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Articles 28591 - 28620 of 658257

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Panopticon Farming: The Use Of Satellite Imagery For Supervision In Bulgarian Agricultural Subsidy Management, Desislava Stoycheva Stoeva Jan 2025

Panopticon Farming: The Use Of Satellite Imagery For Supervision In Bulgarian Agricultural Subsidy Management, Desislava Stoycheva Stoeva

Theses and Dissertations

With the widespread availability of affordable satellite imagery on demand and enhanced image analytics, satellite technology has gradually entered various public and private sectors in Eastern Europe. In particular, it has been implemented to streamline some outdated assessment processes in the agriculture sector, largely decreasing the cost, time, and effort associated with in-person compliance checks for subsidy funds. While in theory this substitution is an enhancement, consistent with the ongoing digitalization of farming in this region of Europe, certain aspects of this transition could be problematic for the individuals observed. This form of satellite supervision has granted governing institutions an …

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A Systematic Review And Meta Analysis Of Home-School Interventions For Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Devora Perlow Jan 2025

A Systematic Review And Meta Analysis Of Home-School Interventions For Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Devora Perlow

Theses and Dissertations

Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are pervasive and impair functioning across settings. Though effective interventions designed for school or for home settings are well established, collaborative cross-setting interventions for children with ADHD have yet to be systematically reviewed. The present study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis consisting of eight studies which were analyzed most prominently in (a) measures used, (b) child outcomes in functional impairment, social/emotional/behavioral functioning, and academic achievement, and (c) parent and teacher outcomes. Measures included in study are described, the majority were valid and reliable. Measures included in the review lacked consistency in which …

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An Examination Of Assessment Practices For Emotional Disturbance In Schools: A Systematic Review, Christie Mulligan Jan 2025

An Examination Of Assessment Practices For Emotional Disturbance In Schools: A Systematic Review, Christie Mulligan

Theses and Dissertations

School Psychologists are tasked with providing an array of evidence-based practices, though research has found that 50% of school psychologists’ time is spent in assessment (Benson et al., 2019). Although school psychologists are not solely making decisions based on assessment data, their evaluations are important and at the forefront of committee decisions within Special Education (Sullivan et al., 2019). Assessment plays a vital role in a struggling child’s educational track; therefore, it is imperative to consider what assessment practices and factors are informing crucial eligibilities and data-based decisions. A particularly challenging category within assessment in special education is determining ED. …

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Depressive Symptoms In Children Of Immigrants: The Role Of Parenting Styles And Cultural Dissonance, Sachi Penha Jan 2025

Depressive Symptoms In Children Of Immigrants: The Role Of Parenting Styles And Cultural Dissonance, Sachi Penha

Theses and Dissertations

Depression is a prevalent mental health disorder among adolescents, with children of immigrants being disproportionately affected. This study examined the relationship between parent immigrant status and depressive symptoms in young adults and investigated the mediating roles of parenting styles, specifically authoritarian parenting, and intergenerational cultural dissonance. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted on Qualtrics among 193 undergraduate students between the ages 17-30, at St. John’s University, with 125 children of immigrants and 69 children of non-immigrants. Depression was measured using the Patient-Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), intergenerational cultural dissonance was measured using the Asian American Conflicts Scale, and parenting styles was measured …

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Trust, Self-Efficacy, And Purpose At Work Among Teachers In Vietnam, Thomas J. Minunno Jan 2025

Trust, Self-Efficacy, And Purpose At Work Among Teachers In Vietnam, Thomas J. Minunno

Theses and Dissertations

A sense of purpose and meaning in work among teachers is a vital resource protecting against burnout, reducing anxiety and depression, and enhancing student engagement in the classroom (Boreham & Schutte, 2023; Lavy, 2022). The inherently social nature of schools prompts investigation into social predictors of purpose at work among teachers, including feelings of trust. The specific relationship between trust in one’s colleagues and administration and one’s sense of purpose at work among teachers in Vietnam is unexplored in empirical literature. We examine trust as a predictor of purposefulness at work and self-efficacy as a potential mediator of this relationship …

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In Defense Of Binary Symptom Count Scoring: Psychometric Benefits And Clinical Utility, Margaret Mcdonald Jan 2025

