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Articles 77851 - 77880 of 658664

Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

School Counselor Suicide Response: A Final Rejoinder, Carrie A. Wachter Morris, Laura Gallo Sep 2022

School Counselor Suicide Response: A Final Rejoinder, Carrie A. Wachter Morris, Laura Gallo

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

In this article, we provide a summary of responses to Gallo and Wachter Morris (2022). We provide additional considerations based upon contributing authors’ perspectives and concluding thoughts on how to move forward on issues specific to school counselors’ roles in suicide prevention, assessment, and intervention in K-12 schools, as well as recommendations for pieces to consider for school counselor educators and practicing professional school counselors.


A Wrap Around Approach To Suicide Prevention In Schools: It’S Not Just School Counselors…., Tahani Dari, Jan Gay Sep 2022

A Wrap Around Approach To Suicide Prevention In Schools: It’S Not Just School Counselors…., Tahani Dari, Jan Gay

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

The prevalence of suicide among children and adolescents is alarming. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), suicide is the second leading cause of death among youth ages 10-19. Schools are one of the main providers of mental health support for students (O’Neill et al., 2021). Similar to school-based mental health counselors, psychologists, and social workers, school counselors are trained and prepared in suicide risk assessment and intervention. Mental health issues, however, require collaborative approaches that address the complex factors impacting youth, such as the impact of the dual pandemics of COVID-19 and racial injustice. The purpose …


Validating School Counselor Professional Identity: Response To “Suicide Intervention In Schools”, Donna Gibson Sep 2022

Validating School Counselor Professional Identity: Response To “Suicide Intervention In Schools”, Donna Gibson

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

In response to the manuscript of “Suicide intervention in schools: If not school counselors, then who?” the roles and responsibilities of school counselors and educators are highlighted as to effective preparation for suicide intervention. Although preparation in training is needed due to the increasing rates of suicide in K-12 student populations, the professional identity development of school counselors is examined as it applies to the growing mental health needs in schools. Implications for counselor educators and school counselors in their responsibility for training and prioritizing needs to address are provided.


School Counselors’ Vital Role In Suicide Intervention: A Response To Gallo And Wachter Morris, Carolyn Stone Sep 2022

School Counselors’ Vital Role In Suicide Intervention: A Response To Gallo And Wachter Morris, Carolyn Stone

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

School counselors have a critically important role in suicide intervention, one that provides the greatest chance to ensure student safety. In this response article, I clarify the intent of the American School Counselor Association magazine column, "Suicide Assessments: The Medical Profession Affirms School Counselors’ Truth," to underscore the critical role that school counselors play in suicide intervention. School districts are requiring school counselors to quantify suicide and make a judgment based on the student’s self-report. The intended message of the column was not to diminish school counselor training in suicide assessment and intervention, instead it was to provide school counselors …


Suicide Intervention In Schools: If Not School Counselors, Then Who?, Laura Gallo, Carrie A. Wachter Morris Sep 2022

Suicide Intervention In Schools: If Not School Counselors, Then Who?, Laura Gallo, Carrie A. Wachter Morris

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

Youth suicide rates continue to rise each year. School counselors play an essential role in preventing suicide within K-12 schools. After the publication of the article, “Suicide Assessments: The Medical Profession Affirms School Counselors’ Truth,” in 2021 by Dr. Carolyn Stone, some confusion surfaced regarding professional school counselors’ responsibilities and liabilities around issues of suicide. To provide clarification, the role and training of school counselors are highlighted to provide evidence for their place in suicide risk assessment. Ethical implications and previous legal cases are provided to inform the profession. Training/supervision recommendations for counselor educators are also discussed.


Introduction To The Special Section: Suicide Risk Assessment And Intervention In School Counselor Training, Lucy L. Purgason, Christian D. Chan, Bradley Mckibben Sep 2022

Introduction To The Special Section: Suicide Risk Assessment And Intervention In School Counselor Training, Lucy L. Purgason, Christian D. Chan, Bradley Mckibben

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

This special section on school counselor preparation in assessing for crisis and suicide risk considers the impact of the perception of school counselor training and expertise related to suicide assessment and intervention. The collection of six articles focuses on considerations and best practices in assessing and intervening with PK-12 students experiencing suicidality, the unique considerations within a school setting, and corresponding implications for school counselor training.


