Optimal International Agreement And Treatment Of Domestic Subsidy,
2012
Singapore Management University
Optimal International Agreement And Treatment Of Domestic Subsidy, Gea M. Lee
Research Collection School Of Economics
We investigate how a domestic subsidy is treated in an international agreement, when a government, having incentive to use its domestic subsidy as a means of import protection, can disguise its protective use of subsidy as a legitimate intervention with which to address a market imperfection. We show that any optimal agreement, as opposed to the conventional message of the targeting principle, restricts the home government’s freedom to select its domestic subsidy in order to increase the market-access level for foreign exporters. Our finding suggests that a proper restriction on domestic subsidy is somewhere between GATT and WTO rules.
International Trade Regulation And The Mitigation Of Climate Change: World Trade Forum, Edited By Thomas Cottier, Olga Nartova And Sadeq Z. Bigdeli,
2012
Singapore Management University
International Trade Regulation And The Mitigation Of Climate Change: World Trade Forum, Edited By Thomas Cottier, Olga Nartova And Sadeq Z. Bigdeli, Henry S. Gao
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
Now in its thirteenth year, the World Trade Forum (WTF) has firmly established itself as one of the leading events for the trade law community. Held annually in the quiet town of Bern, Switzerland, the Forum features presentations by leading trade lawyers, economists, diplomats, and political scientists from all around the globe.
Looking At Regional Trade Agreements Through The Lens Of Gender,
2012
Saint Louis University School of Law
Looking At Regional Trade Agreements Through The Lens Of Gender, Constance Z. Wagner
All Faculty Scholarship
This article focuses on an unresolved issue within international trade law and policy, namely whether there is a need to consider gender-differentiated impacts of trade agreements and if so, how such impacts should be addressed. The author argues in favor of a gender aware approach to trade, discussing this topic within the context of regional trade agreements (“RTAs”), which are being used increasingly as a route to economic integration among nations. While there is evidence of gender-differentiated impacts of trade liberalization, there has been little progress made in advancing an agenda to address gender issues at the level of multilateral …
The Hierarchy That Wasn’T There: Elevating “Usage” To Its Rightful Position For Contracts Governed By The Cisg,
2012
Saint Louis University School of Law
The Hierarchy That Wasn’T There: Elevating “Usage” To Its Rightful Position For Contracts Governed By The Cisg, William P. Johnson
All Faculty Scholarship
Under domestic U.S. sales law, usage of trade is relevant in ascertaining the meaning of an agreement, and it can be used to supplement, qualify, or explain an agreement. However, usage of trade may not be used under domestic U.S. sales law to contradict a written agreement. Moreover, any course of performance or course of dealing between the parties will prevail over inconsistent usage of trade. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, or CISG, similarly provides for consideration of usage to establish the terms of the agreement between the parties, as well as to …
Market-Oriented Subnational Debt Regimes: Empowering The Developing World To Construct Infrastructure,
2012
Vanderbilt University Law School
Market-Oriented Subnational Debt Regimes: Empowering The Developing World To Construct Infrastructure, S. Samuel Young
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
Globally, as national governments continue to decentralize fiscal and governmental responsibility, the sound facilitation of subnational debt markets will play a critical role in the construction of infrastructure. However, sparse scholarship exploring the optimal legal and financial frameworks for encouraging the construction of infrastructure at the subnational level has left a number of open questions. This Note primarily provides a basic overview of subnational debt trends and policies. It first reviews subnational debt regimes, comparing market-oriented regimes with regimes with varying levels of involvement by central governments. Though not always possible, the Note concludes that market-driven incentives generally produce the …
Plugging The Leak In § 1498: Coercing The United States Into Notifying Patent Owners Of Government Use,
2012
Vanderbilt University Law School
Plugging The Leak In § 1498: Coercing The United States Into Notifying Patent Owners Of Government Use, Steven Rushing
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
When the United States uses a patent for public, noncommercial purposes, it is required under the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) to provide notification to the patent owner. However, the United States has never implemented legislation to conform with its obligation and is therefore in violation of TRIPS. This Note argues that by permitting obvious and smaller violations--such as lack of notification--to fester, the United States has left the door open for other members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to weaken the United States' overall trade policy. Members could likely accomplish this goal by first …
From The Periphery To The Centre: China's Participation In Wto Negotiations,
2012
Singapore Management University
From The Periphery To The Centre: China's Participation In Wto Negotiations, Henry S. Gao
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
