Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Motivation For Undertaking Extracurricular Physical Activity In Adolescents, Izabela Droblinska, Agata Hejmowska, Natalia Mazurkiewicz

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Motivation is what drives all aspects of human functioning – from the physiological needs to self-realization. It has, therefore, great impact upon undertaking physical activity and may be connected with various factors such as attitudes and role models taken from home, but also with social influences later in life e.g. peers’ opinion. Material/Methods: 400 students of the lower-secondary schools in Gdynia and Gdańsk took part in the research. Each of them received a questionnaire with questions regarding their and their parents’ / ’guardians’ physical activity. In statistical analysis Cross Tabulation (χ2 statistics) and Frequency Tabulation were used. Results: Undertaking …

Risk Factors For Disagreement Between Self And Proxy Reports On Physical Activity Of Children And Young Adolescents, Aleksander Galas, Marzena Florek

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The study was conducted during the 2012 UEFA European Football Championships between 8 and 19 June. It aimed at longitudinal investigation into the dynamics of Polish fans’ emotions related to the performance of their national football team. Special focus was laid on investigating the evaluation of organizational preparedness to the tournament as a broader context for sport events, and relating it to fans’ emotions. Material/Methods: Over 700 individuals took part in 3 waves of the study which corresponded to Polish team’s games in the group stage of the tournament. Participants were contacted immediately after the final whistles, receiving e-mails …

Polish Fans’ Emotions During Euro 2012, Ina Wilczewska, Pawel Boski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The study was conducted during the 2012 UEFA European Football Championships between 8 and 19 June. It aimed at longitudinal investigation into the dynamics of Polish fans’ emotions related to the performance of their national football team. Special focus was laid on investigating the evaluation of organizational preparedness to the tournament as a broader context for sport events, and relating it to fans’ emotions. Material/Methods: Over 700 individuals took part in 3 waves of the study which corresponded to Polish team’s games in the group stage of the tournament. Participants were contacted immediately after the final whistles, receiving e-mails …

Functional Conditions Of Three-Dimensional Correction Of Side Curvatures Of The Spine, Andrzej Suchanowski, Andrzej Stolarz

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: This paper sets out to present theoretical and methodological premises for the therapeutic mode of conduct which utilizes FED and PNF improvement methods complemented by introduction of correctional re-education basing on the biofeedback mechanism. Material/Methods: Authors develop and present an original mode of treatment of children with the SCS, which can be divided into the following stages and targets: 1. Elimination of biomechanical pathologies of the passive stabilizing. 2. Restoration of the structure and function of local muscles and balance among muscles from the first and second reference arrangement and structures around the spine, both on the concave and …

Correlations Between Individual Factors And Long-Term Nature Of Tourist Trips Amongst Urban Single People, Elzbieta Biernat, Adrian P. Lubowiecki-Vikuk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The analysis of socio-demographic factors that determine the duration of tourist trips among urban single people. Material/Methods: The research included 598 randomly selected single people from Warsaw and Poznan. The study was conducted using the survey method. The relation between trips for ≥ 10 days and the variables characterizing the demographic structure of the respondents were assessed using log-linear analysis. The significance of the impact of the factors examined in the analysis was determined by chi-squared test. Results: Single people from Poznan with secondary and higher education are, respectively, more than 4-fold and 7-fold likely to go on longer …

Examining Body Image And Its Relationship To Exercise Motivation: An 18-Week Cardiovascular Program For Female Initiates With Overweight And Obesity, Erin S. Pearson, Craig R. Hall

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: A healthy body image is related to better psychological well-being and can also impact one’s likelihood to engage in health promoting behaviours such as exercise. To date, there has been a paucity of research investigating the relationship between body image and Self-Determination Theory’s motivational regulations as a function of exercise participation. The purpose of this study was to examine these constructs over the course of an 18-week cardiovascular-based program for female initiates aged 18-45 with overweight and obesity. Material/Methods: Participants (n = 37; mean weight = 83.8 kg; mean waist circumference = 38.3 inches) were provided with a personalized …

The Somatic Physique Versus The Sports Result Of Tennis Players Of The Pupils’ Sports Club “Return” Lomza, Poland, Kazimierz Kochanowicz, Tomasz Waldzinski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Individuals who take up professional sport must comply with requirements dependent on the character of the discipline. The requirements refer to motor skills, mental state and somatic physique. A lot of authors claim that somatic physique in tennis is a factor which helps to achieve the highest sports results. Superiority of arms range in the attacking zone makes a game easier for tall players who are more effective in offensive actions as well. The purpose of the research was to estimate the somatic physique of children and youth who play tennis in the Pupils’ Sports Club “Return” Lomza. Material/Methods: …