Cross-Cultural Distance Dialogues In Counselor Education: Collaborative Pedagogy, Sarah N. Baquet, Jehan Hill Sep 2022

Cross-Cultural Distance Dialogues In Counselor Education: Collaborative Pedagogy, Sarah N. Baquet, Jehan Hill

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

Researchers examined the experience of participating in Cross Cultural Distance Dialogues (CCDD) in facilitating Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competency (MSJCC) through an interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA). With the high need to develop curriculum in counselor education programs that intentionally incorporate cultural competencies (Ratts et al., 2016), this study was conducted to explore an innovative pedological technique that further fosters MSJCC within master's level coursework. Four counseling students engaged in a structured dialogue across university campuses during their multicultural course were selected for participation in this study. After completing two rounds of interviews and a member check, the following themes …


Veterans In Counseling Programs: Military Service And The Counselor Training Process, Crystal D. Hahn, Carl R. Price, Claudia G. Interiano-Shiverdecker Sep 2022

Veterans In Counseling Programs: Military Service And The Counselor Training Process, Crystal D. Hahn, Carl R. Price, Claudia G. Interiano-Shiverdecker

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

The authors conducted a transcendental phenomenological study to acquire a deeper understanding of graduate student veterans’ experiences in counselor training programs and explore how military background influences counselor development. Results are based on semi-structured interviews with eight graduate student veterans enrolled in counseling programs across the United States. Four themes resulted which impacted counselor training processes (a) military behaviors, values, and identity (b) military counseling cultural contrasts, (c) integrating military service into counselor training, and (d) veteran-friendly suggestions for counseling programs. This study presented a range of experiences graduate student veterans have in counselor training programs, concluding that this student …


Empathy-In-Teaching As A Multidimensional Disposition In Counselor Education, Eric R. Baltrinic, Melissa Luke Sep 2022

Empathy-In-Teaching As A Multidimensional Disposition In Counselor Education, Eric R. Baltrinic, Melissa Luke

Teaching and Supervision in Counseling

Empathy is a disposition noted among established teaching competencies in counselor education. However, current descriptions of empathy are unidimensional and lack an operational definition for evaluating teaching dispositions. The term empathy-in-teaching is a multidimensional concept suitable for expanding our current understanding of empathy within the current teaching dispositions in counselor education. Implications for application of the concept of empathy-in-teaching within the current teaching dispositions and future research suggestions are offered.


The Potential Role Of Selected Body Composition Phenotypes In The Interpretation Of The Exercise-Induced Components Of The Insulin-Like Growth Factor Systems, Gökhan Umutlu, Nevzat Demirci Sep 2022

The Potential Role Of Selected Body Composition Phenotypes In The Interpretation Of The Exercise-Induced Components Of The Insulin-Like Growth Factor Systems, Gökhan Umutlu, Nevzat Demirci

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction: Increased adiposity leads to impaired physiologic growth hormone secretion and low and high body mass index (BMI) values increase health risks. However, BMI only measures results in variations in fat-free mass (FFM), fat-free mass index (FFMI), normalized fat-free mass index (NFMI), and body fat mass (BFM). This study evaluated the insulin-like growth factor system responses to the given exercise and their interaction with the changes in BMI, FFM, FFMI, and NFFMI in healthy male participants. Material and methods: A randomized controlled trial with a parallel groups study design was used. Thirty healthy male participants (age: 21.33 ±1.24 years) were …


Quantitative And Qualitative Criteria For Assessing Gait Speed In Women Aged 60–75 Years – A Pilot Study, Zbigniew Ossowski Sep 2022

Quantitative And Qualitative Criteria For Assessing Gait Speed In Women Aged 60–75 Years – A Pilot Study, Zbigniew Ossowski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction: The use of the Gait Speed (GS) test in clinical practice has been documented in many scientific studies. However, there is a lack of tools to use the aforementioned test for diagnosis and follow-up of changes in the process of health training in postmenopausal women. Having considered the foregoing, the main objective of this study was to develop quantitative and qualitative criteria to assess gait speed in women aged 60–75 years. Material and methods: Sixty women aged 60–75 years participated in the study. The structure of the gait speed rating scale was based on Zaciorski's model. The data collected …


