Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons^™

Sense Of Belonging In The Workplace: Development And Validation Of A Scale, Campbell C. Dunson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

In this dissertation, I describe the development and validation of the Sense of Belonging in the Workplace Scale (SBWS). A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review of the belonging construct revealed five key components of a sense of belonging in the workplace: (1) accepted/liked, (2) known/understood, (3) purpose/status, (4) respected/voice, and (5) safety/trust. Scale validation began with a review of 40 initial items by a panel of 12 subject matter experts (SMEs). The items were then revised, and a pilot study involving 67 participants was conducted to test these 40 items through exploratory factor analysis and construct validation. The top-performing 25 items were …

The Colors Of Good And Evil: A Quantitative Study On The Effect Of Disney Animated Feature Films On Audience Color Association, Grace Mallory Hayes

Masters Theses

The purpose of this quantitative research study was to determine what impact Disney animated feature films have on audience color association. The problem is that Disney assigns colors to certain movie roles that are in contrast to what color theory posits or would assume. This study sought to determine if audiences that are highly saturated in Disney animated feature films receive a different message from colors than someone who does not regularly consume Disney films. This research examines the impact of Disney habitually assigning colors to characters in contrast to their traditional meaning on the emotional association of viewers through …

Analysis Of Personality Traits, Intelligence Level And Ability To Cope With Stressful Situations And Their Impact On The Evaluation Of Judo Fights, Maciej Kostrzewa, Jan Supinski, Slawomir Kownacki, Miłosz Drozd, Anna Ścisłowska-Czarnecka, Jarosław Markowski, Jan Pilch, Alicja Markiel, Marcin Żak, Adam Maszczyk

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The aim of the study presented in this article was to conduct an analysis that would answer the research question: do personality traits such as extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, intelligence level, and ability to cope with stressful situations correlate with the assessment of judo fights? Materials and Methods: Ninety individuals participated in the study, including international-class referees, national-class referees, coaches, and active judo athletes. The study used a correlational analysis approach to examine the relationships between personality traits and fight assessment criteria in judo. Results: The results indicate that in the referees' group, there is a …

أثر منصات التواصل الاجتماعي في تشكيل الوعي السياسي لدى الشباب, Islam Ahmad Saleem Alayasrah, Amin A. Almashaqbeh

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدف المقال التحقق من وجود أثر دال إحصائياً لمنصات التواصل الاجتماعي على تشكيل الوعي السياسي لدى أفراد المجتمع الأردني، والتحقق من وجود أثر دال إحصائياً لوسائل الإعلام ومنصات التواصل الاجتماعي على تشكيل الوعي السياسي لدى أفراد المجتمع الأردني يعزى للمتغيرات الديموغرافية لعينة الدراسة. وقد تم التوصل إلى وجود أثر مرتفع لمنصات التواصل الاجتماعي على تشكيل الوعي السياسي لدى أفراد المجتمع الأردني من وجهة نظرهم، وعدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في أثر وسائل الإعلام ومنصات التواصل الاجتماعي على تشكيل الوعي السياسي لدى أفراد المجتمع الأردني يعزى لمتغيرات الدراسة. وفي ضوء ما تم التوصل إليه من نتائج، تمت التوصية بضرورة أن …

مدى انتشار ظاهرة التنمر الإلكتروني لدى طلاب المرحلة المتوسطة في المدارس الرسمية في بيروت, Zeinab H. Ismail ., Nehme Safa

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

ركّز البحث على قضية مهمة وأساسية ومشكلة تربوية واجتماعية بالغة الخطورة، من خلال الكشف عن درجة انتشار سلوك التنمر الإلكتروني لدى طلاب المرحلة المتوسطة في المدارس الرسمية في مدينة بيروت. لذا هدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد نسبة انتشار التنمر الإلكتروني لدى هؤلاء الطلاب، وتحديد أكثر الأشكال استخداما، وكذلك الكشف عن حقيقة وجود فروق دالة إحصائيًّا بين متوسطي درجات الذّكور والإناث على مقياس سلوك التنمّر الإلكتروني. ومن أجل تحقيق هذه الغاية، اعتمدت الباحثة في بحثها على المنهج الوصفي وطبقت مقياس التنمر الإلكتروني على عينة عشوائية من 1152 طالبا وطالبة في المرحلة المتوسطة في المدارس الرسمية في بيروت. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن …

