International Law Commons^™

Between Penal Code And Mob Justice: Pakistan's Violations Of The Iccpr Through Blasphemy-Driven Violence, Natasha Ali

Loyola University Chicago International Law Review

Blasphemy in Pakistan is not merely a legal offense—it is an allegation that can ignite a mob. For decades, the country’s blasphemy laws have been the subject of international scrutiny, particularly as they intersect with civil society and fuel the rise of extrajudicial violence perpetrated under a collective mob-justice mentality. The killing of Tahir Ahmed Naseem, a fifty-seven-year-old American citizen, shot in a courtroom while awaiting trial on blasphemy charges, is not an anomaly but a chilling illustration of a system where an accusation alone can become a death sentence.

The continued existence of these blasphemy laws has entrenched a …

The Emerging Framework For The Recognition & Enforcement Of Annulled Arbitral Awards In U.S. Jurisprudence, Sarah Klim

Articles

The recognition and enforcement of foreign awards are governed almost universally by the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the "New York Convention"). However, this recognition and enforcement necessarily invokes national judicial power. The New York Convention does not devise a harmonized set of rules for courts to follow when faced with a request to recognize and enforce an annulled award. This has resulted in divergent approaches by national courts, which derive "not from any perversity of judges but from good faith variants in perspectives on how to construe the treaty."  This paper seeks …

The Haitian Revolution, Anti-Haitianism, And The Evolution Of Exclusionary Immigration Policy In The United States, Joseph M. Frengel

Student Articles and Papers

No abstract provided.

Charting The Course : The Role Of Imo Within The Unclos Legal Framework In Tackling Challenges Of Contemporary Shipping, M. C. Romero, R. Beckman, T. Nguyen, J. Ong, G. Theocharidis

Reports

This report documents the proceedings of the two-day workshop, "Charting the Course: The role of IMO within the UNCLOS legal framework in tackling challenges of contemporary shipping," jointly organized by the World Maritime University (WMU) and the Centre for International Law (CIL) of the National University of Singapore (NUS). The event took place in Malmö, Sweden, from June 9 to 10, 2025.

The central theme was the complementary relationship between the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and IMO regulations, with an emphasis on the flag State’s duties under UNCLOS Article 94. The workshop’s core …

Foreword, Peter Van Den Bossche

Indian Journal of International Economic Law

No abstract provided.

Reimagining The Asylum Law In India: A Study On The Duty Of Of Non-Refoulement, Siddeeqa Iram

National Law School of India Review

The right of refugees to seek asylum is undisputedly provided by international instruments but traditionally, the right to grant asylum has been the prerogative of the state concerned. States have a duty of non-refoulement under Article 33 of the Refugee Convention, prohibiting the expulsion or return of refugees. Given the correlation between International Human Rights Law and International Refugee Law, non-refoulement comprises non-rejection at the frontiers as well. Despite the principle being a part of customary international law, due to the ambiguity prevailing in its application, it is constantly flouted by the member-states. Further, as the principle of non-refoulement includes …

The Complete Bibliography Of Professor Megan A. Fairlie

FIU Law Review

No abstract provided.

The Need To Explore The Potential Of Marine Cdr With A One-Earth Strategy: A Guide For Policy-Makers, Philip W. Boyd, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Minhan Dai, Louis Legendre, Terre Satterfield, Romany M. Webb

Sabin Center for Climate Change Law

Rapid, deep and sustained reductions in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are essential to achieve the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement of keeping the long-term global average surface temperature increase well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C . In addition, the 2021 IPCC Report explains that carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be needed to offset residual CO₂ emissions from activities and sectors that are difficult to decarbonize by 2050. The objective of CDR is removal of atmospheric CO2 from residual emissions and its durable storage in reservoirs, which is an additional critical element …

The Singapore Convention On Mediation: A New Framework For International Settlement Enforcement, Peter Phillips, Zachary Calo, Harold I. Abramson

