Pathology Commons^™

Proceedings Of The African Pathologists Summit; March 22-23, 2013; Dakar, Senegal: A Summary, Shahin Sayed

Pathology, East Africa

Context: This report presents the proceedings of the African Pathologists Summit, held under the auspices of the African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer.

Objectives: To deliberate on the challenges and constraints of the practice of pathology in Sub-Saharan Africa and the avenues for addressing them.

Participants: Collaborating organizations included the American Society for Clinical Pathology; Association of Pathologists of Nigeria; British Division of the International Academy of Pathology; College of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa; East African Division of the International Academy of Pathology; Friends of Africa-United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Initiative; International Academy …

Reassessment Of Risk Genotypes (Grn, Tmem106b, And Abcc9 Variants) Associated With Hippocampal Sclerosis Of Aging Pathology, Peter T. Nelson, Wang-Xia Wang, Amanda B. Partch, Sarah E. Monsell, Otto Valladares, Sally R. Ellingson, Bernard R. Wilfred, Adam C. Naj, Li-San Wang, Walter A. Kukull, David W. Fardo

Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Faculty Publications

Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) is a common high-morbidity neurodegenerative condition in elderly persons. To understand the risk factors for HS-Aging, we analyzed data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium and correlated the data with clinical and pathologic information from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center database. Overall, 268 research volunteers with HS-Aging and 2,957 controls were included; detailed neuropathologic data were available for all. The study focused on single-nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with HS-Aging risk: rs5848 ( GRN ), rs1990622 ( TMEM106B ), and rs704180 ( ABCC9 ). Analyses of a subsample that was not previously evaluated (51 HS-Aging cases …

Clinical And Pathologic Significance Of Integrin Α6Β4 Expression In Human Malignancies, Rachel L. Stewart

Theses and Dissertations--Clinical and Translational Science

Integrins are cellular adhesion molecules that bind cells to the extracellular matrix. The integrin α6β4, a receptor for laminins, is predominantly expressed on epithelial cells where it is present at the basal surface adjacent to the basement membrane. This integrin plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular functions, yet has also been implicated in promoting invasion and metastasis in human malignancies. While overexpression of the integrin α6β4 has been detected in select human cancers, the clinical significance of integrin α6β4 expression in a number of malignancies has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to examine integrin …

Hiv Prevalence In Blood Donors And Recipients In Pakistan: A Meta-Analysis And Analysis Of Blood-Bank Data, Bushra Moiz, Barkat Ali, Muhammad Hasnain Chatha, Ahmed Raheem, Hasan Abbas Zaheer

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background:
The first instances of HIV-antibody detection in donated blood in Pakistan were reported in 1988. Since then, documentation of HIV in blood donors and of rates of transmission via transfusion has been limited. Previously assumed to have a low prevalence, HIV is an increasing health concern in Pakistan. Since there is no national, centralized blood-banking system, there are no reliable data on which to base estimated risks of transfusion-associated HIV infection. This study was therefore conducted to estimate the prevalence of HIV in blood donors and recipients in Pakistan between 1988 and 2012.
Methods:
Meta-analyses were undertaken of reported …

Mammary-Type Myofibroblastoma Of The Right Thigh: A Case Report And Review Of The Literature, Jamshid Abdul-Ghafar, Nasir Ud Din, Zubair Ahmad, Steven D. Billings

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Introduction:
Mammary-type myofibroblastoma of the soft tissue is a very rare, benign, mesenchymal neoplasm with myofibroblastic differentiation. To date, 20 cases of extra-mammary myofibroblastoma have been described in literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest extra-mammary myofibroblastoma described in the literature, and the first case reported in this location.
Case Presentation:
A 50-year-old Pakistani man presented with a long history of a painless, huge lump on his right thigh. His clinical examination showed normal-looking skin and there was no inguinal lymphadenopathy. The mass was excised with a clinical impression of soft tissue sarcoma. Gross examination showed …

Rhesus And Kell Phenotyping Of Voluntary Blood Donors: Foundation Of A Donor Data Bank, Farheen Karim, Bushra Moiz, Fahmida Jan Muhammad, Fatima Ausat, Mohammad Khurshid