دور التسويق الاجتماعي في خلق الحوار وتعزيز تفاعل الجمهور مع حملات مقاطعة المواد الاستهلاكية سريعة الحركة, Sara Yaqoub Nasereddin

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

عدّت حملات التسويق الاجتماعي في بداية التسعينات من القرن العشرين، أحد أهم أدوات تحقيق التوعية الاجتماعية وتعزيز الحوار في المجتمعات العربية، خاصة في ظل التطور الاقتصادي والتنمية الاجتماعية فيها، إذ تهدف مثل هذه الحملات بصورة أساسية على خلق الحوار لتعزيز اندماج الجمهور بممارسات التغيير ودعم روح المسؤولية الاجتماعية من خلال غرس قيم الهوية الوطنية وتجسدت أبرز صورها في وقتنا الحالي في دعم تفاعل الجمهور مع حملات مقاطعة المواد الاستهلاكية سريعة الحركة من خلال دعم المنتج الاستهلاكي المحلي، وقد جاءت هذه الدراسة بهدف الكشف عن دور التسويق الاجتماعي في تعزيز الحوار وتعزيز تفاعل الجمهور مع حملات مقاطعة المواد الاستهلاكية سريعة الحركة …

العزلة الاجتماعية وعلاقتها بالأفكار اللاعقلانية لدى طلبة المدارس, Feras Qurit'e Al-Jobour, Ali Abdullah Al-Hourani

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدفت الدّراسة إلى الكشف عن مستوى كل من العزلة الاجتماعية والأفكار اللاعقلانية، والعلاقة بينهما لدى طلبة المدارس. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، وتكوّنت عيّنة الدّراسة من (831) طالباً وطالبة (476 طالباً و 355 طالبة)، تم اختيارهم بالطّريقة المُتيسرة في الفصل الدراسي الثاني للعام الدراسي (2023/2022)م. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة؛ جرى استخدام مقياس العزلة الاجتماعية ومقياس الأفكار اللاعقلانية اللذين أعدا لغايات هذه الدراسة، بعد التحقق من صدقهما وثباتهما. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن مستوى كل من العزلة الاجتماعية والأفكار اللاعقلانية جاء متوسطاً، وأن هناك علاقة ارتباطية موجبة دالة إحصائياً بينهما. كما أظهرت النتائج أيضاً عدم وجود فروق دالة إحصائياً في مستوى كل …

السايبركوندريا وعلاقتها بأعراض اضطراب التشوه الوهمي للجسم لدى طلبة جامعة اليرموك, Ali Saleh Jarwan, Sondus I. Al-Abbasi

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدف المقال الكشف عن السايبركوندريا وعلاقتها بأعراض اضطراب التشوه الوهمي للجسم لدى طلبة جامعة اليرموك، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (692) طالبًا وطالبة، اختيروا بالطريقة المتيسرة. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن مستوى السايبركوندريا لدى طلبة جامعة اليرموك متوسط، ووجود فرق دال إحصائيًا في تقديرات أفراد عينة الدراسة لمستوى السايبركوندريا في الأبعاد جميعها تبعًا لمتغير الجنس لصالح الإناث، وفرق دال إحصائيًا في الأبعاد جميعها باستثناء بُعد عدم الثقة تبعًا لمتغير المعدل التراكمي لصالح جيد فما دون، وعدم وجود فرق دال إحصائيًا في الأبعاد جميعها تبعًا لمتغير الكلية. وأشارت النتائج إلى أن مستوى أعراض اضطراب التشوه الوهمي للجسم لدى طلبة جامعة اليرموك منخفض، وعدم …

فاعلية المهارات البيولوجية لدى النساء الاردنيات وعلاقتها بالإعداد والتطوير القيادي: مدخل القيادة النسوية, Maysoon Issa Alsaleem

Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Research in Higher Education مجلة اتحاد الجامعات العربية للبحوث في التعليم العالي

هدف المقال إلى بيان مدى فاعلية المهارات البيولوجية لدى القيادات النسائية واختبار العلاقة بين تفعيل هذه المهارات وإعداد وتطوير القيادات النسائية في المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية، باستخدام مقياس CEPIC-HERO الذي استحدثته الباحثة. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، حيث أظهرت النتائج أن تفعيل المهارات البيولوجية لدى القيادات النسائية يتراوح بين المتوسط والمنخفض جدًا، حيث كانت مهارة المرونة هي الأعلى تفعيلًا بدرجة متوسطة، وأقلها مهارة توظيف الهرمونات بدرجة منخفضة جدًا. كما بينت النتائج وجود علاقة طردية متوسطة بين تفعيل المهارات البيولوجية وإعداد وتطوير القيادات النسائية، حيث يفسر تفعيل هذه المهارات 57% من التغيير الحاصل في إعداد وتطوير القيادات، والنسبة المتبقية (43%) تعود …

Prosecutorial Perceptions Of Discovery Reform On A Local Level, Gabrielle A. Roubanian, Janne E. Gaub, Marthinus C. Koen, James J. Willis

Qualitative Criminology (QC)

"In recent years, several states in the United States have considered and implemented discovery reforms to regulate how evidence is included and shared as criminal cases play out in the court system. Currently, little research explores how prosecutors have made sense of these reforms and how discovery changes have impacted their day-to-day routines. Consequently, this case study considers how prosecutors at a large prosecutorial agency in the United States made sense of discovery reforms implemented in its state two years before data collection. Findings are based on 35 semi-structured qualitative interviews and highlight how prosecutors experienced the implementation of the …

“They Don’T Want Us Anywhere”: The Impact Of Anti-Homelessness Laws On Unsheltered Residents Of Fort Worth, Texas, Brie Diamond

Qualitative Criminology (QC)

"Access to public space is not afforded equally amongst the population. Often, the people who must spend most of their time in these spaces, people experiencing homelessness, are barred by local or state law from being there. Fort Worth, Texas, implemented a camping ban in 2019 that prohibits camping on public or private property. This article explores the impact of this ban on unsheltered people experiencing homelessness using semi-structured interviews with 18 people residing in encampments across the city. The findings document the tangible and existential losses endured by this group and the impact on the perception of their place …

Campaigning For Change: How State-Level Groups Advocate For Legislative Sexual Offense Reform, Jennifer L. Wooldridge, Danielle J. S. Bailey, Stephanie Taulli

Qualitative Criminology (QC)

"In the criminal justice field, advocacy groups work to better the circumstances for specific groups of people facing perceived injustice. While some advocacy groups have been studied extensively, one type of group – sexual offense reform advocates – has been understudied. This is particularly problematic due to stigmatization and legislative differences in how individuals convicted of sex crimes are supervised compared those convicted of non-sexual offenses. These post-conviction differences make it necessary to better understand these advocacy groups and their processes when fighting for public policy change. The current study examines qualitative interviews conducted with affiliates of a national organization …

Complexities Of Appellate Law: Experiences And Perspectives Of Utah Indigent Appellate Attorneys, Whitney Howey, Stephanie Kathan, Jeremiah W. Jaggers, Chris Cambron

Qualitative Criminology (QC)

"Indigent appellate attorneys experience high stress due to their unique roles and responsibilities. Very little scientific research examines the lives and experiences of attorneys in the workplace. Characterizing and describing the variety of complexities and challenges Utah appellate attorneys face within their work provides information towards filling the profession’s gaps, stressors, and occupational needs. A sample of five Utah appellate attorneys were interviewed to better understand their perspectives and experiences in the workplace. We used thematic analysis to identify themes related to Utah appellate attorney experiences and perspectives. We identified four major themes from the data, including Personal approach, Working …

Revitalization Of Endangered Languages With Ai, Ivory Yang

Dartmouth College Master’s Theses

The preservation and revitalization of endangered languages, particularly those with minimal digital presence, presents significant challenges for computational linguistics. This thesis addresses these challenges by proposing novel methods for language identification and data generation, focusing on underrepresented Indigenous languages, specifically Nüshu, Native American and Native Alaskan languages.

