Law and Economics Commons^™

The Gatekeepers Of Crowdfunding, Andrew A. Schwartz

Publications

Securities crowdfunding is premised on two core policy goals: inclusivity and efficiency. First, crowdfunding is conceived as an inclusive system where all entrepreneurs are given a chance to pitch their idea to the "crowd." Second, crowdfunding is supposed to be an efficient way to channel funds from public investors to promising startup companies. There is a fundamental tension between these two policy goals, however. A totally inclusive system would ensure that platforms list any and every company that wants to participate. But platforms need to curate and select the companies they list in order to establish a reputation as a …

Boost: Improving Mindfulness, Thinking, And Diversity, Peter H. Huang

Publications

Many important decisions can be difficult; require focused, cognitive attention; produce delayed, noisy feedback; benefit from careful and clear thinking; and quite often trigger anxiety, stress, and other strong, negative emotions. Much empirical, experimental, and field research finds that we often make decisions leading to outcomes we judge as suboptimal. These studies have contributed to the popularity of the idea of nudging people to achieve better outcomes by changing how choices and information are framed and presented (also known as choice architecture and information architecture). Although choice architecture and information architecture can nudge people into better outcomes, choice architecture and …

Adventures In Higher Education, Happiness, And Mindfulness, Peter H. Huang

Publications

This Article recounts my unique adventures in higher education, including being a Princeton University freshman mathematics major at age 14, Harvard University applied mathematics graduate student at age 17, economics and finance faculty at multiple schools, first-year law student at the University of Chicago, second- and third-year law student at Stanford University, and law faculty at multiple schools. This Article also candidly discusses my experiences as student and professor and openly shares how I achieved sustainable happiness by practicing mindfulness to reduce fears, rumination, and worry in facing adversity, disappointment, and setbacks. This Article analyzes why law schools should teach …

Corporate Governance As Privately-Ordered Public Policy: A Proposal, Lynn A. Stout, Sergio Alberto Gramitto Ricci

Faculty Works

In this Article, we show how our society can use corporate governance shifts to address, if not entirely resolve, a number of currently pressing social and economic problems. These problems include: rising income inequality; demographic disparities in wealth and equity ownership; increasing poverty and income insecurity; a need for greater innovation and investment in solving problems like disease and climate change; the “externalization” of many costs of corporate activity onto third parties such as customers, employees, creditors, and the broader society; the corrosive influence of corporate money in politics; and discontent and loss of trust in the capitalist system among …

แนวทางในการนำค่าใช้จ่ายเงินบริจาคที่ยังไม่ได้ใช้สิทธิเป็นยอดยกไปเพื่อหักค่าใช้จ่ายเงินบริจาคของประเทศไทย, วันวิสาข์ พาบุญ

