathered bedrock as the primary overlying water-bearing aquifer of the coal seam. Using net-to-gross (NTG) ratio, sandstone thickness, weathering influence index, …

An Experimental Study On The Breakthrough Pressure Of Different Co2 Phases Against Cap Rocks For Carbon Storage In Saline Aquifers, Dan Wendong, Li Yi, Wang Fugang, Hu Zhikai, Diao Yujie, Ma Xin, Liu Ting

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective CO₂ breakthrough pressure, a core parameter for characterizing the sealing performance of saline aquifers as cap rocks, holds important scientific significance and application value for ensuring the safety of CO₂ geological storage engineering and assessing its storage potential. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the variation patterns and mechanisms of breakthrough pressure under different occurrence phases of CO₂ (supercritical, liquid, and gaseous) currently. Accordingly, universal and reliable conclusions are yet to be reached. Methods This study conducted experiments on a natural low-permeability unsaturated sandstone core. Using the step-by-step method, 13 groups of breakthrough …

Characteristics And Driving Forces Of The Spatiotemporal Evolution Of Surface Water Bodies In Ecologically Fragile Mining Areas In The Yellow River Basin: A Case Study Of The Yushenfu Mining Area, Chen Chao, Xuan Ang, Hu Zhenqi, Wang Yiming, Zhang Jiachao, Wang Guo, Yang Fuqin

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background This study aims to respond to the strategic demand for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River basin. To this end, research on the characteristics and driving forces of the spatiotemporal evolution of surface water bodies under the disturbance of intensive coal mining serves as the basis and a prerequisite for mitigating the contradiction between coal mining and water resources in ecologically fragile mining areas of the Yellow River basin. Methods Based on 10 stages of remote sensing image data from 1980 to 2023, information about surface water bodies in the Yushenfu mining area was extracted using …

Compressive Deformations And Energy Dissipation Characteristics Of Broken Rock Masses Under Lateral Confinement, Tian Yu, Lin Haifei, Li Shugang, Shuang Haiqing, Xu Peiyun, Liu Sibo, Ji Pengfei, Cui Mingwei

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective This study aims to investigate the deformation and energy dissipation characteristics of broken rock masses in the caving zones of goafs during compression and to reveal their impacts on the movement and failure of overlying strata and surface subsidence. Using a self-developed experimental system, this study conducted compression experiments on broken rock masses under lateral confinement under different Talbot index values and axial stresses. Then, it analyzed variations in axial displacement, void ratio, relative breakage index, fractal dimension, and strain energy density of the broken rock masses during compression. Accordingly, this study quantified variation patterns of strain energy density …

Mechanisms And Risk Criteria For Water Inrushes Caused By Mining-Induced Propagation Of Concealed Faults In A Coal Seam Floor, Zhang Wenquan, Shao Jianli, Shi Junwei, Li Liangning

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Concealed faults in a coal seam floor, characterized by random distribution, are prone to induce water inrushes, which are difficult to prevent and control. Objective and Method This study aims to investigate the mechanisms behind water inrushes induced by concealed faults in a coal seam floor under the influence of coal mining. Through a theoretical analysis, this study established the mechanical models of the initial cracking and wing crack propagation of concealed faults under seepage pressure. By analyzing the maximum propagation height of concealed faults in the floor and the post-propagation safe thickness of aquicludes, this study proposed criteria …

Overview And Prospects Of Plain Reservoir Construction And Utilization In Coal Mining-Induced Subsidence Areas With High Water Tables In The Lower Reaches Of The Yellow River, Chen Shaojie, Jiang Ning, Zhang Genwang, Jiang Chunlin, Gao Qun

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Coal mining-induced subsidence areas with high water tables in the lower reaches of the Yellow River are encountered with pronounced contradictions between large-area water accumulation and issues including urban water scarcity, groundwater contamination, ecological degradation, and low farmland reclamation rates. These contradictions severely restrict the green, low-carbon transformation of cities with coal mines and hinder the high-quality development of the Yellow River basin. This study aims to explore the construction of plain reservoirs in these subsidence areas as a critical approach to the intensive utilization of water and land resources in the subsidence areas, as well as the ecological …

Discussion On Multi-Sphere Responses And Damage Reduction-Oriented Geological Guarantees In Coal Mining, Wang Shuangming, Sun Qiang, Li Shibo, Hu Xin, Gu Chao, Geng Jishi, Zhou Shutao, Yuan Shihao, Song Shijie, Niu Chao, Wu Yun, Chen Yang

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective Coals serve as a cornerstone for ensuring the energy security of China. However, coal mining activities break the original in situ stress equilibrium, triggering multi-sphere damage conduction and coupling responses in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere from underground to the surface, involving rock mass structure, groundwater, and surface environment. Consequently, the original structural relationships, occurring elements, and functions of these spheres will be changed. Presently, investigating the multi-sphere structural evolution, conservation, and utilization in coal mining to underpin the role of coals as an energy cornerstone is significant for resolving the contradiction between the high-quality development of …

Table Of Contents, The Editors

Coal Geology & Exploration

No abstract provided.