In the first study, a COLING 2025 paper, we present NüshuRescue, an AI-driven framework designed to facilitate the preservation of Nüshu, an endangered script used exclusively by Yao women in China. Using minimal seed data, we demonstrate how GPT-4-Turbo can generate new translations, expanding a publicly available Nüshu-Chinese corpus, achieving 48.69% accuracy in …

Exploring The Effects Of Anthropogenic Habitat Change On Euplerid Carnivore Occupancy In A Humid Evergreen Forest, South-East Madagascar, C. Cardinal, Timothy M. Eppley, M. Andriamorasata, G. Donati

Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Mammalian carnivores are vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures, including habitat modifications, disturbance, and the introduction of non‐native species. Forests throughout Madagascar are under persistent pressure from extraction of timber and non‐timber products, and conversion of forest habitat to agriculture. Yet research into the impact of anthropogenic pressures on endemic carnivores is only recent, and relatively little is known about their populations in the extreme south of the island. We sought to explore how disturbance affects the occurrence of small carnivores in lowland humid forests and their varying degrees of adaptability to human‐modified landscapes. To answer this, we conducted exploratory camera trap …

Puppycide By Gavel: How The Judiciary Uses The Police Killing Of Dogs To Reinforce Justifications For Police Violence, Jeremy J. Smith

Qualitative Criminology (QC)

"Police discharge their firearms more often at dogs than humans, and as a profession, kill thousands of dogs every year. The number of dogs killed by police during these encounters has government officials declaring that an “epidemic” is occurring within policing itself, with some commentators referring to this trend as “puppycide” or “canicide.” The purpose of this article is to examine how the judiciary rationalizes canicide, or the police killing of dogs, and the role canicide plays in the justification of police violence. To do this, the article provides a sociolegal and ethnographic content analysis of federal court cases and …

October 7 And International Police Cooperation:The Silence Of Interpol, Mathieu Deflem

Faculty Publications

Aim: The aim of this study is to explore the background and interpretation of Interpol’s silence following the terrorist attacks committed by Hamas against Israel on October 7, 2023. The author examines the international policing implications of the events, with special attention to why the world’s largest police organization failed to issue any substantive response.

Methodology: The research is based on a sociological analysis combining a historical and institutional overview of Interpol’s counterterrorism activities with the examination of the organization’s communications and institutional decisions. It relies on qualitative sources and an interpretive, case study-based approach using public documents, records, and …

Elite Cohesion And Its Historical Sources: Analyzing Its Impact On Democratization In Nigeria And Botswana, Aliaa Magdy Aboutera

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis examines the divergent democratization trajectories of Botswana and Nigeria, focusing on the role of colonial legacies and post-colonial elites in shaping elite cohesion. While both countries experienced British colonial rule, their transitions to democracy in the post-independence period have differed significantly. This study argues that elite cohesion, although insufficient on its own, is a critical facilitating factor in democratic consolidation that warrants greater attention in the democratization literature. This cohesion is largely shaped by the sociology of political elites, with historical contexts influencing how elites organize. Through process tracing, the thesis argues that colonialism in Botswana did not …

Game, Set, Empower: A Comparative Instagram Analysis Of Branding And Engagement In The Confederation Of African Football (Caf) Women’S And Men’S Champions League, Nour Abdelkader Ms

Theses and Dissertations

The rise of women’s football has placed new emphasis on digital branding, with social media becoming a vital space for visibility, engagement, and representation. This thesis investigates how Instagram content strategies influence fan engagement during the CAF Women’s and Men’s Champions League tournaments. Specifically, it examines the role of content type (match, behind-the-scenes, off-the-pitch, promotional), marketing orientation (organic, sponsored, collaborative), and post format (reel, carousel, photo, graphic) in shaping audience interaction.

