Comparative and Foreign Law Commons^™

"Use And Improve" Is My Accountability Mantra, Despite 30 Years Of Eye-Opening Disappointments, Natalie Bridgeman Fields

Perspectives

This essay finds justification for championing the continued existence, functioning and evolution of Independent Accountability Mechanisms (IAMs). An inside assessment of the thirty-year functioning of IAMs reveals that inadequate power and independence are severely hampering IAM efforts to hold actors accountable for harm. Simultaneously, IAMs can’t make progress without the underlying financial institutions reforming their incentive structures to reward harm prevention and remedy. Despite decades of systemic failure to deliver accountability, when exceptions happen, they are worth it and can be spectacular. With an influx of new climate-related funding expected at the financial institutions, exceptions need to become the rule. …

The World Bank, The Inspection Panel & Immunity, Joe Athialy

Perspectives

The establishment of the Inspection Panel marked a turning point for the World Bank, at a time when the notion of accountability in international financial institutions was still nascent. Triggered by people's movements, this bold experiment aimed at transparency faced hurdles as the Bank was immune to legal consequences, and over a while, it weakened the Panel's mandate. The 2019 US Supreme Court decision stripping the Bank of absolute immunity reshapes its accountability landscape. Post-immunity, the Panel gains renewed significance, scrutinizing and recommending actions. Legal repercussions for non-compliance bring a paradigm shift, compelling the Bank to enhance transparency, engage communities, …

The Politics Of Justice: Analyzing The Politicization Of Transitional Justice Processes, Erin Bloom, Lisa K. Dicker

Faculty Publications

(Excerpt)

In the United States, the argument for using transitional justice as a mechanism for reckoning with the country's racial injustices—past and present—has gained a broader platform since 2020. While the call for truth, redress, and reform is not new, the mass movement towards it has gained momentum at both the local and national level. At the national level, a House Committee revived a bill first proposed in 1989 to create a commission to study reparations for slavery in the United States and advanced it; though the House has not taken H.R. 40 up for consideration. Representative Sheila Jackson Lee …

Apology As An Intellectual Property Remedy In China: A Preliminary Examination Of American Litigation Experiences, Robert H. Hu

Faculty Articles

Seeking and receiving an apology from the wrongdoer is a ubiquitous social phenomenon in Chinese culture and society. In recent years, litigation and apologies appear to be natural elements of contemporary life in China. Apologies as a legal remedy in Chinese laws and regulations have become prevalent for nearly four decades. In particular, in intellectual property law, the last thirty years have witnessed an explosion of apology cases. In such litigation, plaintiffs seek (and sometimes obtain) apologies from the defendants as a statutory remedy besides injunction and damages. American businesses operating in China increasingly take to the Chinese courts to …

Dilema Pendewasaan Hukum Bagi Pemilih Pemula Di Indonesia, Sarip Sarip

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Penelitian didasarkan usia pendewasaan antara hukum dan praktik pengawalan demokrasi Indonesia. Pendewasaan hukum jadi patokan melakukan perbuatan hukum, secara khusus berlaku bagi subjek hukum sesuai ketentuan hukum positif. Lex specialis, merupakan upaya khusus memberi kepastian dan keadilan selama memenuhi lex specialis. Bila tidak terpenuhi sifat khusus, legi generali menjadi rujukan atas produk hukum sejajar. Pendekatan perundang-undangan sebagai pilihan penelitian dengan bertumpu pada asas lex specialis derogat legi generali atas pendewasaan hukum pemilih pemula. Temuan dalam penegakan pendewasaan hukum terkesan memanfaatan pemilih pemula sebatas eksistensi kekuasaan. Ketidakonsistenan terlihat pada larangan keterlibatan pelajar SMA atau sederajat dalam setiap demonstrasi, termasuk …

Tipologi Penggunaan Hukum Tata Negara Darurat: Sebuat Studi Literatur, Qurrata Ayuni

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

This paper discusses a number of categorizations of countries in dealing with emergencies. The development of studies on this typology is classified after a comparison of the approaches of countries analyzed by a number of experts. There are at least nine models used in this paper, namely; Roman Dictatorship Model, Neo Roman Model, Constitutional Emergency Powers, Statutory Authorization, Extra-Legal Action, The Executive Dictatorship, The Legislative Dictatorship, and The War Government. Some of these types have similarities and intersections in their use. Understanding the birth of this typology will enrich alternatives in dealing with emergencies more effectively and proportionally.