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

จากการศึกษาการใช้สิทธิประโยชน์เงินบริจาคในประเทศสิงคโปร์ พบว่ามีการให้สิทธิประโยชน์ในการนำเงินบริจาคที่ไม่สามารถใช้สิทธิในปีภาษีปัจจุบัน เนื่องมาจากมียอดเงินบริจาคมากกว่ารายได้ในปีภาษีเดียวกัน โดยสำนักงานสรรพากรสิงคโปร์มีการให้สิทธิประโยชน์โดยการนำเงินบริจาคดังกล่าวยกไปใช้ได้ภายใน 5 ปีภาษีถัดไป เนื่องมาจากประเทศสิงคโปร์มีนโยบายในการกระตุ้นให้ผู้เสียภาษีมีการช่วยเหลือสังคมโดยการบริจาค เมื่อทำการศึกษาการหักเงินบริจาคในประเทศไทยตามประมวลรัษฎากร ที่มีเงื่อนไขในการปฏิบัติตามมาตรา 65 ตรี (3) และพระราชกฤษฎีกาฯ ฉบับที่เกี่ยวข้องโดยให้สิทธิในการหักเงินบริจาคเป็นจำนวน 2 เท่า แต่หักได้ไม่เกินร้อยละ 10 ของกำไรสุทธิก่อนหักค่าใช้จ่ายเงินบริจาคในปีภาษีที่เงินบริจาคเกิดขึ้นสำหรับภาษีเงินได้นิติบุคคล และหักได้ไม่เกินร้อยละ 10 ของเงินได้หลังจากหักค่าใช้จ่ายและค่าลดหย่อนอย่างอื่นก่อนหักลดหย่อนเงินบริจาคสำหรับภาษีเงินได้บุคคลธรรมดา พบว่าการหักเงินบริจาคดังกล่าวไม่ได้เอื้อประโยชน์ต่อผู้เสียภาษี และยังส่งผลให้ไม่สามารถผลักดันให้ผู้เสียภาษีมีการบริจาคเพิ่มขึ้น นอกจากนี้ขั้นตอนในการออกกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวกับสิทธิประโยชน์ทางภาษีเกี่ยวกับการบริจาคของประเทศไทยนั้นจะเริ่มต้นจากมีมติคณะรัฐมนตรีออกมา โดยจะมีสถานะและผลทางกฎหมาย คือ การใช้อำนาจบริหารของคณะรัฐมนตรี ไม่มีสถานะเป็นกฎหมายตามแบบพิธีและไม่มีผลบังคับต่อประชาชน และในเวลาต่อมาถึงจะมีการออกพระราชกฤษฎีกา และประกาศอธิบดีกรมสรรพากรตามลำดับ ซึ่งในการจะใช้สิทธิประโยชน์ทางภาษีเกี่ยวกับการการบริจาคที่ถูกต้องครบถ้วนตามหลักทางภาษีอากรนั้น ผู้เสียภาษีทั้งบุคคลธรรมดาและนิติบุคคลจะต้องปฏิบัติให้เป็นไปตามหลักเกณฑ์ วิธีการ และเงื่อนไขที่ประกาศอธิบดีกรมสรรพากรประกาศกำหนดเท่านั้น จากที่กล่าวมาข้างต้น สิทธิในการนำค่าใช้จ่ายเงินบริจาคที่ยังไม่ได้ใช้สิทธิในปีปัจจุบันเป็นยอดยกไปเพื่อใช้สิทธิในอีก 5 ปีภาษีของประเทศสิงคโปร์นั้นเป็นการยึดตามหลักความแน่นอนและการประหยัดของสิทธิที่ผู้เสียภาษีทั้งนิติบุคคลและบุคคลธรรมดาพึงมีจะได้รับสิทธิที่เกิดจากความเสียสละเงินหรือทรัพย์สินต่างๆเพื่อบริจาคให้กับองค์การที่ได้รับการอนุมัติให้เป็นหน่วยงานที่มีการให้ความช่วยเหลือกับสังคม และเพื่อเป็นประโยชน์และลดภาระของรัฐบาลในการที่จะทำให้ประเทศพัฒนาในด้านต่างๆต่อไปได้อย่างต่อเนื่องจึงควรนำมาปรับใช้กับกฎหมายของประเทศไทย

User Participation In Value Creation, Itai Grinberg

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

This article examines HM Treasury’s proposal to account for the active participation of users in value creation in certain digital platforms. The first key question is whether there is any reason to believe, as HM Treasury suggests, that users only meaningfully or actively contribute to value creation in the context of certain digital platforms. The article accordingly explores the factors HM Treasury sets out for the attribution of income to active user participation, including features such as network effects, multisided business models, and a lack of physical presence in the jurisdiction of the user. It concludes that if a user …

Whose Gig Is It Anyway? Technological Change, Workplace Control And Supervision, And Workers' Rights In The Gig Economy, Alex Kirven

University of Colorado Law Review

Under the current regime of employment and labor laws, coverage is determined on the basis of whether a given worker is an employee as opposed to an independent contractor. These laws contain inadequate definitions of "employee," leaving it up to the court system and administrative agencies to define the term. The current tests that they use fail to capture the realities of the gig economy, a system that purports to promote greater worker freedom through the fragmentation of work assignments into smaller tasks or gigs. The gig economy has offered consumers lower prices and has given workers greater autonomy in …