In November 2001, China finally acceded to the World Trade Organization after a marathon accession negotiation that lasted 15 years. As China's accession coincided with the launch of the Doha Round, many commentators predicted that China's participation in the trade negotiations would have significant impacts on the Round. However, this has not proven to be the case. What have been the approaches taken by China in global trade negotiations? Why did China adopt these approaches? How did China's different negotiating approaches affect the dynamics of trade negotiations? These are the questions addressed in this article. The paper argues that China …
The Roadmap For A Prospective Us-Asean Fta: Legal And Geopolitical Considerations,
2012
Singapore Management University
The Roadmap For A Prospective Us-Asean Fta: Legal And Geopolitical Considerations, Pasha L. Hsieh
Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law
This article examines the legal framework governing economic relations between the United States and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and outlines a roadmap for a US-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Notwithstanding ASEAN’s emerging centrality in Asian regionalism, America remains the only Pacific power that has not concluded any form of FTA with ASEAN.This article explains that limited progress in Washington’s efforts stemmed from the domestic politics of the US Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) approach and the Myanmar dilemma. It further analyses the challenges that the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement negotiations have encountered and contends that the …
Penalty Clauses And The Cisg,
2012
Touro Law Center
Penalty Clauses And The Cisg, Jack Graves
Scholarly Works
Commercial agreements often provide for “fixed sums” payable upon a specified breach. Such agreements are generally enforced in civil law jurisdictions. In contrast, the common law distinguishes between “liquidated damages” and “penalty” clauses, enforcing the former, while invalidating the latter as a penalty. The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) does not directly address the payment of “fixed sums” as damages, and the validity of “penalty” clauses has, traditionally, been relegated to otherwise applicable domestic national law under CISG Article 4. This traditional orthodoxy has recently been challenged—suggesting that the fate of a penalty clause …
Penalty Clauses And The Cisg,
2012
Touro Law Center
Penalty Clauses And The Cisg, Jack Graves
Scholarly Works
Commercial agreements often provide for “fixed sums” payable upon a specified breach. Such agreements are generally enforced in civil law jurisdictions. In contrast, the common law distinguishes between “liquidated damages” and “penalty” clauses, enforcing the former, while invalidating the latter as a penalty. The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) does not directly address the payment of “fixed sums” as damages, and the validity of “penalty” clauses has, traditionally, been relegated to otherwise applicable domestic national law under CISG Article 4. This traditional orthodoxy has recently been challenged—suggesting that the fate of a penalty clause …
Gender Equality Rights And Trade Regimes: Coordinating Compliance,
2012
Allard School of Law at the University of British Columbia
Gender Equality Rights And Trade Regimes: Coordinating Compliance, Pitman B. Potter
All Faculty Publications
Taken together, the symposium papers and presentations illustrate the rich diversity of perspectives and issues emerging from the discourse of Coordinated Compliance with regard to specific issues on gender equality and trade, revealing a fundamental concern over human well-being along with an abiding commitment to scholarly rigor.
Public Interest Analysis Of The Us Tpp Proposal For An Ip Chapter,
2011
American University Washington College of Law
Public Interest Analysis Of The Us Tpp Proposal For An Ip Chapter, Sean Flynn, Margot E. Kaminski, Brook K. Baker, Jimmy H. Koo
Joint PIJIP/TLS Research Paper Series
This briefing paper provides preliminary analysis of two leaked U.S. proposals for an intellectual property chapter in the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement. The U.S. proposal, if adopted, would create the highest intellectual property protection and enforcement standards in any free trade agreement to date. Its provisions are primarily based on, and frequently go beyond, the maximalist and controversial standards of the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) and US law, while negating the development-oriented flexibilities required by the 2007 New Trade Deal for developing countries and included in the US-Peru Free Trade Agreement. If adopted, …
Arbitration And Antitrust: Navigating The Contours Of Mandatory Law,
2011
University of Mississippi
Arbitration And Antitrust: Navigating The Contours Of Mandatory Law, Charles H. Brower Ii
Law Faculty Research Publications
No abstract provided.
Why Full Open Access Matters,
2011
American University Washington College of Law
Why Full Open Access Matters, Michael W. Carroll
Joint PIJIP/TLS Research Paper Series
This Perspective argues that when authors or funders pay the full cost of publishing a scientific or scholarly journal article in an open access journal, the terms of reuse should require only attribution to some combination of the author(s), the original publisher, and the funder. Publications that charge authors and their financial backers the full cost of publication and then add other reuse restrictions are not fully open access publications.
