Commercial Law Commons^™

Real Bullets, Plastic Guns: Evaluating The Strength Of 3-D Printed Gun Parts, Maria Latenia Mayol

Student Theses

Privately made firearms (PMFs), often referred to as “ghost guns,” are firearms manufactured or assembled by individuals rather than federally licensed manufacturers. Although the terms are frequently used interchangeably, “ghost gun” more specifically describes an unserialized firearm, whereas PMFs include a broader range of firearms produced through nontraditional manufacturing methods. PMFs may be entirely 3-D printed, assembled from partially completed firearm kits, or constructed by integrating additively manufactured components with commercially manufactured firearm parts. The increasing accessibility of additive manufacturing and widespread dissemination of computer-aided design files have raised concerns about concealment, regulation, and forensic evasion, particularly when factory-manufactured components …

Validating Valuation: How Statistical Learning Can Cabin Expert Discretion In Valuation Disputes, Andrew C. Baker, Jonah B. Gelbach, Eric L. Talley

Faculty Scholarship

This article challenges conventional methods used in financial valuation across transactional and litigation domains. We show that conventional valuation methods allow for considerable discretion, making it possible for each side’s experts to submit dramatically varying valuations simply by choosing among facially reasonable values of parameters that must be selected to carry out conventional valuations. We use large-scale empirical simulations powered by real-world data to demonstrate the scope of such discretion. We next consider several alternatives based on data-driven machine learning approaches, and show that they offer both approximately unbiased estimates of valuation and substantially reduced variability in valuation results. Consequently, …

The Extension Of The Arbitration Clause To Non-Signatories In Qatar's Construction Arbitration: A Study Under Law No. 2 Of 2017, Nazir Hasen Ikhlayel

Maurer Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation examines whether an arbitration clause in a construction contract governed by Qatar Arbitration Law No. 2 of 2017 can be extended to a non-signatory party. The study addresses a problem that arises in major construction projects, in which employers, main contractors, subcontractors, consultants, and suppliers are linked by separate yet interdependent contracts. At the same time, arbitration remains structured around bilateral consent.

The importance of the study lies in its relevance to Qatar’s legal and economic development. Qatar’s major infrastructure projects, including those accelerated by the 2022 FIFA World Cup and those continuing under Qatar National Vision 2030, …

The Misinterpretation Of “Corporation” In Indonesia’S Penal Code No. 1 Of 2023: Ensuring Legal Certainty For Recognized Corporate Forms, Rizaldy Alif Syahrial

Indonesia Law Review

Abstract

Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Penal Code expands criminal liability to include entities that do not possess legal personality, allowing informal entities such as commanditaire vennootschappen (CV), partnerships (firm), unincorporated business groups, and unregistered associations to be prosecuted as corporations. This expansion aims to close legal loopholes in addressing modern criminal activity and to align Indonesia with global developments in corporate criminal liability. However, extending criminal liability to non legal persons generates conceptual tension because Indonesian legal doctrine distinguishes between natural persons and legal persons, which possess legal personality, decision making organs, separate assets, and autonomous …

Trademarks, Functionality, And Competition, Glynn Lunney

Faculty Scholarship

Courts and commentators have long thought that the purpose of trademark and unfair competition law is to distinguish fair competition from unfair competition and prohibit the latter. Yet, trademark law has a more fundamental, more foundational purpose. Before trademark law can distinguish fair competition from unfair competition, there must first be competition. That makes ensuring competition trademark law’s highest priority. Identifying and prohibiting unfair competition becomes, by necessity, a subordinate concern. Until 1982, courts recognized this hierarchy and enforced a broad and flexible functionality limitation on trademark or trade dress protection to ensure competitive markets. In 1982, however, this changed. …

Bibliographie De Droit Privé, Ibrahim Najjar

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

La Sanction Par La Régularisation Dans La Société Anonyme Libanaise, Wassel El Ajlani

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

La Réforme Du Droit Des Sociétés : Réforme D'Envergure Ou Simple Toilettage ?, Philippe Merle

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

Droit Commercial, Poej

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

Thierry Bonneau, Précis Du Droit Bancaire, Ibrahim Najjar

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

Pengabaian Hak Cipta Musik Dalam Pelatihan Algoritma Artificial Intelligence: Analisis Penggandaan Karya Dan Implikasi Hak Moral Pencipta, Adi Jaya, Reni B. Setianingrum

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

The development of Artificial Intelligence in the music industry raises new legal challenges within copyright law, particulary regarding the use of copyrighted musical works as training data for AI algorithms, AI training processes typically involve digital reproduction, dataset storage, and musical pattern extraction, often conducted without consent or attribution, thereby posing risks to the protection of authors moral rights. This article examines whether AI training activities ca be legally classified as reproduction under Indonesia’s Copyright Law (Law No. 28 of 2014) and analyzes their implications for the protection of moral rights. Using a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, …

La Différence Entre Le Contrat De Franchisage Et Le Contrat De Représentation Commerciale En Droit Libanais, Mazen N. Houssami

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

Regulatory Innovation Through Authority: An Analysis Of India’S Central Consumer Protection Authority’S Functioning (2020–2025), Gaurav Pathak, Mohit Yadav, Anush Ganesh

International Journal on Consumer Law and Practice

This article presents the first comprehensive empirical analysis of India’s Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), since its establishment in 2020, based on an examination of 165 orders across 118 cases through 2025. The study fills a critical research gap by systematically analysing CCPA’s enforcement patterns, procedural efficiency, and regulatory evolution. The unique dataset reveals that CCPA has fundamentally transformed India’s consumer protection landscape through a distinctive dual approach that combines reactive enforcement with proactive regulation. This study finds that 72 per cent of cases were initiated suo moto, indicating a paradigm shift from complaint-driven to preventive market surveillance and that …

الإجتهاد اللبناني, Poej

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

المصارف الخاصة والمشتركة في سوريا, لينا الحكيم

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

الإجتهاد اللبناني, Poej

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

الإجتهاد اللبناني, Poej

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

أيلولة الحق في مقابل الوفاء لحامل الورقة التجارية, فائق الشماع

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

La Cession De Créance Soumise Aux Régimes Spéciaux, Malek El Sayed

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.

الإجتهاد اللبناني, Poej

Proche-Orient, Études juridiques

No abstract provided.