Sovereignty And Indigenous Peoples In North America,
2016
Osgoode Hall Law School of York University
Sovereignty And Indigenous Peoples In North America, Kent Mcneil
Articles & Book Chapters
This article examines the concept of sovereignty and its application in the context of European colonization of North America. It seeks to define sovereignty so as to avoid Eurocentric notions that denied sovereignty to Indigenous peoples. The article does this by distinguishing between defacto and de jure sovereignty: the former depends on actual possession and control of a territory, whereas the latter depends on the application of a particular legal system. Unlike de facto sovereignty, which is empirical, de jure sovereignty depends on a choice of law. Because more than one legal system can be applied to territories occupied by …
Recentering Tribal Criminal Jurisdiction,
2016
University of Nevada, Las Vegas -- William S. Boyd School of Law
Recentering Tribal Criminal Jurisdiction, Addie C. Rolnick
Scholarly Works
The boundaries of modern tribal criminal jurisdiction are defined by a handful of clear rules—such as a limit on sentence length and a categorical prohibition against prosecuting most non-Indians—and many grey areas in which neither Congress nor the Supreme Court has specifically addressed a particular question. This Article discusses five of the grey areas: whether tribes retain concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute major crimes, whether tribes affected by Public Law 280 retain concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute a full range of crimes, whether tribes may prosecute Indians who are not citizens of any tribe, whether tribes may prosecute their own citizens for …
Plenary Power, Political Questions, And Sovereignty In Indian Affairs,
2016
BYU Law
Plenary Power, Political Questions, And Sovereignty In Indian Affairs, Michalyn Steele
Faculty Scholarship
A generation of Indian law scholars has roundly, and rightly, criticized the Supreme Court’s invocation of the political question doctrine to deprive tribes of meaningful judicial review when Congress has acted to the detriment of tribes. Similarly, many Indian law scholars view the plenary power doctrine — that Congress has expansive, virtually unlimited authority to regulate tribes — as a tool that fosters and formalizes the legal oppression of Indian people by an unchecked Federal government. The way courts have applied these doctrines in tandem has frequently left tribes without meaningful judicial recourse against breaches of the federal trust responsibility …
Owning Red: A Theory Of Indian (Cultural) Appropriation,
2016
UCLA School of Law
Owning Red: A Theory Of Indian (Cultural) Appropriation, Angela R. Riley, Kristen A. Carpenter
Publications
In a number of recent controversies, from sports teams’ use of Indian mascots to the federal government’s desecration of sacred sites, American Indians have lodged charges of “cultural appropriation” or the unauthorized use by members of one group of the cultural expressions and resources of another. While these and other incidents make contemporary headlines, American Indians often experience these claims within a historical and continuing experience of dispossession. For hundreds of years, the U.S. legal system has sanctioned the taking and destruction of Indian lands, artifacts, bodies, religions, identities, and beliefs, all toward the project of conquest and colonization. Indian …
Ocean Iron Fertilization And Indigenous Peoples' Right To Food: Leveraging International And Domestic Law Protections To Enhance Access To Salmon In The Pacific Northwest,
2016
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University
Ocean Iron Fertilization And Indigenous Peoples' Right To Food: Leveraging International And Domestic Law Protections To Enhance Access To Salmon In The Pacific Northwest, Randall S. Abate
Journal Publications
Ocean iron fertilization (OIF) is a new and controversial climate change mitigation strategy that seeks to increase the carbon-absorbing capacity of ocean waters by depositing significant quantities of iron dust into the marine environment to stimulate the growth of phytoplankton blooms. The photosynthetic processes of these blooms absorb carbon from the atmosphere and sequester it to the ocean floor. OIF has been criticized on several grounds. including the foreseeable and unforeseeable adverse consequences it may cause to the marine environment, as well as the daunting challenge of reconciling several potentially overlapping sources of international and domestic environmental law, which may …
Recurring Issues In Indian Gaming Compact Approval,
2016
University of New Mexico - School of Law
Recurring Issues In Indian Gaming Compact Approval, Kevin Washburn
Faculty Scholarship
Achieving agreement between a state and a tribe, and then achieving ratification of that agreement through state and tribal legislative processes, are challenging endeavors. Failing to account for the need for federal approval can undermine the entire negotiation process. The purpose of this article is to highlight several recurring problem areas that can place compact approval at risk. These include the requirement in IGRA that a compact avoid issues that are not germane to gaming,that the compact avoid regulating Class II gaming,which is beyond state authority, and the requirementthat the state avoid expanding its reach over ancillary services and spaces …
Birthright Citizenship On Trial: Elk V. Wilkins And United States V. Wong Kim Ark,
2016
University of Connecticut School of Law
Birthright Citizenship On Trial: Elk V. Wilkins And United States V. Wong Kim Ark, Bethany Berger
Faculty Articles and Papers