Using an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach, the study analyzed 674 Instagram posts (276 CAFWCL, 398 CAFCL) and conducted semi-structured interviews with five digital sports professionals, including CAF digital …

Development Of Preventive Dental Guidelines In The Primary Healthcare Setting In Egypt: A Delphi Method, Basant Mehriz

Theses and Dissertations

This study addresses the critical need for standardized preventive dental care guidelines within Egypt's primary healthcare system amid the rising burden of oral diseases. Through a systematic two-phase methodology combining a comprehensive literature review and a Delphi consensus-building process engaging 35 dental professionals, the research established priorities for contextually appropriate preventive measures. The consensus framework revealed strong support for clinical interventions (mean of 83% agreement), particularly fluoride-based prevention; community initiatives (mean of 83%), especially school-based programs; policy measures (mean of 77%) such as workforce and educational development, though with variable support for taxation and social determinants approaches. Statistical analysis demonstrated …

The Potential For Improv As A Therapeutic Tool In The Context Of Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Suggestions For Dbt Clinicians, Jocelyn Borden

University Honors Theses

This thesis explores the theoretical and practical intersections between improvisational theater and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), proposing that the core tenets of improv closely align with the philosophical foundation and therapeutic goals of DBT. Aimed at mental health professionals, this work provides a conceptual framework and praxis for incorporating improv-based activities into DBT skills training to enhance client engagement, experiential learning, and emotional resilience. Through an examination of improv theory, parallels with DBT principles, and practical suggestions for integration, the thesis outlines how applied improvisation can be used as a supplemental tool in traditional DBT treatment. The final section includes …

Self-Representation In Manga: The Importance Of Gay & Lesbian Visibility In Japanese Society, Rylan Newsom

University Honors Theses

This thesis examines the evolving landscape of gay and lesbian self-representation in Japanese manga through a hermeneutic analysis of three key texts: My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness by Kabi Nagata, and My Brother's Husband and Our Colors by Gengoroh Tagame. It investigates how manga functions not only as a storytelling medium but as a sociocultural mirror, uniquely positioned to illuminate the often-invisible negotiations of identity, shame, and social position that queer individuals experience in Japan. Through the lens of Takie Lebra's concept of bun (role or place in society), this project explores the ways in which queer characters seek legitimacy, …

The Correlation Of Trauma-Informed Classrooms Without Support Infrastructure And Teacher Burnout, Sunshine O'Connor

University Honors Theses

This thesis examines the impact of Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) implementation in classrooms on teacher burnout, specifically focusing on settings with insufficient support infrastructure. While TIC is recognized as beneficial for all students, not just students affected by trauma, a synthesis of scholarly literature highlights the significant challenges faced by educators when proper resources, training, and institutional backing are lacking. Existing research indicates that teachers implementing TIC in inadequately supported environments report higher levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and overall burnout. These challenges appear most acute for teachers in schools with limited professional development, insufficient mental health resources, and weak administrative …

Translating Legalese: Deconstructing Lease Language For New Renters, Erin Clarke

University Honors Theses

This thesis investigates the relationship between legal English and the general public, focusing on the challenges laypersons encounter in reading contract language. By examining specific linguistic features of legal writing, along with the systems and practices of US law, this research highlights the problematic disconnect between the complexity of legalese and the fluency level of average citizens in this specialized variety of English. This issue is particularly salient in the realm of rental agreements for housing, given the mounting housing crisis and historically high eviction rates in the state of Oregon. The culmination of this research is a digital guidebook …

Testing Their Limits: Impact And Intentions Of Standardized Testing In K-12 Schools, Grace O. Herd

University Honors Theses

The integration of High-Stakes standardized testing into U.S. public education to serve as an accountability system has been a disputed issue since the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) mandated these assessments nationwide in 2002. NCLB aimed to locate and identify schools failing to reach Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) and trigger a chain of interventions based on student performance, as an effort to track measurable outcomes from federal education funding. While supporters view these standardized tests as quantifiable data for school effectiveness in academics, critics challenge the claim of validity.