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To assess the Rhesus (Rh) and Kell (K) phenotype of voluntary blood donors and lay foundation of a data bank of voluntary blood donors. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Blood Bank, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, in the year 2014.
METHODOLOGY: Voluntary blood donors were inducted after taking written informed consent. Three -5cc of EDTA anticoagulated blood sample was taken to phenotype red cells for C, c, E, e, and Kell antigens using antisera. [DiaMedSwitzerland].
RESULTS: Hundred blood donors were included in the study. ABO blood groups of the donors were: O …

Serine Palmitoyltransferase And Giardial Encystation, Monica Delgado

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite responsible for chronic diarrheal disease in humans and animals. Giardia has minimal lipid synThesis machinery and the majority of its lipids are obtained from the small intestine of humans where the trophozoites colonize. Recent results from our laboratory indicate that sphingolipids (SLs) are also important for Giardia and they regulate encystation and cyst production. Only five SL genes are present in this parasite and they are differentially regulated during encystation. In my studies, I found that giardial serine palmitoyltransferase (gSPT) activity is upregulated in encysting cells, suggesting it might play an important role …

Cryptococcus Neoformans And Streptococcus Pneumoniae Co-Infection In Post-Traumatic Meningitis In A Patient With Unknown Hiv Status, Faryal Saleem, Naima Fasih, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Meningitis is a serious disease associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Mixed meningeal infections due to bacteria and fungi are exceptionally rare. Here we report a case of meningeal co-infection with cryptococcus neoformans and streptococcus pneumoniae in a patient with unknown human immunodeficiency virus status. Because of the rarity of such cases, stringent screening of every cerebrospinal fluid specimen to exclude the presence of multiple pathogens is imperative. Assessment of patients for immunodeficiencies in case of isolation of an opportunistic organism like cryptococcus is also needed.

Hospital Preparedness In Community Measles Outbreaks-Challenges And Recommendations For Low-Resource Settings, Sadia Shakoor, Fatima Mir, Anita Zaidi, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

We have reviewed various strategies involved in containment of measles in healthcare facilities during community outbreaks. The strategies that are more applicable to resource-poor settings, such as natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation with heating and air-conditioning systems allowing unidirectional air-flow, and protection of un-infected patients and healthcare workers (HCWs), have been examined. Ventilation methods need innovative customization for resource-poor settings followed by validation and post-implementation analysis for impact. Mandatory vaccination of all HCWs with two doses of measles-containing vaccine, appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis of immunocompromised inpatients, and stringent admission criteria for measles cases can contribute toward reduction of nosocomial and secondary transmission …

Clinical Isolates Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Agona Producing Ndm-1 Metallo-Beta-Lactamase: First Report From Pakistan, Seema Irfan, Erum Khan, Kauser Jabeen, Pushpa Bhawan, Katie L. Hopkins, Martin Day, Amna Nasir, Daniele Meunier, Neil Woodford

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

We report two cases of infantile diarrhea due to multidrug-resistant, NDM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Agona from Pakistan. This study alerts toward possible risk of NDM-1 transmission to enteric fever pathogens and encourages microbiologists to consider active screening of carbapenem resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Clinicopathologic And Risk Stratification Study Of 255 Cases From Pakistan And Review Of Literature, Nasir Ud Din, Zubair Ahmad, Huma Arshad, Romana Idrees, Naila Kayani

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Purpose:
To describe the clinicopathological features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) diagnosed in our section and to perform risk stratification of our cases by assigning them to specific risk categories and groups for disease progression based on proposals by Fletcher et al and Miettinen and Lasota.
Material and Results:
We retrieved 255 cases of GIST diagnosed between 2003 and 2014. Over 59% were male. The age range was 16 to 83 years with a mean of 51 years. Over 70% occurred between 40 and 70 years of age. Average diameter of tumors was 10 cms. The stomach was the most …

Bordetella Petrii Recovered From Chronic Pansinusitis In An Adult With Cystic Fibrosis, Laura Biederman, Marc Rosen Md, Brent S. Bobik, Amity L. Roberts, Phd, D(Abmm)

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

No abstract provided.

