For Richer Or Poorer: Incentivizing Meaningful Investments In Qualified Opportunity Zones,
2021
Seattle University School of Law
For Richer Or Poorer: Incentivizing Meaningful Investments In Qualified Opportunity Zones, Monica L. Keo
Seattle University Law Review
The wealth disparity in the United States is nothing new. Many have proposed wealth taxes and higher tax rates for large corporations to address income inequality; however, these proposals have been criticized as tax programs that are difficult to administer. Congress passed the Tax Cut and Jobs Act (TCJA) in 2017 and created a new investment vehicle known as the Qualified Opportunity Zone (QOZ). The QOZ program incentivizes private investors to invest their capital gains in exchange for a reduction in capital gains tax. The underlying idea of the QOZ program is to utilize a new tool designed to spur …
An Efficiency Analysis Of Defensive Tactics,
2021
Columbia Law School
An Efficiency Analysis Of Defensive Tactics, Ronald J. Gilson, Alan Schwartz
Faculty Scholarship
For thirty five years, courts and scholars have divided over the effects of defensive tactics in the market for corporate control. Strong defensive tactics locate authority to accept a hostile bid in the target’s board. The board can bargain for a higher takeover price than uncoordinated shareholders could realize but high takeover prices may reduce shareholder returns by reducing the likelihood of receiving a bid. The Delaware Courts themselves disagree. The Delaware Chancery Court would locate ultimate decision authority in the target’s shareholders, while the Supreme Court, by permitting strong defensive tactics, allocates extensive power to the target’s board. Though …
No Ifs, Ands, Or Juuls About It: Why Influencers Must Be Held Accountable,
2021
Catholic University of America (Student)
No Ifs, Ands, Or Juuls About It: Why Influencers Must Be Held Accountable, Krystina Dorta
Catholic University Journal of Law and Technology
This article analyzes how the FTC’s Endorsement Guide regulating the advertising of e-cigarette products should be applied to social media influencers. The struggle to regulate e-cigarettes by the FDA and the FTC has led to different advertising methods, which either comply with or neglect the FTC’s Endorsement Guide. This article evaluates the federal government’s reaction to the e-cigarette health crisis, followed by a review of the FTC’s previous actions addressing Endorsement Guide violations, along with the consequences on other companies’ marketing strategies. Finally, this article reviews influencer liability standards for Endorsement Guide violations and develops recommendations to improve those standards.
Towards An Optimal Model Of Directors’ Duties In The Zone Of Insolvency: An Economic And Comparative Approach,
2021
Singapore Management University
Towards An Optimal Model Of Directors’ Duties In The Zone Of Insolvency: An Economic And Comparative Approach, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In a recent article, I analyse the primary regulatory models of directors’ duties in the zone of insolvency observed internationally. From a sample of more than 20 countries from Asia, Australia, Europe, Latin America, Africa, and North America, I distinguish six primary regulatory models: (i) the imposition of a duty to initiate insolvency proceedings, generally found in Europe; (ii) the imposition of a duty to recapitalise or liquidate the company, typically existing in Europe and Latin America; (iii) the imposition of duties towards the company’s creditors, including the duty to minimise losses for the creditors existing in the United Kingdom; …
Modernizing Corporate Law In Latin America: Lessons From Ecuador,
2021
Singapore Management University
Modernizing Corporate Law In Latin America: Lessons From Ecuador, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez, Esteban Ortiz-Mena, Paul Noboa-Velasco
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In the past decades, several countries in Latin America, including Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay, have implemented significant corporate law reforms. In the meantime, the regulatory framework for companies in Ecuador has remained virtually intact since 1964. This situation, however, has dramatically changed in 2020. In one of the most ambitious corporate law reforms observed in Latin America in the past decades, Ecuador has recently modernized its corporate law.