Salivary Molecules As Indicators Of Hydration Status, José Meléndez-Gallardo Dr., Mariana Figueroa, Gonzalo Butti, Mauro Iriart, María Lucía Stefanelli Sep 2022

Salivary Molecules As Indicators Of Hydration Status, José Meléndez-Gallardo Dr., Mariana Figueroa, Gonzalo Butti, Mauro Iriart, María Lucía Stefanelli

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction: Maintaining an appropriate level of hydration is essential to health, especially when doing physical exercise. Thus, the importance of monitoring the before, during and after exercise status. Therefore, knowing and studying the changes and indicators that may provide reliable information on fluctuations in a simple, quick manner, via non-invasive sampling techniques becomes essential. Material and Methods: The data analyzed and processed (α-amylase, K+, Cl-, cortisol, total protein, and osmolality concentration in saliva) in this study are available on the free access research platform for complex physiological signals (https://physionet.org/content/qde/1.0.0/). Ten male subjects voluntarily took part in …


An Examination Of Emotional Resilience Among Athletic Trainers Working In The Secondary School Setting, Shaine Henert, William Pitney, Bethany Wood, Nicholas E. Grahovec, Tyler A. Wood Sep 2022

An Examination Of Emotional Resilience Among Athletic Trainers Working In The Secondary School Setting, Shaine Henert, William Pitney, Bethany Wood, Nicholas E. Grahovec, Tyler A. Wood

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Athletic training is a demanding profession that is a stressor for many practitioners. Emotional resilience allows Athletic Trainers (ATs) to persist in their roles and benefit from long and successful careers. The purpose of this study was to explore the level of emotional resilience of ATs working in secondary school settings and identify factors perceived to contribute to or mitigate one's emotional resilience. Method: A sequential explanatory mixed-method design using a cross-sectional online survey followed by in-depth interviews was used to gather information from 160 (16% response rate) secondary school NATA members - 97 (60.6%) female; 63 (39.4%) male …


Dietetic Student Involvement In A Sports Nutrition Education Program For University Athletes, Taylor Paeth, Diana Cuy Castellanos, Rebecca Gonter-Dray, Karyn Catrine Sep 2022

Dietetic Student Involvement In A Sports Nutrition Education Program For University Athletes, Taylor Paeth, Diana Cuy Castellanos, Rebecca Gonter-Dray, Karyn Catrine

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of a sports nutrition counseling experiential learning opportunity on self-efficacy and nutrition counseling skills in the undergraduate dietetic students and dietary goal adherence in collegiate athlete clients after receiving the student-led nutrition counseling intervention. Methods: This mixed methods design, using a thematic analysis and pre- and post-testing, was implemented at a mid-sized university in the Midwestern United States. There were fifteen undergraduate dietetic students and nine collegiate athletes. Results: Counseling confidence in the dietetic students improved significantly from session one to session three (p < 0.001). Conclusions and Implications: Similar …


Body Composition And Psychophysical Well-Being Of Women Practicing Yoga, Aneta Omelan, Justyna Wiśniewska, Robert Podstawski Sep 2022

Body Composition And Psychophysical Well-Being Of Women Practicing Yoga, Aneta Omelan, Justyna Wiśniewska, Robert Podstawski

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction: This study characterized yoga as a form of free-time physical activity by analyzing and evaluating the body composition of women who regularly practice yoga, and by describing the effect of yoga on their psychophysical health. Material and Methods: The study involved 94 women: 56 yoga practitioners and 38 Zumba participants. The subjects were surveyed with a questionnaire to elicit information about their socioeconomic status. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Differences were assessed with two-tailed chi-square tests and Student’s t-tests. Results: The vast majority of the participants (89%) felt a positive influence of yoga on their mental …


Relationship Between Lower Limb Power Output, Sprint And Change Of Direction Performance In Soccer Players., Monika Papla, Agata Latocha, Wojciech Grzyb, Artur Gołaś Sep 2022

