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Ratio Legis Penambahan Modal Negara Kepada Lembaga Pembiayaan Ekspor Indonesia, Syarif Hidayat

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Since its establishment under Law Number 2 of 2009 concerning The Indonesian Export Financing Institution (LPEI), the Indonesian Export Financing Institution has gained additional capital participation nine times between 2010 and 2021 by the passage of government regulations. The rules for extra capital in the legislation on its establishment only take the form of regulations in the event that the capital of the Indonesian Export Financing Institution is decreased by a particular amount, but the additional capital that has been carried out thus far is not meant to replace the capital deficiency. As a result, this research was undertaken to …

Privacy Risks And Regulatory Challenges In Smart Grids And Renewable Energy Systems, Mikołaj Rajca

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Smart grid technologies are central to the global shift towards a more efficient and sustainable energy infrastructure, integrating advanced digital systems with traditional power networks. While these technologies offer significant benefits, including enhanced energy management and the seamless integration of renewable energy sources, they also introduce complex privacy challenges. The extensive data collection and real-time communication capabilities inherent in smart grids raise concerns over consumer privacy, data breaches, and cybersecurity threats. This paper critically examines these privacy risks within the context of evolving regulatory frameworks such as the GDPR, NIS2 Directive, and the forthcoming EU AI Act. The discussion emphasizes …

Termination Of Contracts Concluded By Entrepreneurs With Consumers For An Indefinite Period Of Time In The Light Of The Standpoint Of The President Of The Offi Ce Of Competition And Consumer Protection (Uokik) In The Amazon Case, Michał Kalinowski

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

This article discusses the issue of permissibility of the termination of contracts concluded by entrepreneurs with consumers for an indefi nite period of time. The article presents the previous line of decisions of the President of the Offi ce of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) and the case-law of Polish courts concerning the so-called ‘valid reasons’ as a basis of such termination, both from the perspective of termination clauses and modifi cation clauses. This past practice is juxtaposed with the most recent position of the UOKiK President in the Amazon case, and the changes in the terms of service introduced …

‘Intentionality’ As A Feature Of The Subjective Side Of The Tort Of Allowing A Violation Of The Prohibition Of Agreements Restricting Competition, Marta Dobosz, Jarosław Szewczyk

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

In the event of finding that an entrepreneur has violated the prohibition specifi ed in Article 6(1) items 1–6 of the Polish Act on Competition and Consumer Protection or in Article 101(1) letter a–e of the TFEU, liability may also be borne by a manager who, in the performance of their function and within the duration of the established infringement, intentionally allowed such an infringement to occur through their action or omission (see Art. 6a of the Act of Competition and Consumer Protection). The purpose of assigning this liability is to demonstrate the individual features of the action in question. …

Vol. 13(2) - Entire Issue

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Entore issue 13(2)

Table Of Contents

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Table of contents

Boeing Ruling Is A Cautionary Tale For Trade Secret Litigants, Matthew D'Amore

Cornell Law Faculty Publications

On Aug. 14, a $72 million jury trial win by Zunum Aero Inc. against The Boeing Co. in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington for trade secret misappropriation evaporated with the court's post-trial holding that Zunum had failed to identify its trade secrets sufficiently.

How did we get here after three years of litigation, eight days of trial and countless dollars spent? How can litigants — and courts — avoid this situation in the future?

Clear pretrial identification of trade secrets is key, and litigants can find a road map for this in the Sedona Conference's …

Urgensi Memahami Arbitrase Bagi Pemangku Kepentingan Dunia Bisnis Di Indonesia, Bambang Hariyanto, Saptarini Saptarini

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Abstract The resolution of business disputes through arbitration forums is increasingly favored by the majority of business actors in Indonesia. One indication of this is the growing number of business actors, both from the private sector and state-owned enterprises, who include arbitration agreements as dispute clauses in their contracts. Arbitration has even attracted the interest of MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) as a forum to resolve their business disputes. This phenomenon ultimately highlighted the urgency for stakeholders in the business world to understand arbitration. Using normative juridical methods, this article contained a series of analyses of primary materials, including …