In the summer of 2015, the majority of Republican candidates for president announced their opposition to birthright citizenship. The constitutional dimensions of that right revolve around two cases decided at the end of the nineteenth century, Elk v. Wilkins (1884) and United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898). The first held that an American Indian man born in the United States was not a citizen under the Fourteenth Amendment; the second, that a Chinese American man born in the United States was indeed a citizen under the amendment. This Article juxtaposes the history of these decisions. By showing the distinctive …
Indigenous Law And Aboriginal Title,
2016
Osgoode Hall Law School of York University
Indigenous Law And Aboriginal Title, Kent Mcneil
All Papers
This paper discusses the relevance of Indigenous law to Aboriginal title in Canada, as revealed in three leading Supreme Court decisions: Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997), R. v. Marshall; R. v. Bernard (2005), and Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia (2014). It concludes that Indigenous law relates to Aboriginal title in two ways: it is part of the evidence that can be relied upon to establish the exclusive occupation necessary for title at the time of Crown assertion of sovereignty, and it continues thereafter to govern the communal land rights of the Aboriginal titleholders. Moreover, the content of Indigenous law is …
It’S Rooted In The Land: How Managing Natural Resources Leads Native American Tribes To Sovereignty,
2016
The University Of Montana
It’S Rooted In The Land: How Managing Natural Resources Leads Native American Tribes To Sovereignty, Nicky Ouellet
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Tribal management of land and natural resources within the boundaries of Native American reservations is often superseded by state and federal policy. But control of land and resources is, ultimately, what makes a nation a nation. The three stories in this portfolio depict tribes establishing control of natural resources to various degrees of success. Chapter one is a narrative outlining the stories, my reportage and plans for publication. Chapter two: Members of the Northern Cheyenne seek to establish a medical marijuana program after the federal government relaxed enforcement of cannabis bans. Chapter three: An activist on the Fort Berthold reservation …
Process And Reconciliation: Integrating The Duty To Consult With Environmental Assessment,
2016
Osgoode Hall Law School of York University
Process And Reconciliation: Integrating The Duty To Consult With Environmental Assessment, Neil Craik
Osgoode Hall Law Journal
As the duty to consult Aboriginal peoples is operationalized within the frameworks of government decision making, the relevant agencies are increasingly turning to environmental assessment (EA) processes as one of the principal vehicles for carrying out those consultations. This article explores the practical and theoretical dimensions of using EA processes to implement the duty to consult and accommodate. The relationship between EA and the duty to consult has arisen in a number of cases and a clear picture is emerging of the steps that agencies conducting EAs must carry out in order to discharge their constitutional obligations to Aboriginal peoples. …
Indian Act By-Laws: A Viable Means For First Nations To (Re)Assert Control Over Local Matters Now And Not Later,
2016
Dalhousie University Schulich School of Law
Indian Act By-Laws: A Viable Means For First Nations To (Re)Assert Control Over Local Matters Now And Not Later, Naiomi Metallic
Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press
Section 81 in the Indian Act, RSC 1985, c I-5, contains a broad range of subject matters over which Band Councils may pass by-laws. To date, this provision has been underutilized by most First Nation governments. One of the main reasons for this relates to the fact that, for over a hundred years, the Indian Act gave the federal government the power to disallow any such by-laws and Canada historically took a narrow view of the expanse of the Section 81 by-law powers and exercised its disallowance power broadly. Recent amendments to the Indian Act, however, have repealed this disallowance …
Res Extra Commercium And The Barriers Faced When Seeking The Repatriation And Return Of Potent Cultural Objects: A Transsystemic Critical Post-Colonial Approach,
2016
Dalhousie University Schulich School of Law
Res Extra Commercium And The Barriers Faced When Seeking The Repatriation And Return Of Potent Cultural Objects: A Transsystemic Critical Post-Colonial Approach, Sara Gwendolyn Ross
Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press
The repatriation and return of objects of cultural value are often linked to decolonization projects and efforts to repair past wrongs suffered as a result of colonialism. Yet significant barriers hinder these efforts. These barriers primarily take the shape of time limitations, diverging conceptions of property and ownership, the high costs involved, and the domestic export and cultural heritage laws of both the source country and the destination country. I argue that these barriers are relics of colonialism that replicate and perpetuate the continued imposition of Eurocentric and Western legal notions and values on subaltern source countries and source indigenous …
Land Claim Settlement In Canadian Arctic: Pragmatism And Instrumentalism At Work,
2016
Dalhousie University Schulich School of Law
Land Claim Settlement In Canadian Arctic: Pragmatism And Instrumentalism At Work, Diana Ginn
Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press
In Canada, comprehensive land claims based on Aboriginal title can be pursued through either litigation or negotiation. Generally, the relationship between litigation and negotiation of these claims is understood as one where the Supreme Court of Canada initially prodded the Canadian state to action, and then in a series of decisions developed the legal parameters within which the political realities of negotiation occur. Thus, settlement tends to follow and be shaped by the contours of the legal doctrine. However, settlement of land claims in Canada’s Arctic moved ahead of the case law in two key areas, as manifested in: (a) …