Influence Mechanisms Of Soil Layer Reconstruction And Fungal Inoculation On Plant Water Use In Waste Dumps, Bi Yinli, Li Zhongqing, Ke Zengming, Peng Suping

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective In the mining areas of open-pit coal mines in the arid and semi-arid regions in western China, water scarcity severely restricts ecological restoration. As preliminary ecological effects have been achieved through soil layer reconstruction and bioremediation-based reclamation technologies in waste dumps of the mining areas, there is an urgent need to investigate the effects of both technologies on the water use and growth of representative plants. This will provide a scientific basis for accelerating ecological restoration in the mining areas. Methods In a waste dump of the Heidaigou open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia, four experimental program for soil …

Influence Patterns Of Coal Mining-Induced Subsidence On Economic Losses From Soil Erosion Of Loess Slopes In The Middle Reaches Of The Yellow River, Song Shijie, Li Yuanhong, Wang Yi, Liu Lu, Tian Yu, Tan Qingyu

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Quantitative assessment of economic losses from soil erosion on subsidence slopes in coal mining-induced subsidence areas can offer a critical basis for formulating scientific economic compensation standards while also laying a solid foundation for efficient governance.Methods This study investigated the subsidence slopes with different morphologies in the typical loess area subjected to coal mining-induced subsidence in northern Shaanxi Province. Using methods including field sampling, laboratory tests, and environmental economics analysis, this study constructed an index system for the quantitative assessment of economic losses from soil erosion on coal mining-induced subsidence slopes and revealed the variation patterns of such …

Mechanisms Behind Consolidation-Induced Water Release From Effective Impermeable Soil Layers And Mine Water Inflow Prediction In Coal Mining, Li Tao, Gao Ying, Fan Limin, Yang Junwei

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background In the Yushen mining area, coal mining is gradually shifting toward areas with thick soil layers. This leads to continuous water release from the saturated soils above the hydraulically conductive fracture zones, thereby significantly increasing the burden of mine water drainage. Focusing on the Yushuwan Coal Mine in northern Shaanxi, this study investigated the mechanisms behind mining-induced water release from effective impermeable soil layers and predicted mine water inflow. Methods Using conventional hydrochemistry, isotopic hydrochemistry, and a high-throughput microbial sequencing method, this study conducted qualitative and quantitative identification of the primary water sources of a mine in the Yushuwan …

Numerical Simulations Of The Influence Of Vegetation Configuration On Dust Migration In Open-Pit Coal Mines, Han Li, Li Renjie, Bi Yinli

Coal Geology & Exploration

Background Dust pollution emerges as a major environmental challenge in the open-pit mining of coal mines. Ecological restoration has found widespread applications in mining areas as a crucial measure. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the role of vegetation configuration in dust migration. Methods Using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for numerical simulation, this study constructed a comprehensive simulation framework incorporating wind field reconstruction, dust migration, and the dust retention capacity of vegetation. By setting different particle sizes and wind speeds, this study systematically analyzed dust migration patterns. Furthermore, vegetation configuration was introduced into the simulation …

Links Of Intensification Chemical Weathering And Nickel Enrichment With Volcanism In The North China Plate Around The Permian-Triassic Boundary, Wang Ye, Ye Chengzhuo, Zhang Tong, Yang Minfang, Zhou Kai, Zhang Peixin, Yang Yuzhu, Zhang Chu, Lu Jing

Coal Geology & Exploration

Objective The North China Plate serves as a pivotal region for deciphering the mechanisms underlying the links of volcanism and paleoenvironmental-climatic upheavals around the Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB). The dramatic environmental perturbations during this period are closely linked to large-scale volcanic eruptions of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province (STLIP). These eruptions triggered global warming, extreme chemical weathering events, and mass extinctions, marking a significant turning point in the evolution of the Earth system.Methods This study investigated the Sunjiagou and Liujiagou formations in the WY-U-01H borehole in the Qinshui Basin, North China Plate. Using the chemical index of alteration (CIA), …