Koszty Pozyskiwania Kapitału W Drodze Emisji Obligacji Na Gruncie Podatku Dochodowego Od Osób Prawnych, Anna Kasperowicz, Robert Piechota

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Running a business depends largely on having the necessary funds, and one of the ways to obtain them is to issue bonds. Raising capital by issuing bonds usually brings certain benefits to the issuer, but may also cause certain difficulties. They concern primarily the proper interpretation and understanding of regulations related to taxation of bond issues and their trading. The aim of the article is to discuss the issues of costs arising in connection with the issue of bonds, and their proper interpretation in the context of the regulations of the Corporate Income Tax Act. The analysis was carried out …

Szacowanie Rozsądnego Zysku W Ramach Opłat Za Dostęp Do Obiektów Kolejowej Infrastruktury Usługowej Na Przykładzie Stacji Pasażerskich, Leszek Borowiec

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The objective of the paper is to interpret the definition of ‘reasonable profit’ in railroad law, and to present the author’s proposal for its calculation in the framework of fees for the provision of railroad service infrastructure facilities, as well as making estimates using the example of passenger railroad stations. In terms of research methodology, the paper contains a review of international literature and practices, reports, guidelines and recommendations published by regulatory authorities. It also indicates the implications on the methodology for estimating ‘reasonable profit’ as a component of the cost of access to service infrastructure. The article presents the …

Jak Wykorzystanie Finansów Zdecentralizowanych Może Zwiększyć Dostęp Mikro- I Małych Przedsiębiorstw Do Kapitału Finansowego – Założenia Do Eksperymentu Ekonomicznego, Dariusz Sobolewski

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article presents the nature of decentralized finance (DeFi) as a potential alternative to traditional financing models for micro and small enterprises. Focusing on the limitations of the traditional financial system, the main barriers to access financial capital for micro and small enterprises are highlighted. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the feasibility of conducting an economic experiment to investigate whether a decentralized finance approach can become a solution to increase the accessibility of financial capital for micro and small enterprises. The results of such economic experiment could potentially contribute to future discussions and the conduct of …

Zaufanie Społeczne A Uwarunkowania Psychologiczne Atrakcyjności Oferty Sektora Fintech Wśród Klientów Indywidualnych Banków, Krzysztof Świerszczak

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Latest research shows that social trust has ceased to be an element of the competitive advantage of banks over enterprises that use innovation in the process of providing financial services. Moreover, consumers trust companies belonging to the FinTech (Financial/Technology) sector to a greater extent than banks. In this context, the determinants of consumer decisions, in particular psychological ones, should be analyzed. These are individualized in the context of each choice made by the consumer, and in the face of the observed comparable level of consumer trust in FinTech entities and banks. They may indicate significant differences in the perception of …

Prowadzenie Rejestru Akcjonariuszy W Formie Rozproszonej I Zdecentralizowanej Bazy Danych – Uwagi Na Tle Art. 328(1) Kodeksu Spółek Handlowych, Paweł Czaplicki

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article discusses the issue of the forms of maintaining a register of shareholders, including the use of a dispersed and decentralized database. The article uses the dogmatic-legal research method. The key problem posed in the paper is whether, in the light of the applicable Art. 328(1) of the Commercial Companies Code, maintaining a register of shareholders using a dispersed and decentralized database is at all possible in Poland. In this context, according to the hypothesis put forward by the author, the legal provisions currently in force in this area make it impossible to maintain a register of shareholders in …

Wstrzymanie Na Podstawie Art. 31za Ustawy Z 2 Marca 2020 R. O Szczególnych Rozwiązaniach Związanych Z Zapobieganiem, Przeciwdziałaniem I Zwalczaniem Covid-19, Innych Chorób Zakaźnych I Wywoływanych Nimi Sytuacji Kryzysowych Biegu Terminów Dokonania Czynności Przez Komisję Nadzoru Finansowego W Ramach Nadzoru Nad Rynkiem Finansowym, Joanna Róg-Dyrda

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The aim of this article is to analyze the issue of suspending deadlines for actions to be taken by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority in the area of financial supervision based on Article 31za of the Act of 2 March 2020 on Special Solutions Related to the Prevention, Counteracting and Combating COVID-19, Other Infectious Diseases, and Crisis Situations Caused by them (Covid-19 Act). The article focuses on interpretive doubts that have arisen in jurisprudence and the effects of regulations on legal certainty.