Physical Activity And The Impacts Of Built Environment On The Use Of Neighboring Sports Equipment By Elementary And High Schools: The Case Of The “Blue, White, Move” [Bleu, Blanc, Bouge] Skating Rink In Montreal-North, Romain Roult, Jean-Marc Adjizian, Sylvain Lefebvre, Lucie Lapierre

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Evaluate how neighboring sports equipment is used by elementary and high schools to reinforce physical activity among youth. Analyze the impacts of built environments on the forms of use of this type of equipment and attempt to distinguish the positive and negative effects of its installation. Material/Methods: 22 semi-led interviews were undertaken among elementary and high school participants and managers of the skating rink. 33 phases of observation were made with the SOPLAY grid. Data from the interviews was analyzed with Atlas software in order to categorize the information. The information from the observations was processed with SPSS software …

Physical Fitness And Selected Parameters Of The Respiratory System And Other Somatic Components Among 12-Year-Old Children, Marcin Pasek, Janusz Jerzemowski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The purpose of the study was to present components of fitness and body composition and to determine the correlation between parameters of biological development in a group of schoolchildren. Material/Methods: Analysis of somatic features of 12-year-old children, of both sexes, from the Pomeranian province in Poland (99 boys and 96 girls) included basic parameters of the respiratory system, body fat, height and body weight. Functional indicators, i.e. components of motor abilities, have been tested. Results: Boys had significantly better results of endurance and jumping ability, and girls dominated in flexibility and somatic components like height, weight and skinfold thickness …

Physical Activity And Bmi In Students Beginning Their Studies At The Gdansk University Of Physical Education And Sport In The Academic Year 1999/2000 And 2009/2010, Alicja Nowak-Zaleska, Ryszard Zaleski, Barbara Wilk, Anna Walentukiewicz

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of the study was to assess physical activity undertaken by the students of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk, Poland (AWFiS) in their free time in the academic year 1999/2000 and 2009/2010 and the direction of changes in this scope. Material/Methods: Students at the Faculty of Physical Education at AWFiS were subject to research in the academic years 1999/2000 and 2009/2010. 639 students were examined (42% women, 58% men). The research was based on a diagnostic survey with an author’s own questionnaire containing questions from the scope of physical activity and participation in its …

Development Of Model Mesocycles Of One - Year Training Of Young Judokas In The First Training Year At The Stage Of Primary Training, Timur Gayratovich Shatursunov

Eurasian Journal of Sport Science

Purpose: Experimental substantiation of the methodology for training young judokas of the first year training at the primary stage by introducing the developed 12 model mesocycles of one-year training.

Methods: Analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, questioning, pedagogical observations, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics (arithmetic mean, arithmetic mean error, Student's t-test).

Results: Analysis of the increase in the results of young judokas of the experimental group during a one-year training in the first year of training at the stage of primary training showed positive significant differences at a significance level of p

Conclusion: The developed …

Investigation Of Athletes' Health Disorders Risk Models, Fikrat Azizovich Kerimov, Davronbek Zikrullaevich Narzullaev, Alisher Tulkunovich Tursunov, Gaffor Bobosharipovich Yomgirov, Bekzod Boyqobilovich Karimov

Eurasian Journal of Sport Science

Purpose: Development and theoretical-experimental substantiation of the risk model for the health impairment of athletes in order to further automation of the process of training highly qualified athletes, as well as optimizing the construction of the training process based on the use of innovative technologies that increase its efficiency with optimal expenditure of time and energy of athletes.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of applied automation and modeling methods, questionnaires of athletes and coaches, sports testing, applied pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.

Results: Students of physical culture universities (athletes) are more likely to encounter syndromes that characterize a violation of the …

Performing Toxic Masculinity During The January 6 Insurrection, Karen M. Kedrowski

eJournal of Public Affairs

This essay examines the events of the January 6 attack on the United States Capitol through the theoretical lens of toxic masculinity. While toxic masculinity is not the sole cause of the attack on the Capitol, it does explain many of the events of the day, including the large percentage of men in the mob, their militaristic dress and demeanor, and the targeting of Constitutional officers. Moreover, the essay argues that the concepts of democracy, liberty and the peaceful transfer of power are gendered female, which further explains the violence fueled by the myths behind toxic masculinity.

Bent, But Not Broken: The Constitutional, Legal, And Procedural Issues In The 2020 Electoral College Vote Certification, Nicholas Kapoor

eJournal of Public Affairs

In 2016, Democrats protested in Trump-won states asking Electoral College members to vote their conscience and against their state’s popular vote. In 2020, President Trump supporters stormed the Capitol on January 6^th demanding that the certification of the Electoral College vote in favor of Joe Biden not move forward. Are the laws, court decisions, and the Constitution itself set up to cause such an uproar around a routine item? Was the 2020 iteration of counting the Electoral College votes an aberration, or is this the new normal? This essay will chronicle the Constitutional, legal, and procedural issues around the …

Introductory Essay: Ejournal Of Public Affairs, Volume 11, Issue 1, Carah L. Ong Whaley

eJournal of Public Affairs

No abstract provided.