Urological Pathology, Andrew Renshaw

All Publications

No abstract provided.

Classification Of Current Anticancer Immunotherapies., Lorenzo Galluzzi, Erika Vacchelli, José-Manuel Bravo-San Pedro, Aitziber Buqué, Laura Senovilla, Elisa Elena Baracco, Norma Bloy, Francesca Castoldi, Jean-Pierre Abastado, Patrizia Agostinis, Ron N. Apte, Fernando Aranda, Maha Ayyoub, Philipp Beckhove, Jean-Yves Blay, Laura Bracci, Anne Caignard, Chiara Castelli, Federica Cavallo, Estaban Celis, Vincenzo Cerundolo, Aled Clayton, Mario P. Colombo, Lisa Coussens, Madhav V. Dhodapkar, Alexander M. Eggermont, Douglas T. Fearon, Wolf H. Fridman, Jitka Fučíková, Dmitry I. Gabrilovich, Jérôme Galon, Abhishek Garg, François Ghiringhelli, Giuseppe Giaccone, Eli Gilboa, Sacha Gnjatic, Axel Hoos, Anne Hosmalin, Dirk Jäger, Pawel Kalinski, Klas Kärre, Oliver Kepp, Rolf Kiessling, John M. Kirkwood, Eva Klein, Alexander Knuth, Claire E. Lewis, Roland Liblau, Michael T. Lotze, Enrico Lugli, Jean-Pierre Mach, Fabrizio Mattei, Domenico Mavilio, Ignacio Melero, Cornelis J. Melief, Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Lorenzo Moretta, Adekunke Odunsi, Hideho Okada, Anna Karolina Palucka, Marcus E. Peter, Kenneth J. Pienta, Angel Porgador, George C. Prendergast, Gabriel A. Rabinovich, Nicholas P. Restifo, Naiyer Rizvi, Catherine Sautès-Fridman, Hans Schreiber, Barbara Seliger, Hiroshi Shiku, Bruno Silva-Santos, Mark J. Smyth, Daniel E. Speiser, Radek Spisek, Pramod K. Srivastava, James E. Talmadge, Eric Tartour, Sjoerd H. Van Der Burg, Benoît J. Van Den Eynde, Richard Vile, Hermann Wagner, Jeffrey S. Weber, Theresa L. Whiteside, Jedd D. Wolchok, Laurence Zitvogel, Weiping Zou, Guido Kroemer

Journal Articles: Pathology and Microbiology

During the past decades, anticancer immunotherapy has evolved from a promising therapeutic option to a robust clinical reality. Many immunotherapeutic regimens are now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for use in cancer patients, and many others are being investigated as standalone therapeutic interventions or combined with conventional treatments in clinical studies. Immunotherapies may be subdivided into "passive" and "active" based on their ability to engage the host immune system against cancer. Since the anticancer activity of most passive immunotherapeutics (including tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies) also relies on the host immune system, this classification …

Cyclooxygenase-2, Prostaglandin E2, And Prostanoid Receptor Ep2 In Fluid Flow Shear Stress-Mediated Injury In The Solitary Kidney., Tarak Srivastava, Uri S. Alon, Patricia A. Cudmore, Belal Tarakji, Alexander Kats, Robert E. Garola, R Scott Duncan, Ellen T. Mccarthy, Ram Sharma, Mark L. Johnson, Lynda F. Bonewald, Ashraf El-Meanawy, Virginia J. Savin, Mukut Sharma

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Hyperfiltration subjects podocytes to increased tensile stress and fluid flow shear stress (FFSS). We showed a 1.5- to 2.0-fold increase in FFSS in uninephrectomized animals and altered podocyte actin cytoskeleton and increased synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) following in vitro application of FFSS. We hypothesized that increased FFSS mediates cellular changes through specific receptors of PGE2. Presently, we studied the effect of FFSS on cultured podocytes and decapsulated isolated glomeruli in vitro, and on solitary kidney in uninephrectomized sv129 mice. In cultured podocytes, FFSS resulted in increased gene and protein expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 but not COX-1, prostanoid receptor EP2 …