In Defense Of Binary Symptom Count Scoring: Psychometric Benefits And Clinical Utility, Margaret Mcdonald

Theses and Dissertations

Background: Assessment of mental health symptomology is essential for clinical research and patient care. Traditional measures of mental health symptoms typically use a Likert-type rating scale with scores and interpretations based on the sum of numeric Likert item responses. However, in addition to the psychometric difficulties posed by summing ordinal items, Likert sums are not directly linked to the proposed underlying construct of clinical distress and may not be clinically appropriate for patients in treatment due to a few specific symptoms rather than global distress across all symptoms. Aim & Method: The current study proposes an alternative binary scoring approach …

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Lost In The System: Child Sex Trafficking In Foster Care, Jennifer L. Monaghan Jan 2025

Lost In The System: Child Sex Trafficking In Foster Care, Jennifer L. Monaghan

Theses and Dissertations

“The true character of society is revealed in how it treats its children.” – Nelson Mandela Human trafficking has always existed. It spans the globe and has always been an epidemic. It is often referred to as a crime hidden in plain sight. The sexual exploitation of children in foster care is a topic within the field of sex trafficking that has not been explored enough in research. This research study focuses on the question, “How can placing a child in foster care make them susceptible to becoming a victim of child sex trafficking?” This research study has 132 female …

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Teacher Instructional Autonomy And Implementation Fidelity In Classroom-Based Interventions, Siobhán Christina Noonan Jan 2025

Teacher Instructional Autonomy And Implementation Fidelity In Classroom-Based Interventions, Siobhán Christina Noonan

Theses and Dissertations

The present study examines the relationship between teacher choice and autonomy and implementation fidelity of social-emotional curricula. Thirty-four teachers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions with varying levels of standardization they had to adhere to. Participants implemented Core Session One: Introduction to the Well-Being Promotion Program from the Well-Being Promotion Program (Suldo, 2016). A corresponding Intervention Integrity Checklist (Suldo, 2016) was used to assess implementation fidelity of the session. The Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS; Chen et al., 2015) and the Positive Psychotherapy Inventory (PPTI; Rashid & Seligman, 2018) were used to assess teacher ratings …

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Predictors Of Treatment Completion In Alternatives For Families: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Katharine Murphy Jan 2025

Predictors Of Treatment Completion In Alternatives For Families: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Katharine Murphy

Theses and Dissertations

Child maltreatment is linked to a range of adverse outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and mood disorders, and behavioral and interpersonal problems (Copeland et al., 2007; McLaughlin et al., 2013; Silverman et al., 2008). Children subjected to abuse by caregivers have the highest risk of PTSD onset (Alisic et al., 2014). To mitigate these effects, Alternatives for Families: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT; Kolko, et al., 2011) was developed to improve caregiver-child relationships. AF-CBT has proven effective in reducing family conflict, improving child symptomatology, and minimizing the potential for child abuse (Kolko, 1996a, 1996b; Swenson & Brown, 1999). …

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Modification And Validation Of A Measure Of Children’S Irrational Beliefs, Jessica Levy Jan 2025

Modification And Validation Of A Measure Of Children’S Irrational Beliefs, Jessica Levy

Theses and Dissertations

Higher levels of irrational and maladaptive thoughts have been linked to emotional and behavioral disturbance (Terjesen et al., 2017). A theoretical model that focuses on this pattern of thinking is Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Children’s thinking has predicted child emotional and behavioral responses (Terjesen et al., 2017). Although cognitions are proposed to be central in the development of emotional and behavioral difficulties, research on self-report measures to assess irrational beliefs is lacking (Dozois et al., 2019; Terjesen et al., 2020). The Child and Adolescent Scale of Irrationality (CASI) had shown preliminary support for reliability and validity; However, Terjesen et …

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Facets Of Self-Efficacy As Potential Mediators Of Interpersonal Relationships And Job Satisfaction With Teachers In Vietnam, Justin Meas Lazu Jan 2025

Facets Of Self-Efficacy As Potential Mediators Of Interpersonal Relationships And Job Satisfaction With Teachers In Vietnam, Justin Meas Lazu