Promoting Critical Reasoning: Civic Engagement In An Era Of Divisive Politics And Civil Unrest, Kevin R. Meyer, Nathan J. Carpenter, Stephen K. Hunt

eJournal of Public Affairs

In this article, we advocate that civic engagement education must focus on antiracism, anti-extremism, and digital literacy in the wake of the attack on the Capitol in January. This critical turn is necessary to stability democracy, restore trust in institutions, and address the problems presented by the post-truth era.

Book Review: Carol Leonnig And Philip Rucker 2021. I Alone Can Fix It: Donald J. Trump’S Catastrophic Final Year, Kenneth W. Moffett

eJournal of Public Affairs

This is a book review of Carol Leonnig and Philip Rucker's recently released book, I Alone can Fix It: Donald J. Trump’s Catastrophic Final Year.

The Commonwealth Takes An Important Step In Protecting Our Democracy, Ashish Vaidya

eJournal of Public Affairs

Northern Kentucky University’s President Ashish Vaidya wrote an article celebrating Kentucky’s new bipartisan voting rights bill. Signed into law in April, the legislation is contrary to what we are seeing in other states and expands voting options in Kentucky. As an immigrant to the U.S. from India, President Vaidya has a unique perspective on democracy in America, and he is very passionate about higher education’s role to inform its students on their responsibility.

A Democratic Norm Endures January 6th: Congress And Deference To States’ Election Certifications, Kevin R. Kosar, Elayne Allen

eJournal of Public Affairs

Congress rarely overturns elections to either of its chambers. legislators tend to follow a norm of deference to election results lawfully submitted by states. This norm is longstanding and is the product of the Constitution, federal law, and habit. Yet, on January 6, 2021, our national legislature flirted with violating that norm and denying the presidency to Joseph Biden based upon spurious claims of electoral fraud. Fortunately, legislators from both parties forged strong majorities to uphold the norm, and subsequently reaffirmed it during Congress' review of a disputed Iowa congressional election. Viewing both these events closely reveals both that those …

Democratic Isolation, Thin Citizenship, And Insurrection: A Theory, Kevin G. Lorentz Ii, Kimberly Saks Mcmanaway

eJournal of Public Affairs

Citizens are deeply cynical of the actual institutions and exercising of representative democracy, resulting in increased isolation and extremism rather than nuanced public debate and democratic involvement. Three interrelated background conditions led to this inevitable point: the erasure of political citizenship by neoliberalism, the ability of technology (especially social media) to provide perfect filtering, and the resulting fragmenting of civic experience. In this paper we outline a theory of democratic isolation that was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, exploited by populist politicians, and ultimately led to the January 6 insurrection.

The Temple Of Liberty As Fort Knox: The Securitization Of Democratic Space In The U.S. Capitol, Alisa J. Rosenthal, Lauren C. Bell

eJournal of Public Affairs

In response to security threats in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the U.S. Capitol was made less accessible to the public through a series of security upgrades, including an expansion of the Capitol Police force, new visitor registration programs, and the construction and implementation of physical barriers in and around the Capitol building itself. However, increased safety for members and staff has had consequences for the important symbolic representation that the Capitol building itself provides. As Parkinson (2009, 10) notes: “Capital cities are, by design, by usage or both, symbols of national institutions, values, myths, and norms – they …

Framing An Insurrection: A Typology Of Responses By Evangelical Leaders, Andrea C. Hatcher

eJournal of Public Affairs

As the January 6 insurrection unfolded, religious leaders who had supported Donald Trump were set on a behavioral process of response or silence. Some religious leaders offered statements that largely condemned the violence, others promoted conspiracy theories about the actors involved, and still others offered a defensive response. This study compiles Twitter data of religious leaders from January 1 through the six-month anniversary on July 6, 2021, and finds that their responses form a typology from the conciliatory to the antagonistic. This typology is a useful framework to assess their immediate and changing responses in the contestation of January 6. …

Book Review Of Operation Chaos: The Trump Coup Attempt And The Campaign To Erode Democracy, Angelina Clapp

eJournal of Public Affairs

In Operation Chaos: The Trump Coup Attempt and the Campaign to Erode Democracy, Kevin James Shay tells the story of the January 6, 2021, insurrection on the United States Capitol. The book begins by describing certain events of the day, and takes readers down a path of political violence, dirty tricks, and political schemes aimed at keeping President Donald J. Trump in power. The story covers previous coup attempts, ways that President Trump began his plot years before January 6th and describes how leaders can escape justice and accountability.