The Easterbrook Theorem: An Application To Digital Markets,
2021
Texas A&M University School of Law
The Easterbrook Theorem: An Application To Digital Markets, Joshua D. Wright, Murat C. Mungan
Faculty Scholarship
The rise of large firms in the digital economy, including Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google, has rekindled the debate about monopolization law. There are proposals to make finding liability easier against alleged digital monopolists by relaxing substantive standards; to flip burdens of proof; and to overturn broad swaths of existing Supreme Court precedent, and even to condemn a law review article. Frank Easterbrook’s seminal 1984 article, The Limits of Antitrust, theorizes that Type I error costs are greater than Type II error costs in the antitrust context, a proposition that has been woven deeply into antitrust law by the Supreme …
Fraudulent Transfers: Void And Voidable,
2021
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
Fraudulent Transfers: Void And Voidable, David G. Carlson
Articles
This Article explores the civil procedure attendant to private fraudulent transfer litigation (primarily outside the context of bankruptcy). In such litigation, courts ponder whether fraudulent transfers are void or voidable. In fact, they are both simultaneously! According to the theory "at law," a fraudulent transfer is "void." That is, a creditor with a judgment could simply levy the property from a fraudulent grantee as if the grantee had no property rights. This Article questions the constitutional viability of this ancient attitude. Meanwhile, "equity" viewed the transfer as voidable. The grantee gets title, but the title might be set aside. The …
Examining Indenture Trustee Duties,
2021
Duke Law School
Examining Indenture Trustee Duties, Steven L. Schwarcz
Faculty Scholarship
This Chapter examines the duties of indenture trustees appointed under bond indentures. Although their post-default duties generally are subject to a prudent-person standard, indenture trustees have relatively little legal guidance concerning pre-default duties. The rise of activist investors, however, is making it increasingly critical to identify and understand how to perform those duties. This Chapter seeks to provide that understanding.
Social Corporate Governance,
2021
Duke Law School
Social Corporate Governance, Jeremy Mcclane, Yaron Nili
Faculty Scholarship
Corporate directors, like most people, are social creatures, and their social networks affect their decisions. But directors’ social networks remain both understudied and under-theorized by scholars and inconsistently addressed by courts. This Article comprehensively examines the importance of director networks to corporate governance for the first time. Using qualitative and quantitative data, the Article uncovers the importance of director networks to corporate governance and the implications that network theory poses for the study of corporate law. In doing so, the Article tackles an understudied corner of corporate decision-making at a critical time, when directors have an outsized influence over their …
Third Party And Appointed Monitorships,
2021
Duke Law School
Third Party And Appointed Monitorships, Veronica Root Martinez
Faculty Scholarship
This chapter outlines the history and use of monitors in various contexts, beginning with the original conception of a court-appointed monitor and ending with the more recent development of the public relations and modern-day court-ordered monitor. It next discusses how the specific type of monitorship alters the duties and confidentiality expectations of the parties to the monitorship in both formal and informal ways. Next, it analyzes the sparse regulation of monitorships, suggesting that reputation may currently be the most effective limit on monitor overreach and capture. Finally, it ends by proposing two areas for scholarly focus going forward: (1) mechanisms …
Fraudulent Transfer As A Tort,
2021
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
Fraudulent Transfer As A Tort, David G. Carlson
Articles
Fraudulent transfer law has historically been an in rem right of a creditor to property fraudulently received by a third party. In a minority of states, courts have treated fraudulent transfers as creating an in personam liability of the transferring debtor, the recipient, and any other third party who "conspired" with the transferor to achieve the transfer. This Article examines the wisdom of this modern trend and finds it wanting. The United States Supreme Court in 1861 was correct: fraudulent transfers are not wrongs. They merely create in rem rights.