Relationship Between Lower Limb Power Output, Sprint And Change Of Direction Performance In Soccer Players., Monika Papla, Agata Latocha, Wojciech Grzyb, Artur Gołaś

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Introduction: Although soccer matches require players to perform repetitive power-related abilities, the impact of lower-body strength and power asymmetry on sprint and change of direction (COD) performance receives little attention. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the relationship between lower limb power, sprint, and change of direction (COD) performance. In addition, the relationship between lower limb power asymmetry and the above mentioned running tests was determined. Material and Methods: Twenty-four male soccer players from First Polish League (age = 24.8 ±8.2 years, body mass = 77.4 ±16.9kg, body height=179.5 ±14.5cm, soccer training experience = 10 ± 1.5years) took part in …


Industrial Hemp Production And Market Risk Analysis In Oklahoma, Lixia H. Lambert, Amy D. Hagerman Sep 2022

Industrial Hemp Production And Market Risk Analysis In Oklahoma, Lixia H. Lambert, Amy D. Hagerman

Journal of Applied Farm Economics

Industrial hemp production has garnered producer attention as a potential summer crop alternative in Oklahoma. Farmers considering the inclusion of hemp, an emerging new crop, in their operations need to factor in risk and uncertainty. We conducted a risk analysis to determine the optimal allocation of land to conventional crops and hemp for a representative 1,000-acre wheat farm in northeastern Oklahoma under production and market risk. Target MOTAD (minimization of total absolute deviation) model was used to focus on downside risk and hemp market price uncertainty. Six double-cropping systems for double- cropped winter wheat were considered, including sorghum, sesame, hemp …


Digital Repository For Public Archives: The Public Records And Archives Administration Department Of Ghana In Focus, Angela Berkoh Angela Berkoh, Harry Akussah Akussah, Noah Darko-Adjei Sep 2022

Digital Repository For Public Archives: The Public Records And Archives Administration Department Of Ghana In Focus, Angela Berkoh Angela Berkoh, Harry Akussah Akussah, Noah Darko-Adjei

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

There is increased growth of digital repositories the world over. Many libraries, academic institutions, governmental and archival institutions are establishing and implementing institutional repositories. In Ghana, despite the growth of institutional repositories in some of the universities, the Public Records and Archives Administration Department (PRAAD), which holds the country’s cultural heritage and history still, manages manual records. Day in and day out archives in their custody deteriorate due to frequent handling and the bad state in which the repositories are. There are no backups for the documents, thus, the archives that deteriorate beyond repairs are completely lost to future generations. …


An Alternate Route: How Ronald Reagan Defied Expectations With His Approach To The Crosswinds Of The Patco Strike, Brock Bellinger Sep 2022

An Alternate Route: How Ronald Reagan Defied Expectations With His Approach To The Crosswinds Of The Patco Strike, Brock Bellinger

Bound Away: The Liberty Journal of History

One challenge which reveals an executive’s leadership ability involves making the decision to fire an employee. President Ronald Reagan did not enjoy firing employees, due in part to his own father struggling to maintain employment. When the 1981 PATCO strike occurred, several obstacles arose which tested Reagan’s ability to act. The Professional Air Traffic Controller’s Organization (PATCO) had publicly supported Reagan during his 1980 presidential campaign when other unions did not. Additionally, Reagan was sympathetic to unions, even serving as President of the Screen Actor’s Guild. These potential obstacles proved challenging from a political and personal perspective. However, when the …


Lanthorn, Vol. 57, No. 06, September 26, 2022, Grand Valley State University Sep 2022

Lanthorn, Vol. 57, No. 06, September 26, 2022, Grand Valley State University

Volume 57, August 1, 2022 - April 10, 2023

Lanthorn is Grand Valley State's student newspaper, published from 1968 to the present.


Analyzing Use Of The Serials Collection To Inform An Academic Library's Annual Subscription Renewal/Cancelation Decisions, Janice Schuster Sep 2022

Analyzing Use Of The Serials Collection To Inform An Academic Library's Annual Subscription Renewal/Cancelation Decisions, Janice Schuster

Library Faculty and Staff papers

No abstract provided.