Acta And Access To Medicines,
2011
American University Washington College of Law
Acta And Access To Medicines, Sean Flynn, Bijan Madhani
Joint PIJIP/TLS Research Paper Series
The Greens/EFA Internet Core Group in the European Parliament, and a collection of its individual members, commissioned this analysis of potential impacts of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) on access to medicines in developing countries.” On the whole, ACTA negotiators created an agreement that shifts international “hard law” rules and “soft law” encouragements toward making enforcement of intellectual property rights in courts, at borders, by the government and by private parties easier, less costly, and more “deterrent” in the level of penalties. In doing so, it increases the risks and consequences of wrongful searches, seizures, lawsuits and other enforcement actions …
The Neoliberal Turn In Regional Trade Agreements,
2011
University of Washington School of Law
The Neoliberal Turn In Regional Trade Agreements, James Thuo Gathii
Washington Law Review
This Article makes two primary arguments. First, that the increased resort to bilateral and regional trade agreements has taken a neoliberal turn. As such bilateral and regional trade agreements are now a primary means through which greater investor protections, commodification of social services, guaranteed rights of investor access to investment opportunities, privatization of public service goods, and generally the diminution of sovereign control are being realized. These trade agreements make the foregoing goals possible not just in developing countries, but in industrialized economies as well. I show that these agreements provide business interests with opportunities to exercise concerted pressure to …
Indonesia: Problem Encountered In Some Unresolved Boundaries And The Outermost Island Issues,
2011
Padjajaran University, Indonesia
Indonesia: Problem Encountered In Some Unresolved Boundaries And The Outermost Island Issues, Etty R. Agoes.
Indonesian Journal of International Law
Within the framework of national integrity the ocean possesses two key aspects that is, of security and prosperity. The demarcation of the outer limits of national mari- time territory and jurisdiction including delimitation of boundaries with neighboring countries will provide a legal basis for a number of marine activities such as defense, fisheries, navigation, seabed and subsoil exploration and exploitation, marine tourism and others. Boundary issues for Indonesia, whether on land, at sea even in the air, have always been a matter of national priority. At present, Indonesia still have some unresolved boundary delimitation with its neighboring countries. The completion …
Once More Unto The Breach: Some Thoughts On The Future Of The Eez,
2011
Makarim & Tairs S Counsellors at Law, Indonesia
Once More Unto The Breach: Some Thoughts On The Future Of The Eez, Guy Des Rosiers
Indonesian Journal of International Law
By public international law standards, the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) maintains a relative newcomer, the product of State practice following the end of the Second World War and multilateral negotiations culminating with the entry into force, in November 1994, of the 1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, In defining the EEZ, the Convention has created a sui generis legal regime over vast areas that were previously part of the high seas. Neither Grotian nor Seldenian in spirit, the EEZ regime forgoes the absolute language of territory and sovereignty in favor of discrete sets of rights and …
Geographical Indications Under International Intellectual Property Law: An Indonesian Perspective,
2011
Faculty of Technology and Economic Law Universitas Al-Azhar Indonesia, Faculty of Law Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
Geographical Indications Under International Intellectual Property Law: An Indonesian Perspective, Mariana Molnar Gabor Warokka
Indonesian Journal of International Law
There are currently two systems for the registration of GI and Appellations of Origin. First, the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration of 1958. Second, the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks and the Madrid Protocol of 1989 for countries that protect GI under the trade mark regime. Indonesia has provided for GI protection under its Trade Mark Law No. 15 of 2001, and the appertaining Government Regulation No. 51 of 2007 concerning Geographical Indication. Several cases have been reported of Indonesian GI potential products, such as Kopi Toraja and Kopi …
Principle Of Responsibilities And Sanctions In Pollutions Of The Marine Environment By Offshore Minning,
2011
Faculty of Law, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
Principle Of Responsibilities And Sanctions In Pollutions Of The Marine Environment By Offshore Minning, Dina Sunyowati
Indonesian Journal of International Law
In a period of 5 (five) years of pollution of the marine environment caused by exploration and exploitation on the continental shelf and the area (the seabed) is increasing. Like the marine pollution in the Timor Sea which transnational pollution, because it involves three countries, namely Australia, Timor Leste, and Indonesia. Settlement efforts to revolve the impact caused by too have done well by the Australian Government nor by the Indonesian Government. Pollution of the marine environment also occurs in blasting offshore mining that pollute the Gulf of Mexico. As mentioned in the 1982 UNCLOS, Article 208 that one of …