This review integrates current psychological research in the area of …

Virtual Versus In-Person Rose Program (La Luz) As Universal Prevention For Perinatal Depression: Protocol For A Randomized Controlled Trial In A Safety Net Hospital, Daphne Y. Liu, Nicholas S. Perry, Catherine H. Demers, Jennifer S. Hyer, Anely Alamo, Paige Vuksanovich, Nandi Dube, Erin R. Flanagan, Robert J. Gallop, Galena K. Rhoades, Elysia Poggi Davis

Psychology: Faculty Scholarship

Perinatal depression disproportionally affects underserved communities, who need effective and accessible prevention programs. Reach Out, Stay strong, Essentials for new mothers (ROSE) has demonstrated effectiveness in preventing postpartum depression in underserved populations when delivered in person. This ongoing randomized controlled trial (RCT) tests the novel virtual implementation of ROSE as universal prevention in a Federally Qualified Health Center setting. We adopted the name, La Luz, for ROSE to be culturally relevant to our population. Pregnant individuals < 30 gestational weeks (target N = 900) are randomized to either the virtual or in-person La Luz program, which consists of four 90-min group sessions. Groups are offered in English and Spanish, based on participants' preference. Participants complete surveys at seven timepoints: before program, 28 gestational weeks, 35 gestational weeks, and 6-weeks, 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months postpartum. Primary outcomes are postpartum depression severity measured by the 20-item Symptom Checklist (SCL-20) and 10-item Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10). We will perform intent-to-treat analysis to test whether virtual La Luz is non-inferior to in-person La Luz. This study also evaluates implementation process and outcomes of both modalities of La Luz to inform the development of an implementation toolkit. This RCT contributes to our knowledge of perinatal depression prevention and addresses access barriers for underserved populations. If effectiveness of virtual La Luz is demonstrated, the new evidence for a scalable low-cost prevention can be used to reduce perinatal depression and offer accessible treatment options for people who face significant barriers to care.

Elephant, The Zone Of Interest, And Naturalism, Alex Porter

Comm-entary

No abstract provided.

Working Paper No. 95, Jeremy Bentham And English Common Law, Anastasia Klingler

Working Papers in Economics

This inquiry seeks to establish that in his book, The Theory of Legislation [1802], author Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) critiqued English Common Law while also posing solutions and alternatives. The first part of this inquiry considers Bentham’s critique of the degrees of vagueness and confusion that could be associated with what is noted as “Common Law” with its emphasis upon the “principle of expectation.” In addition, this inquiry introduces and considers Bentham’s warnings against uses associated with the English legal system and its emphasis upon the importance of “precedent,” as this emphasis is argued to open risks for abuse by courts …

Working Paper No. 97, Business Sabotage In Theory And Practice, Nathan Lewis-Lusso

Working Papers in Economics

This inquiry seeks to establish that theoretical advances offered earlier on by one Karl Marx and some decades later by one Thorstein Veblen offer insights into forms of business sabotage. Drawing upon their writings, this inquiry considers how in the writings of Marx, already in the mid-nineteenth century surplus value extraction and pecuniary sabotage serve as structural features found in a market-based economy. Marx’s consideration of surplus labor and artificial scarcity reveals how private investment seeks to constrain production in order to preserve and enhance profitability. Veblen’s theory of institutional sabotage complements Marx’s view by showing how firms could delay …

Working Paper No. 98, Selma Mushkin And The Emergence Of The Field Of Health Economics, Sadie Kautz

Working Papers in Economics

This inquiry seeks to establish that through her effective efforts, Selma Mushkin promoted and shaped the field of Health Economics. Perhaps most importantly, she redefined health as a form of human capital that needed to be considered as both essential and integral to economic growth. In her 1958 paper: “Toward a Definition of Health Economics,” she defined the scope of this emerging field through emphasizing how improved resource allocation could lead to efficiency gains. Appearing as her 1962 article in the Journal of Political Economy, with “Health as an Investment” Mushkin advanced the idea that--much like education--public spending on health …