Restrictions On Migration Create Gender Inequality: The Story Of China's Left-Behind Children, Xuwen Gao, Wenquan Liang, Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, Ran Song Sep 2022

Restrictions On Migration Create Gender Inequality: The Story Of China's Left-Behind Children, Xuwen Gao, Wenquan Liang, Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, Ran Song

Discussion Papers

About 11% of the Chinese population are rural-urban migrants, and the vast

majority of them (124 million people) possess a rural hukou which severely

restrict their children’s access to urban public schools. As a result, 61 million

children are left behind in rural areas. We use a regression-discontinuity

design based on school enrollment age cutoffs to document that migrants are

significantly more likely to leave middle-school-aged daughters behind in poor

rural areas without either parent present when schooling becomes expensive,

compared to middle-school-aged sons. The effect is larger when the daughter

has a male sibling. Migrant parents send significantly less …


Party System Institutionalization, Partisan Affect, And Satisfaction With Democracy, Hannah M. Ridge Sep 2022

Party System Institutionalization, Partisan Affect, And Satisfaction With Democracy, Hannah M. Ridge

Political Science Faculty Articles and Research

Citizens’ attitudes about the political parties in their countries have been linked to their overall satisfaction with their democracy, with those feeling great love (hate) for parties feeling more (less) satisfied with the democracy. Such strong positive and negative emotions require time and clear targets to form. This study demonstrates that the influence of interparty affect is greater where the party system has institutionalized. Where the public can be familiar with the parties, their positions, and their relative status in the party system, citizens’ attitudes toward the democracy are more informed by their feelings about the parties in the system. …


Cognitive Experiential Group Therapy: An Innovative Blending Of Two Therapeutic Modalities Integrating Cbt With Experiential Theory And Practice. A Group Therapy Workbook, By Treadwell, T. W., With Dartnell, D. J., Travaglini, L.E., And Abeditehrani (Book Review), V. Krishna Kumar Sep 2022

Cognitive Experiential Group Therapy: An Innovative Blending Of Two Therapeutic Modalities Integrating Cbt With Experiential Theory And Practice. A Group Therapy Workbook, By Treadwell, T. W., With Dartnell, D. J., Travaglini, L.E., And Abeditehrani (Book Review), V. Krishna Kumar

Psychology Faculty Publications

The book includes seven chapters, the first being a brief introduction and overview of what the book is about. The second chapter reviews the basic elements of CBT (notions of cognitive distortions, schemas, automatic thoughts, core beliefs, and types of behavioral interventions). Chapter three does the same for psychodrama. Chapter four covers the basic elements of running an experiential group therapy session using both CBT and psychodrama techniques. Chapter five provides a detailed illustration of a cognitive experiential group treatment (CEGT) session. Chapter six is devoted to running CEGT sessions with adolescents, and the last chapter details the CEGT approach …


Contestation And Participation: Concepts, Measurement, And Inference, Vanessa Alexandra Boese, Matthew Wilson Phd Sep 2022

Contestation And Participation: Concepts, Measurement, And Inference, Vanessa Alexandra Boese, Matthew Wilson Phd

Faculty Publications

Contestation and participation are commonly viewed as two main constituent dimensions of electoral democracy. How exactly have these two dimensions been conceptualized and measured in the literature? Are they empirically observable and do they matter for democratic development and stability? This article answers the first of these questions and considers their implications for the second by reviewing the literature on these two dimensions. We discuss three issues that affect conclusions about dimensions of democracy and their relevance for understanding democratic development: First, conceptual ambiguities—substantive overlap between the two concepts—obscure the meanings of each of the two dimensions. Such ambiguities led …


Availability And Influence Of Electronic Resources Usage On Job Satisfaction Among Publishing Staff In South-West Nigeria., Babafemi Richard Adebayo Sep 2022

Availability And Influence Of Electronic Resources Usage On Job Satisfaction Among Publishing Staff In South-West Nigeria., Babafemi Richard Adebayo