The Law Of Arbitration Rules That Are Final And Binding,
2020
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta
The Law Of Arbitration Rules That Are Final And Binding, Heru Sugiyono, Heru Suyanto, Rosalia Dika Agustanti
Indonesia Law Review
A request in a district court for annulment of an arbitration, or arbitral, award is a form of legal remedy that claims dissatisfaction with the award by one or more parties. It contravenes the provisions that stipulate the finality of the award and its permanently binding legal force. The attempt to invalidate the arbitral award seems to reflect the party’s (or parties’) disobedience to it. The research method here employed normative juridical review of various library materials consisting of primary legal sources from related laws and regulations, secondary materials which formed the explanations used in the analysis of the primary …
Will They Stay Or Will They Go? An Examination Of South Africa’S International Invest Arbitration Policy,
2020
Brooklyn Law School
Will They Stay Or Will They Go? An Examination Of South Africa’S International Invest Arbitration Policy, Taylor Bates
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
In 2018, South Africa’s much debated Protection of Investment Act, 2015 went into effect. Designed to replace the state’s bilateral investment treaties, the Act signified a radical shift in South Africa’s attitude towards international investment policy. South Africa’s decision to terminate its bilateral investment treaties is part of a larger, ongoing discussion surrounding investor-state dispute resolution reform. This Note seeks to examine South Africa’s Protection of Investment Act, 2015, its proposal for investor-state dispute settlement reform to Working Group III, and its comments during investor-state dispute settlement reform meetings, through the lens of Albert Hirschman’s Exit, Voice, and Loyalty theory. …
The Singapore Convention On Mediation: A Brave New World For International Commercial Arbitration,
2020
Brooklyn Law School
The Singapore Convention On Mediation: A Brave New World For International Commercial Arbitration, Robert Butlien
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Mediation is a form of alternative dispute resolution (“ADR”) where a negotiation is facilitated by a neutral third party. The key feature of mediation is its voluntary nature. Whether it is used to resolve a family law, employment law, or complex international commercial dispute, mediation is always valuable due to its speed, cost, and ability to maintain relationships between parties when compared to conventional litigation. Despite these benefits, international commercial mediation in particular had previously faced one notable weakness: the lack of enforceability of mediation settlement agreements (“MSA”). The United Nation’s Convention on International Mediated Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation …
Directors’ Duty Of Care In Times Of Financial Distress Following The Global Epidemic Crisis,
2020
Brooklyn Law School
Directors’ Duty Of Care In Times Of Financial Distress Following The Global Epidemic Crisis, Leon Yehuda Anidjar
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
The global COVID-19 pandemic is causing the large-scale end of life and severe human suffering globally. This massive public health crisis created a significant economic crisis and is reflected in a recession of global production and the collapse of confidence in the functions of markets. Corporations and boards of directors around the world are required to design specific strategies to tackle the negative consequences of the crisis. This is especially true for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that suffered tremendous economic loss, and their continued existence as ongoing concern is under considerable risk. Given these uncertain financial times, this Article …
Tanggung Jawab Notaris Yang Merangkap Jabatan Sebagai Direktur Dan Jasa Hukum Perseroan Terbatas (Studi Kasus Putusan Majelis Pemeriksa Pusat Notaris No. 06/B/Mppn/X/2018),
2020
Universitas Indonesia
Tanggung Jawab Notaris Yang Merangkap Jabatan Sebagai Direktur Dan Jasa Hukum Perseroan Terbatas (Studi Kasus Putusan Majelis Pemeriksa Pusat Notaris No. 06/B/Mppn/X/2018), Aprilia Lusiana Wijaya
Indonesian Notary
Tingginya persaingan antar Notaris pada saat ini menyebabkan Notaris menghalalkan segala cara, sehingga tidak sedikit ditemukan pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh Notaris. Salah satunya yaitu Notaris yang melakukan rangkap jabatan. Dalam artikel yang memuat penelitian ini, Notaris yang berkedudukan di Kota Bandar Lampung telah melakukan pelanggaran berupa tindakannya yang merangkap jabatan sebagai Direktur Perseroan Terbatas serta mencantumkan pekerjaannya sebagai Jasa Hukum Perseroan Terbatas tersebut dan melanggar kewajibannya sebagai Notaris untuk bertindak amanah dan tidak berpihak. Pokok permasalahan yang akan dibahas yaitu mengenai bagaimana tanggung jawab Notaris yang melakukan perbuatan rangkap jabatan sebagai Direktur/ Kuasa Direksi dalam Putusan Majelis Pemeriksa Pusat Notaris …