Urgensi Pembentukan Laporan Khusus Sebagai Solusi Alat Bukti Surat Dalam Penanganan Kasus Tppu Di Indonesia: Pintu Optimalisasi Hubungan Ppatk-Penyidik, Amanda Geraldine, Altuti Altuti, Muhamad Rayhan Firmansyah

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

The Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre or Financial intelligence unit (FIU) is an independent institution that has helped to eradicate and prevent money laundering crimes based on reports used as evidence or evidence in investigations. PPATK analysis report is made based on the report of the income and expenditure of unusual financial accounts by referring to the profile and identity of the owner. Financial Transactions requested by PPATK to be reported by the reporting party because it involves assets suspected of originating from the proceeds of a criminal offence. FATF has issued 40 specific recommendations (forty recommendations) and the …

Kekuasaan Peradilan Militer Mengadili Warga Sipil Dalam Tinjauan Hukum Tata Negara Darurat, Denis Kurniawan

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Abstract

Military Courts in general are courts devoted to dealing with cases of military soldiers, both concerning criminal matters, military administration, and claims for compensation as a result of criminal offenses. The special nature of military justice is due to the fact that military soldiers have different traditions from civil society regarding the existence of military discipline in their activities, and there are acts that are only known within the military environment, but are not generally applicable. However, a military court in an emergency situation that threatens to be projected as the last court, if the existing judiciary is to …

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pejuang Lingkungan Hidup Dalam Mewujudkan Lingkungan Hidup Yang Baik Dan Sehat, Dinarjati Eka Puspitasari

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

The right of environmental defenders not to be sued civilly or prosecuted criminally is part of human rights regulated in Article 66 of Law 32/2009 (UUPPLH), known as Anti Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (Anti-SLAPP). But in practice, the law is used as a tool to curb public participation. In this case, environmental organizations have an important role to play in assisting communities in fighting for their environmental rights, ranging from non-judicial mechanisms to becoming amicus curiae in court. This research examines literature sources with a library research method through a statutory approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The result …

Urgensi Integrasi Pengaturan Mekanisme Keadilan Restoratif Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Di Indonesia, Nabila Aulia Rahma, Pascal Toloh

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Conventional criminal law has always been synonymous with prison, where the settlement can result in the exclusion of the right to a sense of justice for victims because of their disproportionate position. This situation encourages the emergence of the concept of restorative justice, where based on this concept, criminal cases are resolved by involving perpetrators, communities and victims. However, at the regulatory level, the concept of restorative justice is set differently in various rules, which have not been synchronized, such as the internal rules of the Indonesian Police, the Attorney General's Office and the Supreme Court. Inconsistencies in these norms …

Domestic Terrorism Classification In The United States V. Canada And The United Kingdom, Michelle Hayek

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

For the past two decades, discourse on terrorism (both global and domestic) has been commonplace throughout the international sphere. Following the attacks on September 11, 2001, many nations have followed suit in launching counterterrorism operations to identify and prevent attacks by both radical groups and lone actors. While the common narrative has focused on “why” terrorist actors commit heinous acts and “how” to best prevent future incidents from emerging, it is important to analyze the legal nuances between prosecuting domestic versus international terrorists. With the rise on “homegrown” domestic lone actors, nations have had to reevaluate and adapt counterterrorism statutes …

Is Investment Arbitration An Effective Alternative To Court Litigation? Towards A Smart Mix Of Litigation And Arbitration In Resolving Investment Disputes, Wanli Ma, Michael Faure

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

This article analyzes litigation and arbitration as commonly used methods for dispute resolution, more particularly between foreign investors and host states. It compares investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) via investor-state arbitration with dispute resolution via domestic courts in the host state. The article adopts a goal-based approach for assessing the effectiveness of international adjudication and analyzes the extent to which the current ISDS system is aligned with its predetermined goals. The article starts by identifying four goals of ISDS: 1) fair and efficient dispute resolution, 2) norm compliance, 3) facilitating the objectives of the investment law regime, and 4) legitimizing the …

Different Countries, Same Homophobia And Transphobia: A Cross-Cultural Survey Of So-Called Conversion Therapy Practices And The Move Toward Legislative Protections For The United States Lgbtq+ Community, Samantha J. Past

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

So-called “conversion therapy” consists of dangerous practices that inflict detrimental, long-lasting effects on its victims. As a form of sexual orientation or gender identity or gender expression change efforts, conversion therapy is fostered by global homophobia and transphobia. Despite formal public rejection and scientific discreditation, conversion therapy providers across the world continue to target LGBTQ+ individuals, predominately under the guise of offering health care services or obeying religious practices. The following piece compares conversion therapy in three countries with recently introduced LGBTQ+ legislation––(1) Ghana; (2) Canada; and (3) the United States (U.S.)–––in order to identify factors furthering conversion therapy and …