Theses and Dissertations

Job satisfaction is a critical factor influencing teacher retention, well-being, and self-efficacy. Interpersonal relationships within the workplace—including those with students, colleagues, and principals—have been shown to be key contributors to job satisfaction. Although research has extensively explored job satisfaction in a Western educational context, few studies have examined its predictors in a Southeast Asian context, particularly in Vietnam. Given Vietnam’s collectivist culture and Confucian-influenced education system, where workplace harmony and hierarchical relationships are emphasized over individual autonomy, the factors influencing teacher job satisfaction may differ significantly from those in Western contexts. Further, the mechanisms through which workplace relationships influence job …

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The Effect Of Working Memory On Psychological Hardiness: The Moderating Effect Of Stress And Motivation, Sarah Joy Labarbera Jan 2025

The Effect Of Working Memory On Psychological Hardiness: The Moderating Effect Of Stress And Motivation, Sarah Joy Labarbera

Theses and Dissertations

Psychological Hardiness is a resilience personality trait with extensive empirical evidence of its combative effects against stress (Bartone et al., 2008; Oliver, 2009; Johnsen et al., 2013). However, the cognitive processes underlying this skill are not well understood. Understanding the mechanisms of resiliency is imperative for all human persons to succeed, especially those involved in high-stress occupations. This study will investigate the relationship between working memory capacity and psychological hardiness, as well as assess stress and motivation as potential moderating variables. We hypothesized that 1) Higher vs. Lower levels of working memory capacity (WMC) will predict higher levels of Hardiness, …

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A New Order From Old Ruins: The Fall Of The First Republic And The Ascent Of Silvio Berlusconi, Charles J. Lamb Jan 2025

A New Order From Old Ruins: The Fall Of The First Republic And The Ascent Of Silvio Berlusconi, Charles J. Lamb

Theses and Dissertations

This research examines the political rise of Silvio Berlusconi in the context of Italy’s transition from the First to the Second Republic, analyzing how his populist rhetoric, media dominance, and coalition-building strategies enabled his electoral success in 1994. The research utilizes a behavioralist approach and the framework of political opportunity structures to explore how Berlusconi’s tactics intersected with broader structural transformations, including economic instability, institutional collapse, and shifting societal norms. The researcher conducted the study in Rome, Italy, and it draws on historical and political data from the early 1990s, as well as more contemporary research, analyzing electoral shifts, economic …

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Evaluating School Psychologists’ Understanding Of Psw Approaches In Sld Identification, Izabela Konopko Jan 2025

Evaluating School Psychologists’ Understanding Of Psw Approaches In Sld Identification, Izabela Konopko

Theses and Dissertations

Specific Learning Disability (SLD) is the most common classification for special education children in the United States (National Center for Education Statistics, 2018). With the high prevalence of this disorder, an increase in the use of the pattern of strengths and weaknesses (PSW) method, and the responsibility of the school psychologist to engage in competent practice, this study aimed to investigate the level of understanding school psychologists have in three of the most common PSW methods: Naglieri’s (1999) discrepancy/consistency method (DCM), Flanagan and colleagues’ (2002, 2013) dual-discrepancy consistency method (DD/C), and Hale and Fiorello’s (2004) concordance-discordance method (C-DM; Maki & …

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The Dual Factor Model: Comparing Predictive Validity Of Different Informant Variations On Academic And Mental Health Outcomes, Kim Keller Jan 2025

The Dual Factor Model: Comparing Predictive Validity Of Different Informant Variations On Academic And Mental Health Outcomes, Kim Keller

Theses and Dissertations

The Dual Factor Model (DFM) of mental health conceptualizes well-being and psychopathology as distinct but interrelated constructs. Unlike traditional models that focus solely on psychopathology, the DFM incorporates positive attributes such as subjective well-being, allowing for a more meaningful classification of students (Greenspoon & Falkofske, 2001; Suldo & Shaffer, 2008). Despite its increasing use in school-based research, prior studies have lacked intention in informant selection when assessing internalizing and externalizing behaviors, leading to variability in DFM construction. Given known discrepancies among self, teacher, and parent reports in mental health assessment, informant choice may significantly impact classification and predictive validity (De …

