International Law Commons^™

Occupy Wall Street And International Human Rights, Martha F. Davis

Fordham Urban Law Journal

No abstract provided.

International White Collar Crime And The Globalization Of Internal Investigations, Lucian E. Dervan

Fordham Urban Law Journal

Much has been written about the methods by which counsel may efficiently, thoroughly, and credibly conduct internal investigations. Given the globalization of such matters, however, this Article seeks to focus on the challenges present when conducting an internal investigation of potential international white-collar criminal activity. In Part I, this Article will examine the challenges of selecting counsel to perform internal investigations abroad. In particular, consideration will be given to global standards regarding the application of the attorney-client privilege and work product protections. In Part II, this Article will discuss the influence of data privacy and protection laws in various countries …

Climate Change Effects On Snow Conditions And The Human Rights Of Reindeer Herders, Stefan Kirchner

Pace Environmental Law Review

By ignoring the needs of indigenous livelihoods, traditional forms of land use that have long been sustainable, new forms of land use and the construction of infrastructure threaten the right of indigenous peoples to engage in traditional livelihoods. It is the aim of this article to analyze the rights of indigenous peoples in the context of primary and secondary effects of climate change. For the purposes of this paper, the term “primary effects” will be used to describe immediate effects of climate change. This includes temperatures which move around freezing instead of being solidly below freezing.

Primary effects of climate …

Alien Invasion! An Ocean Picture Coming To A Sea Near You: An Analysis Of International Frameworks For Aquatic Invasive Species Control, Kelly Cox

University of Miami Inter-American Law Review

Aquatic invasive species are marine, estuarine, or freshwater organisms that adversely impact ecosystems they are not native to. Such impacts include long-lasting or permanent damage to habitats, ecosystem balance, and biodiversity. These impacts have a cascading effect on local economies dependent on these natural resources by impeding recreational and commercial activities. Moreover, aquatic invasive species control and management is both complex and challenging due to the lack of physical barriers in aquatic environments to abate or contain the spread of these nuisance species. The Wider Caribbean Region has been notably impacted by the introduction of the non-native lionfish (Pterois volitans) …

Emerging Practices In Community Development Agreements, Jennifer Loutit, Jacqueline Mandelbaum, Sam Szoke-Burke

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment Staff Publications

A Community Development Agreement or CDA can be a vital mechanism for ensuring that local communities benefit from large-scale investment projects, such as mines or forestry concessions. In formalizing agreements between an investor and a project-affected community, CDAs set out how the benefits of an investment project will be shared with local communities. In some countries CDAs are required by domestic legislation; in others, they are entered into voluntarily. The most effective CDAs are also adapted to the local context, meaning that no single model agreement or process will be appropriate in every situation. Nonetheless, leading practices are emerging which …

The Outsized Costs Of Investor–State Dispute Settlement, Lise Johnson, Lisa E. Sachs

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment Staff Publications

The negotiation of several mega-treaties in 2015, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), and other regional agreements, has generated substantial public discussion about the protections and privileges afforded to multinational enterprises through the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism in these treaties. ISDS has increasingly raised concerns among certain governments and civil society groups, particularly as a growing number of ISDS cases involve investors challenging a range of governmental measures taken in good faith and in the public interest, including measures related to environmental protection, public health …

Environmental Crimes And Imprisonment: Does Prison Work To Prevent And Punish Environmental Criminals?, Rafael Wolff

Dissertations & Theses

Environmental degradation is a global problem. Humans need natural resources to survive and, as those resources are limited, humans’ use of these resources should respect a sustainable pace established by law. There are many approaches to addressing environmental degradation that do not honor the legal limitations and one of them is through criminal law. The question that is posed in this thesis is whether imprisonment, one of the most severe methods of punishment, is a suitable option to repress and prevent environmental crimes.

This thesis is divided in three chapters. The first chapter discusses why environmental crimes are relevant. It …

The Impacts Of Foreign Direct Investment To The Environment In Developing Countries: Indonesian Perspective, Sri Wartini

Indonesian Journal of International Law

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) may cause positive and negative impacts in developing countries, such as in Indonesia. The positive impact of FDI may enhance economic growth in developing countries, on the other hand, negative impacts of FDI may cause environmental pollution and environmental degradation. FDI in Indonesia has already increased economic growth, however, the environmental degradation and environmental pollution cannot be avoided. In certain extent, in order to gain a great profit, FDI can be used by the foreign investor to violate human rights and the environment in the host states. Unfortunately, the government in developing countries often sacrifice the …

The Technical Barriers To Trade Agreement: A Reconciliation Of Divergent Values In The Global Trading System, Samantha Gaul

Chicago-Kent Law Review

In the context of multilateral trading, there is a historical tension between economically oriented, laissez-faire, pro-trade concerns as they are juxtaposed with social, environmental, and health concerns. These conflicting values are inextricable from one another in a world that encourages, and quite frankly mandates, a high level of economic interdependency. But what if institutional actors could reconcile these conflicting values—at least toward the more efficient and practical goals of alleviating (rather than eliminating) the underlying tension? This Note argues that Article 2.2 of the World Trade Organization’s Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement operates to reconcile these fundamental tensions to some …

Off Target: Selection, Precaution, And Proportionality In The Dod Manual, Adil Ahmad Haque

International Law Studies

The United States Department of Defense Law of War Manual misrepresents customary international law governing target selection, precautions in attack and proportionality. Contrary to the Manual’s assertions, attackers with a choice of targets for obtaining a similar military advantage must select the target that endangers the fewest civilians; often must avoid harming civilians even at some additional risk to themselves or to their mission; and must refrain from attack if the expected harm to civilians—including to civilians forced to serve as human shields—would be excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage.