The Social Cost Of Carbon, Greenhouse Gas Policies, And Politicized Benefit/Cost Analysis, Benjamin Zycher

Texas A&M Law Review

Benefit/cost analysis can be a powerful tool for examination of proposed (or alternative) public policies, but, unsurprisingly, decisionmakers’ policy preferences can drive the analysis, rather than the reverse. That is the reality with respect to the Obama Administration computation of the social cost of carbon, a crucial parameter underlying the quantitative analysis of its proposed climate policies, now being reversed in substantial part by the Trump Administration. The Obama analysis of the social cost of carbon suffered from four central problems: the use of global benefits in the benefit/cost calculation, the failure to apply a 7% discount rate as required …

The Perpetuation Of Mass Incarceration: Analyzing Systemic Effects Of The U.S. Penal System, Lillian Barreto

Theses and Dissertations

This paper is divided into four parts, Part I. Perpetuation of a Disparate System , Part II. Perpetual Marginalization , Part III. My Personal Research and Part IV. Moving Forward . Part I serves to show the pervasive racial disparities throughout the criminal justice system and how these disparities portray a system which discriminates primarily against poor men of color. Part II shows how this community is disadvantaged in various parts of their social, economic and political lives because of the extent of punitivity and criminalization. It explains the way these disadvantages translate to men of color being discriminated against …

Markets And Morals: The Limits Of Doux Commerce, Mark L. Movsesian

Faculty Publications

In this essay for a symposium on Professor Nathan Oman's new book, The Dignity of Commerce, I do three things. First, I describe what I take to be the central message of the book, namely, that markets promote liberal values of tolerance, pluralism, and cooperation among rival, even hostile groups. Second, I show how Oman's argument draws from a line of political and economic thought that dates to the Enlightenment, the so-called "doux commerce" thesis of thinkers like Montesquieu and Adam Smith. Finally, I discuss what I consider the most penetrating criticism of that thesis, Edmund Burke's critique from …

The Elephant Always Forgets: Tax Reform And The Wto, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah

Law & Economics Working Papers

The “Tax Cuts and Jobs ACT” (TCJA) enacted on December 22, 2017, includes several provisions that raise WTO compliance issues. At least one such provision, the Foreign-Derived Intangible Income (FDII) rule, is almost certain to draw a challenge in the WTO and is likely to lead to another US loss and resulting sanctions. This outcome would be another addition to the repeated losses suffered by the US for export subsidies from the 1970s to 2004, which led to the imposition of sanctions and the ultimate repeal of the offending regime. The important question for 2018 and beyond is whether the …

Presenting A Critical Perspective On “Economic Efficiency” In Law And Economics Courses, Gregory S. Crespi

SMU Law Review

“Law and Economics” courses are sometimes criticized for inadequately explaining the normative criterion of “economic efficiency” and then applying this criterion throughout the course in a superficial and biased manner that pejoratively labels most governmental market interventions and wealth redistribution measures as inefficient. These criticisms have merit, and in this article I point out a number of conceptual problems, empirical difficulties, and normative shortcomings of the economic efficiency criterion that students need to understand in order to be able to effectively counter policy arguments that rest upon dubious efficiency assessments.

The eight specific shortcomings of the economic efficiency criterion that …

Resolving Self-Driving Car Patent Conflicts: Arbitration In Waymo V. Uber And Future Autonomous Vehicle Patent Disputes, Ilya Gorelik

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

Waymo and Uber should have entered into a mutually agreed upon arbitration agreement to resolve their patent claims, and future conflicting self-driving car developers should consider doing the same. Uber was already willing to enter arbitration, and while Waymo resisted being forced into arbitration in the past, it would have the opportunity to influence the terms of the arrangement. Arbitration would benefit both Waymo and future patent holders, as well as Uber and future parties accused of patent infringement, as it would provide a cheaper alternative to litigating those claims while also keeping the procedure more confidential, providing Waymo a …

Between Economic Planning And Market Competition: Institutional Law And Economics In The Us, Laura Phillips Sawyer