Expression Of Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 1 (Socs1) Impairs Viral Clearance And Exacerbates Lung Injury During Influenza Infection., Keer Sun, Sharon Salmon, Vijaya Kumar Yajjala, Christopher Bauer, Dennis W. Metzger

Journal Articles: Pathology and Microbiology

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are inducible feedback inhibitors of cytokine signaling. SOCS1-/- mice die within three weeks postnatally due to IFN-γ-induced hyperinflammation. Since it is well established that IFN-γ is dispensable for protection against influenza infection, we generated SOCS1-/-IFN-γ-/- mice to determine whether SOCS1 regulates antiviral immunity in vivo. Here we show that SOCS1-/-IFN-γ-/- mice exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to influenza infection, as evidenced by improved viral clearance, attenuated acute lung damage, and consequently increased survival rates compared to either IFN-γ-/- or WT animals. Enhanced viral clearance in SOCS1-/-IFN-γ-/- mice coincided with a rapid onset of adaptive immune …

Quantitative Neuropathological Assessment To Investigate Cerebral Multi-Morbidity, Johannes Attems, Janna H. Neltner, Peter T. Nelson

Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Faculty Publications

The aging brain is characterized by the simultaneous presence of multiple pathologies, and the prevalence of cerebral multi-morbidity increases with age. To understand the impact of each subtype of pathology and the combined effects of cerebral multi-morbidity on clinical signs and symptoms, large clinico-pathological correlative studies have been performed. However, such studies are often based on semi-quantitative assessment of neuropathological hallmark lesions. Here, we discuss some of the new methods for high-throughput quantitative neuropathological assessment. These methods combine increased quantitative rigor with the added technical capacity of computers and networked analyses. There are abundant new opportunities - with specific techniques …

Labrad : Vol 40, Issue 2 - November 2014, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi

LABRAD - Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Radiology Archives

• Significance of HLA Typing in Transplant Medicine
• Role of Protocol Renal Biopsies in Transplant Patients
• Blood Product Utilization in Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients
• Use of Magic Marker “C4d” in the Diagnosis of Acute Antibody Mediated Rejection in Renal Transplant Patients
• Coagulopathy in Renal Transplantation
• Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Cyclosporine
• Signifi cance of CMV antigenemia Assay In Renal Transplant Patients
• Pretransplant Serological Evaluation
• Importance of Monitoring Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and BKV (Polyomavirus) Infection in Renal Transplant Patients

Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection Upregulates Genes Involved In Innate Immune Responses., Dhriti Chatterjee, Sankar Addya, Reas S Khan, Lawrence C. Kenyon, Alexander Choe, Randall J Cohrs, Kenneth S Shindler, Jayasri Das Sarma

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

Neurotropic recombinant strain of Mouse Hepatitis Virus, RSA59, induces meningo-encephalitis, myelitis and demyelination following intracranial inoculation. RSA59 induced neuropathology is partially caused by activation of CNS resident microglia, as demonstrated by changes in cellular morphology and increased expression of a microglia/macrophage specific calcium ion binding factor, Iba1. Affymetrix Microarray analysis for mRNA expression data reveals expression of inflammatory mediators that are known to be released by activated microglia. Microglia-specific cell surface molecules, including CD11b, CD74, CD52 and CD68, are significantly upregulated in contrast to CD4, CD8 and CD19. Protein analysis of spinal cord extracts taken from mice 6 days post-inoculation, …

Temporal And Stochastic Control Of Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Development., Derek E. Moormeier, Jeffrey L. Bose, Alexander R. Horswill, Kenneth W. Bayles

Journal Articles: Pathology and Microbiology

Biofilm communities contain distinct microniches that result in metabolic heterogeneity and variability in gene expression. Previously, these niches were visualized within Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by observing differential expression of the cid and lrg operons during tower formation. In the present study, we examined early biofilm development and identified two new stages (designated "multiplication" and "exodus") that were associated with changes in matrix composition and a distinct reorganization of the cells as the biofilm matured. The initial attachment and multiplication stages were shown to be protease sensitive but independent of most cell surface-associated proteins. Interestingly, after 6 h of growth, an …