Scholarly Works

The Singapore Convention on Mediation undeniably represents a landmark development in the field of international dispute resolution, providing a long-awaited and much-needed international enforcement framework that has the significant potential to substantially enhance the credibility, attractiveness, and overall effectiveness of mediated settlement agreements in cross border commercial disputes. By establishing a more predictable and reliable mechanism for the enforcement of these voluntarily reached agreements, the Convention directly addresses a critical gap that had long existed in the international dispute resolution landscape, particularly when compared to the well-established regime for the enforcement of international arbitral awards under the New York Convention. …

Resistance: The Mura Struggle Against Canadian Potash Mining In Brazil’S Amazon, Cardozo Law Institute In Holocaust And Human Rights (Clihhr), Federal University Of Rio Grande Do Sul, Graduate Program In Law (Ppgd/Ufrgs), International Human Rights Program (Ihrp), University Of Toronto Jackman Law, Observatory Of Socio-Environmental Law And Human Rights In The Amazon (Odsdh/Ufam)

CLIHHR Reports & Policy Submissions

A comprehensive human rights and environmental report documenting the Mura Indigenous people’s resistance to Brazil Potash’s Autazes Potash Project in the Brazilian Amazon. The report details environmental risks, human rights violations, failures in consultation processes, litigation history, corporate accountability, and the ongoing struggle for land demarcation.

International Law And The Rise Of Populism, Shruti Rana, Peter G. Danchin, Jeremy Farrall, Jolyon Ford, Imogen Saunders

Faculty Publications

Contemporary legal scholarship seeks to diagnose populist antagonism towards national and international law and warn about the challenges it poses to the cooperation needed to respond to global threats. What this scholarship overlooks, however, is the role that major shifts in international legal normativity and conceptions of global governance have themselves played in incubating the conditions far the rise of populism. Against the prevailing literature, this Article argues that the key to unlocking this puzzle is recognition that populism, rather than constituting an external social pathology, is a mode of politics arising internal to the intellectual history and practice of …

Implementation Of International Nuclear Counterterrorism Legal Instruments: The Case For Nuclear Forensics, Jerry S. Davydov

International Journal of Nuclear Security

In the past three decades, the international community and national governments have made great strides in addressing the threat posed by non-state actors or terrorist groups acquiring and maliciously using nuclear or other radioactive material. Although many argue that accomplishments have adequately addressed nuclear security threats, major gaps still remain within the global nuclear security system. Predetonation nuclear forensic science, commonly referred to as nuclear forensics, like all forms of forensic science, supports the implementation of national laws and statutes and international legal instruments through investigative science. Nuclear forensics provides law enforcement and nuclear security investigators with a technical …

An Ecofeminist Approach To Climate Risks, Angela Hefti

Michigan Journal of International Law

Climate change poses significant risks to the human right to life. However, international adjudicators have either neglected to examine right to life claims in the context of climate risks or dismissed them as prospective and speculative. International human rights bodies have long applied the standard of imminence to determine whether a threat to the right to life exists and the extent to which it constitutes a violation. In climate change cases, this standard has hardened, requiring a tight temporal connection between climate risks and a violation of the right to life. This article argues that failing to recognize the impact …

Transparency, Accountability, And Influence In The International Investment Law System, Jarrod Wong, Jason Yackee

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article offers the first interdisciplinary critique of transparency in international investment law (“IIL”) that draws on transparency-skeptical and accountability scholarship in political science and public administration. Not only has the expansive IIL literature overlooked these disciplines, but much of it fails to define the core concept of transparency. Building on contributions from the fields of administrative law, international relations, and system theory in classic political science, we provide a novel functionalist account of transparency that traces a line from transparency to accountability to influence in the IIL system.