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All Angry Youth Are Not The Same: A Latent Profile Analysis Of The Anger Regulation And Expression Scale, Natasha Toralba Kostek Jan 2025

All Angry Youth Are Not The Same: A Latent Profile Analysis Of The Anger Regulation And Expression Scale, Natasha Toralba Kostek

Theses and Dissertations

This study identified youth subgroups with distinct dysfunctional anger patterns using an exploratory latent profile analysis (LPA) procedure. The analytic samples were derived from an archival sample of 10- to 17-year-olds (N = 1,348) who completed the Anger Regulation and Expression Scale (ARES; DiGiuseppe & Tafrate, 2011), a narrowband standardized measure of anger and aggression in youth. The study aimed to (a) verify whether previously identified clinical and subclinical Subjective, Expressive, and Combined Anger Types found in adult and youth samples would manifest in this dataset and (b) identify subtypes within these categories to clarify internalized and externalized anger patterns …

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Working Harder, Or Working Faster? Novel And Working Memory Task Validity For Inidividuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Jacqueline Anne Hilbert Jan 2025

Working Harder, Or Working Faster? Novel And Working Memory Task Validity For Inidividuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Jacqueline Anne Hilbert

Theses and Dissertations

Imagine having a disorder where you are predisposed to score a year below average on examinations for your age (Lawrence et al., 2020). This is the frustrating reality for individuals with ADHD. This life-long neurodevelopmental disorder impacts people's functioning in their everyday lives, including standardized task performance. However, it is possible that individuals with ADHD may actually present advantages in tasks that require the ability to release taxing cognitive processes, such as proactive cognitive control. This question has not been examined before and may shed light on the interpretation of ADHD individuals’ performance on standardized tests and tasks. To this …

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Opening Pandora’S Black Box In The Nexus Of Media, Consciousness And Ai, Gad Karmi Jan 2025

Opening Pandora’S Black Box In The Nexus Of Media, Consciousness And Ai, Gad Karmi

Theses and Dissertations

This research examines the intersection of media, artificial intelligence, and consciousness through an ethnographic analysis spanning 1940-2024. The study introduces the concept of "Darrative" as a framework for understanding how consciousness processes information, challenging traditional rational choice theory while extending beyond Fisher's narrative paradigm. A key contribution is the development of the "Thinking System" model, demonstrating how information processing occurs through darrative frameworks. The methodology employs Latour's actor-network theory to examine how scientific knowledge is constructed and stabilized through networks of human and non-human actors. Using a systematic Boolean search through academic databases, the study initially identified 15 relevant peer-reviewed …

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African American Executive Leaders And Positive Psychology: Exploring The Nexus Of Executive Leadership And African American Literature, Van Havercome Jan 2025

African American Executive Leaders And Positive Psychology: Exploring The Nexus Of Executive Leadership And African American Literature, Van Havercome

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this narrative study was to explore the experiences that African Americans have in executive leadership positions within higher education. The participants in this study identified as African Americans, with a doctorate, who held an executive leadership position in higher education. The colleges and universities where the participants were employed were predominantly White institutions on the East and West Coast regions of the United States. A narrative research model was utilized to collect stories of the participants’ lived experiences as executive leaders who used positive psychology to overcome barriers within their positions. In addition, the executive leaders made …

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Extracurricular Activity Involvement As A Protective Factor For Adolescent Delinquency For Youth Exposed To Parental Alcohol And/Or Drug Dependency, Faith Ippoliti Jan 2025

Extracurricular Activity Involvement As A Protective Factor For Adolescent Delinquency For Youth Exposed To Parental Alcohol And/Or Drug Dependency, Faith Ippoliti

Theses and Dissertations

The present study investigated whether extracurricular involvement in adolescence serves as a protective factor against adolescent delinquency for youth exposed to parental alcohol and/or drug dependency in early childhood. While previous research has established parental substance use as a risk factor for adolescent delinquency, less is known about whether extracurricular activities moderate this association. The present study included a subsample of 3,251 youth (n = 1,662 boys, 1,589 girls) from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), a probability sample of births in large US cities (> 200,000) between 1998 and 2000. Parental alcohol and/or drug dependency was …

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Positive Family Intervention For A Spanish-Speaking Family Of A Child With Autism: Impact On Child’S Behaviors And Parental Cognitions And Stress, Iris Garza Jan 2025