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study established the extent to which first generation publishing houses in South-west Nigeria have integrated modern electronic resources into the industry. Further, it investigated the degree of usage of electronic resources among the two major production staff in publishing houses. It also correlated the availability of electronic resources with job satisfaction among the staff. The outcome of the study revealed that the level of electronic resources availability was rated high at 130(86.7%) and 118(78.7%) through internet access and search engines respectively. It also revealed that the level of e-information use by staff in publishing firms is rated high at …


Lam-Related Research Funded Under Spain’S National Research Agenda (2010 – 2020), Ana R. Pacios, Sara Martínez Cardama Sep 2022

Lam-Related Research Funded Under Spain’S National Research Agenda (2010 – 2020), Ana R. Pacios, Sara Martínez Cardama

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study analysed and contextualised research on LAMs (acronym for libraries, archives and museums) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under competitive calls for projects from 2010 to 2020. The ultimate intention was to verify the existence or otherwise of a national research agenda on these cultural institutions. The initial search and location of Spanish Ministry-funded projects in official sources was followed by data processing and grouping by subject category. A total of 145 projects were analysed. The results showed LAM projects to be scant in number, highly varied in terms of subject matter, poorly funded, widely …


Does Crime Trigger Genetic Risk For Type 2 Diabetes In Young Adults? A G X E Interaction Study Using National Data, Fangqi Guo, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Jason D. Boardman, Jennifer W. Robinette Sep 2022

Does Crime Trigger Genetic Risk For Type 2 Diabetes In Young Adults? A G X E Interaction Study Using National Data, Fangqi Guo, Kathleen Mullan Harris, Jason D. Boardman, Jennifer W. Robinette

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Background

Living in neighborhoods perceived as disordered exacerbates genetic risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) among older adults. It is unknown whether this gene-neighborhood interaction extends to younger adults. The present study aims to investigate whether crime, an objectively measured indicator of neighborhood disorder, triggers genetic risk for T2D among younger adults, and whether this hypothesized triggering occurs through exposure to obesity.

Methods

Data were from the Wave I (2008) National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. A standardized T2D polygenic score was created using 2014 GWAS meta-analysis results. Weighted mediation analyses using generalized structural equation models were conducted …


Partisanship In Times Of Crisis: Evidence From Italy, Alexa Bankert, Alessandro Del Ponte, Leonie Huddy Sep 2022

Partisanship In Times Of Crisis: Evidence From Italy, Alexa Bankert, Alessandro Del Ponte, Leonie Huddy

Political Science Faculty Articles and Research

There is a continuing debate over the political importance and durability of partisan attachments in European multi-party systems. Drawing on a nationally representative five-wave panel, we provide a longitudinal test of the power of partisanship in Italy over the course of the tumultuous 2013 national elections. We find that a strong partisan affiliation measured as a social identity two years prior to the election promoted system stability by increasing support for the in-party and inhibiting electoral support for the insurgent Five Star Movement (M5S). In contrast, non-partisans, especially highly educated ones, were more likely than partisans to vote for M5S. …


Nasal Nitric Oxide Levels: Improving The Diagnosis Of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia In Puerto Rico, Wilfredo De Jesús-Rojas, Francisco Alvarado-Huerta, Jesús M Meléndez-Montañez, José Muñiz-Hernández, Arnaldo Santos-López, Ricardo A Mosquera Sep 2022

Nasal Nitric Oxide Levels: Improving The Diagnosis Of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia In Puerto Rico, Wilfredo De Jesús-Rojas, Francisco Alvarado-Huerta, Jesús M Meléndez-Montañez, José Muñiz-Hernández, Arnaldo Santos-López, Ricardo A Mosquera

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disease characterized by motile cilia dysfunction with a prevalence of 1 in 16,309 individuals in Hispanic populations. In Puerto Rico, the prevalence of PCD is unknown. Diagnosis of PCD in Puerto Rico is challenging due to the lack of diagnostic technology. Algorithms for PCD diagnosis include clinical history, genetic testing, ciliary biopsy, and nasal Nitric Oxide (nNO) levels. For the first time, this study successfully implemented and measured the nNO levels in subjects with the RSPH4A (c.921+3_921+6del (intronic)) as a diagnostic tool to complement the current algorithm for PCD diagnosis on the …