Przegląd Orzecznictwa Sądów Polskich W Sprawach Kredytów Hipotecznych Dotyczących Walut Obcych (Wybrane Przykłady), Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska, Marta Fabiszewska

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

This review presents a selection of Polish court cases that have been rendered in recent years (2017–2023) by the Supreme Court and common courts (district and appellate) in cases of loans relating to foreign currencies (denominated or indexed to a foreign currency). These rulings are presented according to the leading problems on which they focus, which are reflected in the titles of the separate subdivisions of this study, i.e.: the status of the consumer borrower; agreements concluded between entrepreneurs; the scope of a lender’s obligation to inform the borrower about foreign currency risk; repayment of a loan directly in a …

Przegląd Decyzji Prezesa Uokik W Sprawach Antykonsumenckich Praktyk Rynkowych Dotyczących Usług Finansowych Wydanych W 2023 Roku, Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska, Artur Zwaliński

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

This paper reviews the decisions of the President of the Polish Competition Authority (UOKiK) issued between 1 January and 31 December 2023. All decisions issued by the UOKiK President in the aforementioned period were analyzed and assessed. They were divided into two main categories resulting from the competences of the UOKiK President to issue decisions in cases of anti-consumer market practices, namely: decisions in cases of an infringement of collective consumer interests, and decisions in cases of an application of prohibited contractual provisions in contract templates, and within them, into groups according to their specific key problems. With regard to …

Ubezpieczenie Odpowiedzialności Cywilnej Za Produkt Niebezpieczny – Analiza Warunków Ubezpieczeniowych, Aleksandra Gnas

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

The article analyzes product liability insurance available on the market. The research focuses on how civil law terms are defined in the general terms and conditions (T&C) of insurance, and on the identification of terminological ambiguities. The scope of insurance coverage is analyzed, making it possible to determine whether it is sufficiently broad. The review of general insurance T&C provided in this article is of a practical nature facilitating the assessment of the quality, terms and availability of liability insurance for dangerous products.

Narzędzia Służące Do Weryfikacji Zdolności Kredytowej W Prawie Amerykańskim – Skuteczny Element Ochrony Kredytobiorców-Konsumentów Czy Zbędne Procedury?, Wanesa Choptiany-Mańka

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

This article aims to provide a concise analysis of U.S. law at the federal level regarding lenders’ obligation to verify consumers’ creditworthiness as part of their pre-contractual obligations. It focuses primarily on the instruments that lenders have at their disposal in order to conduct the examination in as much of an effective and standardized manner as possible, while protecting both their own interests, and the interests of consumers against amassing excessive debt. The article will attempt to answer the question whether the tools available to American lenders fulfill their function, and whether the Polish legislator can draw inspiration from US …

Bankowość Elektroniczna W Polsce W Opinii Klientów Indywidualnych W Świetle Wyników Badania Własnego, Weronika Mazurek

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Considering the dynamic technological progress, electronic banking is now both a modern and convenient means for clients to communicate with their bank remotely. Importantly, e-banking is gaining increasing prominence as a commonly accepted and key tool for financial management in modern society. The purpose of this article is to present the results of a survey conducted among individual clients in possession of a bank account. The survey focuses on understanding the ways in which e-banking shapes clients’ habits and influences their preferences. The survey has set out two research hypotheses. First, that there is a growing trend of traditional banking …

Defining Relevant Markets In Digital Ecosystems, Daniel A. Crane

Articles

Traditional market definition focuses on the substitutability of two products or geographies. In digital ecosystems, competition often occurs in important ways that elide definition in conventional substitutability terms. This Article considers three kinds of economic rivalry that do not fit the conventional market definition mold: (1) Single-side competition: In two sided markets, firms may compete on just one side of the market. For example, Google and Facebook compete for the same advertisers, but their users on the other side of the market do not necessarily think of the offerings (social media and universal search) as substitutes; (2) Ecosystem competition: Technology …