Positive Family Intervention For A Spanish-Speaking Family Of A Child With Autism: Impact On Child’S Behaviors And Parental Cognitions And Stress, Iris Garza

Theses and Dissertations

The present study investigated the effects of a culturally and linguistically adapted Positive Family Intervention (PFI) on child behavior as well as parental stress and beliefs for a Spanish-speaking family of a child with autism. PFI combines Positive Behavior Support (PBS) to teach parents the skills to manage their child’s behavioral challenges with Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help parents manage their own thoughts and feelings. An AB single-case design was used to examine the impact of PFI on directly observed child behavioral challenges and adaptive behavior. Further, parent-reported stress, parental attributions, and parent-reported child behavioral challenges were examined pre- and …

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Neighborhood Context And Covid-19 Mortality, Patrick Dawid Jan 2025

Neighborhood Context And Covid-19 Mortality, Patrick Dawid

Theses and Dissertations

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected racial and ethnic minority populations in the U.S., with disparities in infection rates and population-level mortality. Research on racial/ethnic differences in case fatality rates (i.e., mortality per diagnosed case) has yielded mixed results, with some studies finding higher mortality for racial/ethnic minority patients and others showing no differences. These inconsistencies may stem from context-dependent factors including neighborhood characteristics. One potential neighborhood variable which may affect health is ethnic density—the concentration of a racial/ethnic group within a neighborhood—which has shown protective, detrimental, and neutral effects in prior studies. Ethnic density may influence health outcomes through …

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Gender Differences In Gaze Behavior: An Eye- Tracking Study Of Fixation Duration In Social Decision-Making, Rebeca Dobson Jan 2025

Gender Differences In Gaze Behavior: An Eye- Tracking Study Of Fixation Duration In Social Decision-Making, Rebeca Dobson

Theses and Dissertations

Eye-tracking technology provides valuable insights into attentional processes, cognitive functions, and social interactions. This study explores gender differences in gaze behavior, particularly fixation duration and frequency of back-and-forth eye-movements between stimuli (regressions), during preference-based social decision-making tasks. Using the Eye Link 1000 Plus system, we found that women exhibit longer fixation durations, suggesting deeper cognitive processing of social stimuli. These results have implications for understanding gendered attentional biases in social cognition and decision-making.

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Examination Of School Professionals’ Knowledge Of Selective Mutism And Other Childhood Mental Health Disorders, Alisa Gudz Jan 2025

Examination Of School Professionals’ Knowledge Of Selective Mutism And Other Childhood Mental Health Disorders, Alisa Gudz

Theses and Dissertations

Selective Mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder characterized by the consistent failure to speak in specific social situations, despite the ability to effectively communicate in other settings. School professionals play an important role in identifying and supporting students with SM; however, previous studies suggest that knowledge of SM among school professionals is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine school professionals’ knowledge of SM compared to their knowledge of two other more common childhood disorders – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). This study investigated whether knowledge of ADHD or SAD was a stronger …

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Examination Of School Interventions Using Single-Case Design Methodology In Clinical Psychology Journals, Kendall H. Catanzaro Jan 2025

Examination Of School Interventions Using Single-Case Design Methodology In Clinical Psychology Journals, Kendall H. Catanzaro

Theses and Dissertations

Single-case design methodology has been recognized as a practical approach for evaluating interventions in school-based settings (Burns, 2014; Troyer, 2022). However, research regarding the prevalence of single-case designs in examining evidence-based interventions in school settings remains limited (Nock et al., 2008; Radley et al., 2020). This information is valuable given that schools are the largest provider of mental health services for youth (Camhi, 2014; Flood & Joseph, 2023) and school psychologists examine research from a variety of domains when considering treatment plans (Volpe et al., 2022). This study addressed this gap in the literature by looking at the distribution of …

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Examination Of Obtained And Expected Cognitive Performance Of English Learners: An Evaluation Of Broad Ability Composites Versus Aggregate Mean Scores, Nicole Brozyna Jan 2025

Examination Of Obtained And Expected Cognitive Performance Of English Learners: An Evaluation Of Broad Ability Composites Versus Aggregate Mean Scores, Nicole Brozyna