Embracing The End: A Comparative Analysis Of Medical Aid In Dying In Canada And The United States, Joel Krinsky

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

Since the late nineteenth century, debate has unfolded over the use of euthanasia and physician-assisted death to alleviate the suffering of individuals with medical illnesses. The controversy surrounding the issue persists and its implications are significant. While most countries prohibit Aid in Dying (AID), legalization of the practice has expanded globally in recent years. Canada and the United States (US) are two such jurisdictions that have expanded access to AID. Canada has federally legalized the practice, which the country refers to as Medical Aid in Dying (MAID), and in 2021, the country expanded the eligibility criteria for individuals seeking access …

Contracting Against Slavery: Corporate Accountability For Human Rights Supply Chain Violations, Alexandra Hyken

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

The United States Supreme Court decision in Nestlé USA, Inc. v. Doe effectively closed the door for forced laborers in the global supply chain to sue corporations headquartered in the United States for aiding and abetting in their human trafficking under the Alien Tort Statute. At the same time, however, the European Union and Canada are passing legislative measures that increase corporate accountability for human rights supply chain violations. This note argues that, in light of the Nestlé decision, contracts can be an effective mechanism for corporate accountability in the United States and that multi-national corporations will be incentivized to …

Liability Rule Practices Amidst The Property Rule Of Indonesian Capital Market, Adiwarman Adiwarman

Indonesia Law Review

Shareholder protection is the most important legal issue in capital market law. Conflict of interest is one of the corporate actions in the capital market. The property rule requires independent shareholders’ approval for conflicts of interest transactions. The property rule paradigm empowers independent shareholders in the company’s decision-making process. In practice, listed companies violate the property rule and are subject to sanctions, but the rights of shareholders will be reduced due to fines imposed by the capital market authorities. A normative method is used to answer the problem of how does Indonesia enforce the conflict of interest rule in order …

Analysis Of Discriminatory Measures From European Union Renewable Energy Directive Ii To Indonesia As A Palm Oil Producer Country, Enrico Denis Sihotang

Indonesia Law Review

On 21 December 2018, the European Union (EU) issued a regulation titled Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II), where the RED II policy introduced the indirect land use change (ILUC) criteria for palm oil. RED II states that palm oil is classified as a commodity with a “ high ILUC risk” type, and as such, the EU will gradually reduce palm oil consumption and no longer use palm oil by 2030. Indonesia brought this issue to WTO in 2020. Indonesia, through its consultation, argued that the RED II is inconsistent with the few provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs …

An Analytical Study On The Intervention Of The Legislature To The Constitutional Court In Indonesia Compared To Developed Countries, Mochammad Arief Agus, Andi Muhammad Irvan Alamsyah

Indonesia Law Review

Practical improvements in the national institution context brought numerous changes regarding interactions between The Constitutional Court & The legislature including contemporary polemics. The check and balances framework is important to be noticed related to the Judge’s Independence. Aswanto’s recall as one of the Judges of the Indonesian Constitutional Court encourages us to elaborate more about the essence of independence. At the same time, checks and balances should stand out. What is the legal standing of any actions taken by the parliament to the constitutional court? How do developed countries practice the relationship between the legislature and the judiciary? The answer …

Beyond The Corporate Responsibility To Respect Human Rights In The Dawn Of A Metaverse, Kuzi Charamba

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

Technological advances in the 21st century pose new threats to human rights from business activities. In this new technological age, individuals and communities engage through an increasing myriad of digital means and platforms, all facilitated by a smaller, more powerful set of global BigTech companies, such as Microsoft, Apple, Google, and Meta (formerly known as Facebook). In so doing, however, our lives as workers, consumers, and citizens become subject to increasing corporate control through surveillance capitalism and algorithmic governance. With the dawn of metaverses—3D immersive digital environments in which you can interact with others via avatars and through virtual and …

Foreclosing Asylum: “Neo-Refoulement” And The Ripple Effects Of U.S. Interdiction At Sea, Edgar Cruz

University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review

This Note argues that U.S. interdiction of asylum seekers at sea and the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP) program undermine the object and purpose of international refugee law. The U.S. Government uses both practices to evade its international obligation of non-refoulement, or non-return. Such practices unjustly restrict access to asylum in the U.S. These policies can be characterized as tools of “neo-refoulement.” Neo-refoulement is a strategy used to foreclose the possibility of asylum. It allows States parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention to evade their international obligation to refrain from returning people to places where they may be at risk of …