Scholarly Works

In 1926 John Maurice Clark published a seminal text in institutionalist economics, Social Control of Business, surveying the ways in which business was subject to control by a variety of formal and informal constraints. 1 The text rejected mainstream ideas in neoclassical political economy by explaining how individual self-interest and competition could be manipulated not only through legal rules but also by custom, habit, codes of ethics, and morals. Representative of the institutionalist movement, Clark discarded presumptions of an individualistic economy based on market competition. Instead, he posited that long-term public goals of prosperity and equity could be achieved through …

The Economic Justice Imperative For Lawyers In Trump Country, Priya Baskaran

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

This article serves as a call to action for rural law schools to meaningfully incorporate economic justice into transactional legal education, and in doing so, train much needed rural advocates, legal experts, and local leaders. Rural areas are continuously portrayed as “Trump Country” in today’s mainstream media coverage, which largely focuses on socio-cultural differences between urban and rural areas. Many rural scholars and activists are troubled by the “Trump Country” label as it masks the structural poverty issues that lead to housing insecurity, water insecurity, poor public health indicators, unemployment, underemployment, troubled public education systems, and environmental degradation impacting both …

Assessing The Potential For Global Economic Governance Reform, Daniel D. Bradlow

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

Every dynamic social system’s adaptive capacity is finite. Eventually, the ability of the system’s legal and institutional arrangements to adapt to the changing operational context is exhausted. At this point, unless the system is significantly reformed, it begins losing its legitimacy and efficacy.

This article contends that the structure, operation and scale of the global economy has changed so dramatically that the current arrangements for global economic governance are approaching this crisis moment. They are failing to deliver an inclusive, sustainable and efficient international economic system that can contribute to peace, prosperity and human welfare. Their governance arrangements and operating …

Scaling Development Finance For Our Common Future, Daniel D. Bradlow, Kevin P. Gallagher, Leandro Serino, Jose Siaba Serrate

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

The G-20 and the broader world community has committed to ambitious goals to close global infrastructure gaps, mitigate climate change, and advance the 2030 Agenda for development. We call on G20 leaders to task development finance institutions (DFIs) such as the development banks in member countries and the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) of which G-20 countries are members, to commit to scaling up resources by 25 percent, to calibrate new financing to international commitments to mitigate climate change and the 2030 agenda, and to work together as an inclusive system toward achieving those shared goals.

International Financial Regulatory Standards And Human Rights: Connecting The Dots, Daniel D. Bradlow, Motoko Aizawa, Margaret Wachenfeld

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

This paper’s hypothesis is that the international standard setting bodies (SSBs) could improve the quality of their international standards by incorporating a human rights analysis. It focuses on five SSBs and seven of their international standards and its findings include the following: First, the standards all implicate the right of non-discrimination, and the rights to information, privacy and an effective remedy. Second, they each raises economic, social and cultural rights issues, including the obligation to allocate ‘maximum available resources’ to the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights; the human rights responsibilities of private actors exercising delegated regulatory authority, …

Re-Examining The Law And Economics Of The Business Judgment Rule: Notes For Its Implementation In Non-Us Jurisdictions, Aurelio Gurrea-Martinez

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

The business judgment rule, as it has been traditionally understood, seems to be based on three underlying assumptions that make this rule economically desirable. First, directors are subject to a credible threat of being sued for a breach of the duty of care. Second, the primary role of the corporation is to maximise shareholder value. Third, shareholders want the directors to pursue those investment projects with the highest net present value regardless of their volatility. This article challenges these assumptions and argues that the business judgment rule might not be desirable in some jurisdictions outside the United States and even …

Remedies, Meet Economics; Economics, Meet Remedies, Samuel L. Bray

Journal Articles

One would expect the fields of ‘law and economics’ and ‘remedies’ to have substantial interaction, but scholars in each field largely ignore those in the other. Thus, law and economics scholars blunder in their description of the law of remedies, and remedies scholars are cut off from economic insights. For scholars who are in these fields, this article offers a critique, as well as suggestions for cooperation. For all legal scholars interested in melding conceptual and economic analysis, it offers a cautionary tale of disciplinary fragmentation.