The Dod Law Of War Manual And Its Critics: Some Observations, Charles J. Dunlap Jr.

International Law Studies

The U.S. Department of Defense’s (DoD) new Law of War Manual has generated serious debate about its treatment of a variety of issues including human shields, the status of journalists, cyber operations, the precautions to be taken prior to attacks and even the role of honor in war. Although this article does not purport to be a comprehensive response to every critique of the Manual and, indeed, cites opportunities for its improvement, it nevertheless concludes that on balance the Manual provides an excellent, comprehensive and much-needed statement of DoD’s view of the lex lata of the law of war.

The Combatant’S Stance: Autonomous Weapons On The Battlefield, Jens David Ohlin

International Law Studies

Do Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) qualify as moral or rational agents? This paper argues that combatants on the battlefield are required by the demands of behavior interpretation to approach a sophisticated AWS with the “Combatant’s Stance”—the ascription of mental states required to understand the system’s strategic behavior on the battlefield. However, the fact that an AWS must be engaged with the combatant’s stance does not entail that other persons are relieved of criminal or moral responsibility for war crimes committed by autonomous weapons. This article argues that military commanders can and should be held responsible for perpetrating war crimes through …

U.S. Biological Quarantine: A Look At The Legal Framework, Katherine T. Rooney

Journal of Legislation

Biological terrorism is a growing problem. Search and seizure protections have an on-going balancing relationship with national security that is balanced by a least restrictive means test. The Kaci Hickox case exposed the difficulty of maintaining the civil rights protections of search and seizure while combating a potentially catastrophic danger.

The Burden Of Proof In International Commercial Arbitration: Are We Allowed To Adjust The Scales, Francisco Blavi, Gonzalo Vial

UC Law SF International Law Review

This work discusses the possibility of the parties to change the burden of proof rules in international commercial arbitration and the powers of the arbitral tribunal in this regard, concluding that the parties are entitled to alter the referred rules subject to some limitations, such as the principle of fair and equal treatment, mandatory rules and considerations of public policy and good faith. In addition, we observed that even though arbitrators have broad powers to determine the burden of proof, they are generally obliged to respect the agreements reached by the parties in relation with that burden.

Judicial Corruption In Haiti: The Need For Discipline And Civil Society Participation, Mario Joseph, Nicole Phillips

UC Law SF International Law Review

No abstract provided.

"One Order Of Genocide And Two Sides Of Extinction": Proposing An International Solution To Preventing The Destruction Of The Elephant And Rhinoceros Species In Mozambique And Tanzania, Sean Pan

UC Law SF International Law Review

This Note posits the notion that the massacre of the elephant and rhinoceros species in Mozambique and Tanzania resembles the type of monstrous conduct the international community generally brands as the crime of genocide. While it is folly to ignore genocide's historical application towards human victims, both the relentless manner in which these animals are killed along with their drastically diminished populations begs, at least, for international criminal charges and convictions. Additionally, modern legal precedent and historical practices suggest a broader application of the crime of genocide-one that should include other protected and threatened groups.

Glass Ceiling Or Iron Weight?: Challenges For Female Employees On Their Path To Becoming Managers And Executives In Japan, Hiroya Nakakubo

UC Law SF International Law Review

No abstract provided.

Legal And Medical Ethical Entanglements Of Infant Male Circumcision And International Law, Paul Jerome Mclaughlin Jr.

Library Faculty Publications

The practice of infant male circumcision has been debated by legal and medical experts for years. The practice, once seen as a social norm, has come under opposition by children’s rights, legal, and medical organisations around the world. In order to meet the requirements of international treaty law and allow infant male children the fullest opportunity for self determination, infant male circumcision must be treated under the law and by medical practitioners with the same degree of opposition that female genital mutilation has received.

Undetected Conflict-Of-Laws Problems In Cross-Border Online Copyright Infringement Cases, Marketa Trimble

Boyd Briefs / Road Scholars

Professor Marketa Trimble presented her paper, “Undetected Conflict-of-Laws Problems in Cross-Border Online Copyright Infringement Cases" at the 16th Annual Intellectual Property Scholars Conference held at Stanford Law School in Palo Alto, CA, on August 12, 2016. The presentation was one of five in a session devoted to Empirical Copyright.

Abstracts and information about other sessions at the conference are available on the Intellectual Property Scholars Conference website.

Is The American Criminal Jury System In Criminal Trials Worthy Of Export To Iraq?, Mohammed J. Ailan

Law Student Scholarship

The American criminal jury system has a long, ancient history. It went through several stages throughout history until it became a sophisticated institution for educating the American people about the law in their country. Jury duty is one of the privileges of U.S. citizenship. This thesis shows how the criminal justice system currently works in the United States. This paper discusses issues such as the hung jury, the capital jury, checking abuses of power, and jury nullification. This thesis focuses on other countries that have recently adopted the criminal jury system, such as Spain and Russia, after they adopted democracy. …