The Broad Implications Of The First Nation Caring Society Decision: Dealing A Death-Blow To The Current System Of Program Delivery On-Reserve & Clearing The Path To Self-Government,
2016
Assistant Professor and Chancellor’s Chair in Aboriginal Law and Policy at the Schulich School of Law at Dalhousie University
The Broad Implications Of The First Nation Caring Society Decision: Dealing A Death-Blow To The Current System Of Program Delivery On-Reserve & Clearing The Path To Self-Government, Naiomi Metallic
Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press
On January 26, 2016, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal (the “Tribunal”) released a watershed decision in a complaint spearheaded by the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada, its Executive Director, Dr. Cindy Blackstock, and the Assembly of First Nations (the “Caring Society” decision). The complaint alleged that Canada, through its Department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs (“INAC” or the “Department”), discriminates against First Nations children and families in the provision of child welfare services on reserve. In its decision, the Tribunal found that INAC’s design, management and control of child welfare services on reserve, along with its …
Indian Act By-Laws: A Viable Means For First Nations To (Re)Assert Control Over Local Matters Now And Not Later,
2016
Assistant Professor and Chancellor’s Chair in Aboriginal Law and Policy at the Schulich School of Law at Dalhousie University
Indian Act By-Laws: A Viable Means For First Nations To (Re)Assert Control Over Local Matters Now And Not Later, Naiomi Metallic
Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press
Section 81 in the Indian Act, RSC 1985, c I-5, contains a broad range of subject matters over which Band Councils may pass by-laws. To date, this provision has been underutilized by most First Nation governments. One of the main reasons for this relates to the fact that, for over a hundred years, the Indian Act gave the federal government the power to disallow any such by-laws and Canada historically took a narrow view of the expanse of the Section 81 by-law powers and exercised its disallowance power broadly. Recent amendments to the Indian Act, however, have repealed this …
Indigenous Rights, Environmental Rights, Or Stakeholder Engagement? Comparing Ifc And Oecd Approaches To The Implementation Of The Business Responsibility To Respect Human Rights,
2016
Dalhousie University Schulich School of Law
Indigenous Rights, Environmental Rights, Or Stakeholder Engagement? Comparing Ifc And Oecd Approaches To The Implementation Of The Business Responsibility To Respect Human Rights, Sara Seck
Articles, Book Chapters, & Popular Press
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (OECD MNE Guidelines) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability (IFC Performance Standards) are widely viewed as key international standards to which extractive companies operating internationally should comply. Indeed, these standards, together with the United Nations (UN) Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), are promoted by Canada in its November 2014 enhanced corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy for extractive sector companies operating abroad. The strategy states that the Canadian government expects companies operating outside of Canada to “respect human rights …
Instrumentalizing The Expressive: Transplanting Sentencing Circles Into The Canadian Criminal Trial,
2016
Cornell Law School
Instrumentalizing The Expressive: Transplanting Sentencing Circles Into The Canadian Criminal Trial, Toby S. Goldbach
Cornell Law Faculty Publications
This Article examines reforms to criminal sentencing procedures in Canada, focusing on Aboriginal healing circles, which were incorporated as "sentencing circles" into the criminal trial. Using the lens of comparative law and legal transplants, this Article recounts the period of sentencing reform in Canada in the 1990s, when scholars, practitioners, and activists inquired into Aboriginal confrontation with the criminal justice system by comparing Euro-Canadian and Aboriginal justice values and principles. As a way to bridge the gap between vastly differing worldviews and approaches to justice, judges and Aboriginal justice advocates transplanted sentencing circles into the sentencing phase of the criminal …
When A Tribal Entity Becomes A Nation: The Role Of Politics In The Shifting Federal Recognition Regulations,
2016
University of Oklahoma College of Law
When A Tribal Entity Becomes A Nation: The Role Of Politics In The Shifting Federal Recognition Regulations, Lorinda Riley
American Indian Law Review
Before a tribal entity can exercise the privileges and immunities of external sovereign status, they must first be recognized by the United States. For a variety of reasons, some legitimate tribal entities remain unrecognized today. The Department of the Interior has created a federal acknowledgement process under 25 C.F.R. Part 83, providing a procedure for a petitioning Indian entity to establish federal recognition. Reaching beyond a discussion of the overarching federal acknowledgment process this paper delves into the application of politics on the Department of the Interior’s administrative actions. This article explores how each presidential administration has both shaped and …
Tribal Criminal Jurisdiction Beyond Citizenship And Blood,
2016
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Tribal Criminal Jurisdiction Beyond Citizenship And Blood, Addie C. Rolnick
American Indian Law Review
No abstract provided.
Native Americans And The Legalization Of Marijuana: Can The Tribes Turn Another Addiction Into Affluence?,
2016
University of Oklahoma College of Law
Native Americans And The Legalization Of Marijuana: Can The Tribes Turn Another Addiction Into Affluence?, Melinda Smith
American Indian Law Review
No abstract provided.