Theses and Dissertations

The United States population continues to shift towards a majority rich in cultural, ethnic, and linguistic minorities (Rhodes et al., 2005). Within the education system, school psychologists are challenged with the task of conducting nondiscriminatory assessment of English Learners (ELs), while also adhering to the standards for ethical practice. In recent years, minority students have too frequently been placed in special education settings without sufficient support to signify need of a classification. To provide equitable and fair assessments to ELs in schools, clinicians require the knowledge necessary to understand the influence of cultural and linguistic developmental factors that affect performance. …

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Beyond The Border: Analyzing The Role Of Unjust U.S Policies In Shaping The Migrant Crisis In New York City., Elvita Bouzy Jan 2025

Beyond The Border: Analyzing The Role Of Unjust U.S Policies In Shaping The Migrant Crisis In New York City., Elvita Bouzy

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis examines how unjust and dysfunctional U.S. immigration laws have shaped the migrant crisis in New York City, particularly during the 2022-2024 influx of migrants, through the lens of Critical Race Theory (CRT). It explores how racialized immigration policies, systemic inequities, and rising nativism have intensified challenges faced by migrants from Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and other marginalized regions. The study examines political opposition and media portrayals since the mid-1980s that hindered immigration reform, exposing a flawed system lacking adequate legal pathways. This inadequate framework has fueled discrimination and worsened asylum seekers' hardships. Driven by nativist sentiment and …

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Our Morality Or Your Morality? An Exploration Of The Influence Of Group Membership On Moral Judgment And The Moderating Influence Of Theory Of Mind, Phoebe Flora Dadson Jan 2025

Our Morality Or Your Morality? An Exploration Of The Influence Of Group Membership On Moral Judgment And The Moderating Influence Of Theory Of Mind, Phoebe Flora Dadson

Theses and Dissertations

The present study explores the interaction between social group membership and moral judgment in decision-making. This interaction is also assessed through the moderating value of Theory of Mind (TOM), encompassing both affective and cognitive empathy. This research hypothesizes that 1) there is an association between TOM and decision-making in morality, 2) group membership, expressed as adherence to political ideology, influences moral judgment, 3) a higher frequency of utilitarian choices in other beneficial moral dilemmas is expected to be correlated with a stronger association with political group ideals. The sample population is comprised of college students at St. John’s University (N …

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Broad And Specific Parenting Practices’ Effects On Toddlers’ Prosocial Development: A Three-Month Longitudinal Study, Cassandra Cheeseman Jan 2025

Broad And Specific Parenting Practices’ Effects On Toddlers’ Prosocial Development: A Three-Month Longitudinal Study, Cassandra Cheeseman

Theses and Dissertations

Prosocial behaviors typically emerge by age two and are associated with positive social and behavioral outcomes. Caregivers shape toddlers’ prosocial behavior development through broad (i.e., general warmth and sensitivity) and specific (i.e., social and material reinforcement) parenting practices. However, current research findings are mixed due to differences in toddler age, parenting practices studied, and the tendency to aggregate prosocial behaviors into one category. This aggregation approach overlooks the unique neurocognitive correlates, skills, and developmental trajectories of individual prosocial behaviors. To address these gaps, the current study investigates how broad and specific parenting practices relate to helping, sharing, and comforting, both …

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Neurophysiological Indices Of Lexical Tone Processing In Children With Different Language Background, Andres Felipe Diaz Jan 2025

Neurophysiological Indices Of Lexical Tone Processing In Children With Different Language Background, Andres Felipe Diaz

Theses and Dissertations

The development of lexical tone processing in children is shaped by both language experience and acoustic salience. While mismatch responses (MMRs) and late negativity (LN) components of event-related potentials (ERPs) have revealed early sensitivity to lexical tone in monolingual children, the timeline for achieving adult-like neural responses—particularly for acoustically distinct versus subtle tone contrasts— remains unclear. Moreover, little is known about how bilingual language experience, especially with tonal versus non-tonal home languages, modulates this neural processing. This study employed a passive multi-oddball paradigm using Mandarin Tone 3 (low dipping) as the standard, and Tone 1 (high level) and Tone 2 …

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