Vaccine Hesitancy And The Apocalypse, David M. Claborn

eJournal of Public Affairs

Some forms of vaccine hesitancy may have roots in religious beliefs about future apocalyptic events. Such beliefs engender fear of centralized governmental authority as manifest in public health mandates involving vaccines or masks. The author’s upbringing as a religious survivalist provides perspective on why some people display vaccine hesitancy. Several ways to address these fears are discussed.

Gender Inequalities In Polish And International Sports Organisations, Zbigniew Dziubinski, Natalia Organista

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this article is to check whether gender inequalities occur in Polish sports organisations and what the scale of those inequalities is in comparison to international organisations. Other aims relate to verification whether there exists a policy to align these inequalities: provisions prohibiting discrimination due to gender, rules and regulations providing women with a specified number of seats in the crucial positions of the organisation and activity of women’s sports committees. Material/Methods: The study used methods characteristic of sociology, especially methods of examining official documents: on the one hand, information generated by other empirical data from official …

Methods To Encourage Healthy Eating In Children: Review Of Current Findings, Reda Moceviciene, Apolinaras Zaborskis

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: Healthy eating, especially fruit and vegetable consumption, is a major contributor to the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. The multiple benefits of healthy food and nutrition in childhood and adolescence reinforce the need for studies encouraging young people to healthy nutrition. The present review increases understanding of what methods (interventions) should be performed to encourage healthy eating in children and adolescents. Material/Methods: A scientific literature review of Medline (Pubmed) database was performed, a total of 615 publications were found. Of these, only 15 papers were selected for the analysis. Results: The multi-component interventions (encouraging of fruit and vegetable consumption …

Factors Affecting Recreational Activity Of Young People From Secondary Schools, Agnieszka Wartecka-Wazynska

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The paper discusses factors which determine young people’s recreational activity in their leisure time. Learning about the factors of recreational activity will support efficient promotion of active lifestyles, improvement in health condition and education of young people, and participation in different forms of recreation. Material/Methods: In order to conclude on the statistical significance of the relationships and the strength of correlation between the variables, the author used Pearson's chi-square test for independence and Cramer's V coefficient. The research hypothesis was tested at two levels: α = 0.01 (denoted in the paper as **) and α = 0.05 (denoted in …

Acute Effects Of Light Exercise On Subjectively Experienced Well-Being: Benefits In Only Three Minutes, Attila Szabo, Zoltan Gaspar, Julia Abraham

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: In the context of sedentary lifestyle as a major contemporary health issue, this study examined how an ultra brief exercise bout affects perceived subjective well-being. Material/Methods: Two studies were conducted. In the first study, young participants performed light exercises for 3-minutes. The second study replicated the first, but a sitting-quietly control group was also included to account for possible habituation or order effects. On a single item 10-point Likert scale, conceptualized as core affect, participants rated their well-being immediately before and after the exercise bouts and rest, respectively. Results: In both studies the exercise triggered statistically significant (p < .001) improvement in the perceived well-being (effect sizes (d) = .62 in Study I, and d = .75 in Study II), while no statistically significant change was noted in the control group. Conclusions: These findings are the first ever in the scholastic literature to demonstrate that only 3 minutes of light exercises could trigger subjective experience of improved well-being. The practical implication of these findings is that an instant boost in subjective feeling states can be achieved through very short, light, and undemanding exercises that could be repeated several times a day in different life settings.

Characteristics Of Technical-Tactical Preparation Of Russian Men’S Judo Representation During The Olympic Games In London In 2012, Marek Adam, Beata Wolska, Piotr Klimowicz, Miroslaw Smaruj

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the value of indices of tactical and technical preparation (PTT) of Russian judo athletes during the Olympic Games in London. The values of these indices may designate the direction of activity in the process of special preparation and in the search for factors to optimize training before the main competitions. Material/Methods: During the Olympic Games in London in 2012, Russian judo representatives fought 31 fights. A multiple analysis of video footage and graphic registration allowed marking 423 technical attacks (including 24 efficient attacks) of the representatives of Russia and 384 attacks …

Plantar Pressure Distribution In Ice Skates While Gliding And Standing Compared To Barefoot And Trainer Conditions, Andrew Greenhalgh, Faye Chatterly, Cheryl Blewitt, Jonathan Sinclair, Nachiappan Chockalingam

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of this study was to identify whether there are differences between plantar pressure distributions experienced whilst wearing ice skates during ice-gliding, compared to standing whilst barefoot, wearing trainers and wearing ice skates. The results of this study aim to provide a greater understanding of the distribution of the pressure through the ice skate to the human musculoskeletal system. Material/Methods: Nine female participants were recruited for this study (age 36.6 years ± 15.3, mass 63.7kg ± 7.4 height 1.63m ± 4.1). Pressure applied to the plantar surface of the feet was recorded at 50Hz using an F-Scan sensor. …