Akta Jual Beli Berdasarkan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Dan Kuasa Untuk Menjual Yang Mengandung Cacat Hukum (Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Denpasar Nomor 30/Pdt/2019/Pt.Dps),
2020
Universitas Indonesia
Akta Jual Beli Berdasarkan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Dan Kuasa Untuk Menjual Yang Mengandung Cacat Hukum (Studi Kasus Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Denpasar Nomor 30/Pdt/2019/Pt.Dps), Avitya Danastri
Indonesian Notary
Tesis ini membahas mengenai akta jual beli berdasarkan perjanjian pengikatan jual beli dan kuasa untuk menjual yang mengandung cacat hukum. Notaris berwenang untuk membuat akta otentik berupa akta perjanjian pengikatan jual beli dan kuasa untuk menjual sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya, Notaris dapat melakukan perbuatan yang oleh pengadilan diputuskan telah melakukan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum dan akta yang dibuatnya dinyatakan cacat hukum. Sehingga dalam hal ini membuat pihak yang dirugikan yaitu pemilik tanah mengajukan gugatan ke Pengadilan, dan Notaris sebagai pejabat umum harus mempertanggungjawabkan perbuatannya. Adapun permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah mengenai perlindungan hukum pemilik tanah …
Notaris Kota Tangerang Yang Melaksanakan Penandatanganan Akta Di Luar Wilayah Jabatan (Studi Kasus Putusan Majelis Pemeriksa Pusat Notaris Nomor 11/B/Mppn/Xii/2018),
2020
Universitas Indonesia
Notaris Kota Tangerang Yang Melaksanakan Penandatanganan Akta Di Luar Wilayah Jabatan (Studi Kasus Putusan Majelis Pemeriksa Pusat Notaris Nomor 11/B/Mppn/Xii/2018), Cindy Amelia Iskandar
Indonesian Notary
Seorang Notaris harus dapat memberikan kepastian hukum kepada masyarakat yang menggunakan jasanya. Notaris mempunyai tempat kedudukan di daerah kabupaten atau kota dan Notaris mempunyai wilayah jabatan meliputi seluruh wilayah provinsi dari tempat kedudukannya. Pasal 17 ayat (1) huruf a Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris (selanjutnya disebut UUJN), menyebutkan bahwa “Notaris dilarang menjalankan jabatan di luar wilayah jabatanya”. Dalam Putusan Majelis Pemeriksa Pusat Notaris Nomor 11/B/MPPN/XII/2018 terdapat seorang Notaris yang melaksanakan penandatanganan akta di luar wilayah jabatan yang melanggar ketentuan dalam Pasal 17 ayat (1) huruf a UUJN tersebut. Penandatanganan …
Keabsahan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Dan Kuasa Menjual Yang Dibuat Secara Melawan Hukum Dalam Putusan Nomor 1460/Pid.B/2019/Pn.Dps,
2020
Universitas Indonesia
Keabsahan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Dan Kuasa Menjual Yang Dibuat Secara Melawan Hukum Dalam Putusan Nomor 1460/Pid.B/2019/Pn.Dps, Dheandy Dwisaptono
Indonesian Notary
Notaris merupakan pejabat umum yang diberi kewenangan untuk membuat akta-akta autentik mengenai perbuatan hukum tertentu. Notaris dalam menjalankan jabatannya wajib bertindak amanah, jujur dan saksama. Namun, pada praktik pembuatan akta oleh Notaris, seringkali dilakukan pelanggaran di mana Notaris tidak melanggar kewajibannya dalam Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris, Kode Etik Notaris bahkan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Pelanggaran terhadap ketentuan tersebut berakibat pada keabsahan dan kekuatan pembuktian dari akta-akta yang dibuat Notaris tersebut. Dalam Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli dan Akta Kuasa Menjual yang dibuat Notaris Ni Ketut Alit Astari, Notaris melakukan penipuan terhadap salah satu pihak dan tidak membacakan akta pada saat penandatanganan akta. …
Akibat Hukum Pembatalan Akta Jual Beli Obyek Jaminan Yang Tidak Dilakukan Pengikatan Jaminan Oleh Kreditur,
2020
Universitas Indonesia
Akibat Hukum Pembatalan Akta Jual Beli Obyek Jaminan Yang Tidak Dilakukan Pengikatan Jaminan Oleh Kreditur, Dominicus Aditio Nugraha
Indonesian Notary
Penulisan tesis ini membahas mengenai akibat hukum pembatalan akta jual beli yang dibuat oleh Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (disebut PPAT) terhadap obyek jaminan kredit yang diserahkan debitur kepada bank. Dalam proses kredit bank dapat menerima jaminan dari debitur sebagai jaminan pelunasan jika debitur tersebut wanprestasi. Dalam proses perjanjian kredit tersebut peran PPAT sangat penting yaitu membuat Akta Autentik. Dalam pembuatan Akta Autentik PPAT seharusnya memiliki sikap kehati-hatian. Hal ini dikarenakan jika PPAT tidak membuat akta berdasarkan dokumen yang sah, akta tersebut akan menjadi dasar dari gugatan para pihak yang berkepentingan dan akan menimbulkan kerugian pada pihak tertentu. Adapun permasalahan yang …