We make three arguments. First, transparency involves access to data that …

Automating International Human Rights Adjudication, Veronika Fikfak, Laurence R. Helfer

Michigan Journal of International Law

International human rights courts and treaty bodies are increasingly turning to automated decision-making (“ADM”) technologies to expedite and enhance their review of individual complaints. These tribunals have yet to consider many of the legal, normative, and practical issues raised by the use of different types of automation technologies for these purposes. This article offers a comprehensive and balanced assessment of the benefits and challenges of introducing ADM into international human rights adjudication. We argue in favor of using ADM to digitize documents and for internal case management purposes and to make straightforward recommendations regarding registration, inadmissibility, and the calculation of …

Green Dividends: A Case Study In Green Dividends And The Conditions For Private Ordering Solutions, Anne M. Tucker

Seattle University Law Review

This Essay introduces a novel private ordering solution to facilitate corporate investments in pro-social and environmental initiatives: Green dividends. Green dividends are an optional increase in shareholder dividends that are returned to the company to be reinvested in environmental initiatives or kept by a shareholder.

Green dividends pose an alternative to the current gridlocked debate that corporations can’t, won’t, shouldn’t, and shouldn’t even try to act in pro-social or environmental ways. Turning the common refrains on their head converts each narrative into an element for a successful private ordering solution: authority, accountability, shareholder buy-in, and government- backed enforcement. With Green …

Does Climate Disclosure Work To Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Emerging Evidence Suggests Cautious Optimism, Cynthia A. Williams

Seattle University Law Review

Significant regulatory resources have been spent developing global, voluntary climate and sustainability disclosure standards, such as the TCFD, TNRD, and ISSB’s Sustainability and Climate Disclosure standards, or domestically required disclosures, such as in the EU and in the U.S. Thus, it is important to evaluate whether this disclosure, particularly voluntary, qualitative disclosure, will have the power to shift the allocation of capital, will have a significant effect on the management of climate risk within firms, and ultimately will reduce climate change risk and biodiversity loss.

In this Article, several interrelated questions will be discussed. First, what does the empirical evidence …

Judging Judiciaries: How Sticky Defaults, Status Quo Bais, And The Sovereign Prerogative Influence The Perceived Legitimacy Of The New International Commercial Courts, S.I. Strong

American University Law Review

Forum shopping is routinely criticized as contrary to procedural justice. However, recent years have seen an increasing number of jurisdictions engaged in the process of forum selling, in which countries actively seek to bring lucrative litigation business to their national judicial systems. One of the most common types of forum selling involves the creation of new international commercial courts designed to increase a nation’s competitiveness in the global litigation market.

Most studies of the new international commercial courts have focused on how procedural innovations adopted by different courts are likely to affect party choice. While useful, these analyses assume that …

The Legal Ramifications Of Israel’S Destruction Of Gaza’S Healthcare System, Serene Mistkawi

Lewis & Clark Law Review

This Comment argues that Israel’s attacks on the medical infrastructure of Gaza are a violation of international law because hospitals are protected zones and medical personnel are civilians. To Israel’s response that Hamas is attack-ing from hospitals, thereby rendering them legitimate targets, this Comment presents a number of responses: (1) there is little to no evidence that Hamas is doing this; (2) even if Hamas is doing this, the military gains from attacking hospitals are outweighed by the civilian deaths; (3) even if Hamas is doing this and there is significant military gain from attacking hospitals, the interna-tional rules have …

Affording Oral Tradition Evidence Due Weight Before The International Court Of Justice, Terrence Neal

Lewis & Clark Law Review

Oral traditions are irreplaceable sources of historical information, particularly with regard to Indigenous Peoples’ histories and cultures. However, when states have submitted oral traditions as evidence of historical practices, events, and circumstances in cases before the International Court of Justice (“Court”), the Court has been reluctant to afford them significant weight. This Article, which is the first detailed study on the Court’s treatment of oral traditions, examines whether the Court is failing to provide them due or appropriate weight. Based on historical, archaeological, and anthropological research, it establishes that oral traditions can be as reliable as written documents for reconstructing …