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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

A Polyvagal Theory And Mindfulness Based Art Therapy Approach To Self-Regulation And Self Compassion In The Face Of Trauma, Michaila Sheehan-Klein May 2024

A Polyvagal Theory And Mindfulness Based Art Therapy Approach To Self-Regulation And Self Compassion In The Face Of Trauma, Michaila Sheehan-Klein

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

Many people experience dysregulations for all kinds of reasons. Our bodies are constantly sensing our environments and taking in information. Recent research shows mind-body approaches, such as art therapy, can increase somatic awareness and self-acceptance. The posed question for this papers research was if art therapy experiences are combined with psychoeducation in polyvagal theory, how will it affect the participants level of self-compassion and understanding for their own self-regulation. A group of four women met for five total one-hour sessions over six weeks. They learned about the nervous system, how to identify its three states, gained skills for regulation, and …


Embodied Co-Regulation: A Neuroregulatory-Informed Dance/Movement Therapy Transition Intervention Method For Arousal Regulation For Adolescents In A Partial Hospitalization Program, Anamaria Guzman May 2024

Embodied Co-Regulation: A Neuroregulatory-Informed Dance/Movement Therapy Transition Intervention Method For Arousal Regulation For Adolescents In A Partial Hospitalization Program, Anamaria Guzman

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This thesis introduces a novel Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT) approach, focusing on nervous system arousal regulation during transitions between therapy groups. The core of the method involves a brief 5-minute exercise designed to modulate arousal levels, encompassing alertness and energy, aiming to establish a baseline homeostasis. Rooted in Polyvagal Theory and Developmental Neurobiology, the approach assumes the co-regulation of nervous systems within a group therapeutic setting. Two primary outcomes are self-assessed: 1) somatic experiences documented through narratives and 2) nervous system biodata measured using the Flowtime headband monitoring of brainwaves, heart rate, and other biomarkers. Results indicated that all six sessions …


Aligning With Adolescents: A Literature Review Of Art Therapy In Residential Treatment Programs, Olivia Moore May 2024

Aligning With Adolescents: A Literature Review Of Art Therapy In Residential Treatment Programs, Olivia Moore

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

Adolescents in residential treatment programs throughout the United States are a specialized population that demonstrate resiliency and hope every day. Many adolescents in these programs have experienced prominent levels of trauma that impact their ability to function in lower-level programs, foster homes, and in their communities. Residential treatment approaches may look like locked facilities with trauma-informed staff who provide programming options, mental health care, and safe living conditions for adolescents. Without strength-based approaches to treatment, this population may struggle to overcome their trauma, mental health challenges, and developmental needs. In this literature review, art therapy was offered to provide developmentally …


Dance/Movement Therapy: A Novel Approach For Latino Males With Incarceration Histories In Sud Treatment, Aletia Egipciaco May 2024

Dance/Movement Therapy: A Novel Approach For Latino Males With Incarceration Histories In Sud Treatment, Aletia Egipciaco

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This paper investigates how open clients would be to participating and engaging in Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT) sessions at a residential SUD facility. The questions asked were (1) What level of engagement would clients have and (2) How would they engage in DMT group sessions at a residential substance use disorder facility? A program lasting 8 weeks, aimed at facilitating DMT group sessions, was conducted at a residential SUD facility twice a week. The objective was to assess participant engagement levels and observe their involvement in the DMT sessions. Residents of the facility were invited voluntarily to attend the DMT groups. …


Utilizing Dance/Movement Therapy For Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Development Of A Method, Jayda Pearson May 2024

Utilizing Dance/Movement Therapy For Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Development Of A Method, Jayda Pearson

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

While there is limited research on the use of dance/movement therapy (DMT) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This thesis introduces an intervention focused on utilizing (DMT) to assist children with ADHD in self-regulation during periods of dysregulation associated with the disorder. The research is backed by literature reviews covering various topics related to ADHD symptoms such as dysregulation, impulsivity, and attention difficulties. Furthermore, the thesis delves into the background of dance/movement therapy and explores how DMT can be integrated with other modalities such as play therapy for a comprehensive therapeutic approach.


Perreando To New Lyrics: Integrating Feminist Reggaeton In Expressive Art Therapy A Literature Review | Perreando A Nueva Lírica: Una Revisión Literaria Sobre Integrar El Reggaetón Feminista A Las Terapias Con Artes Expresivas, Marilina Arsuaga May 2024

Perreando To New Lyrics: Integrating Feminist Reggaeton In Expressive Art Therapy A Literature Review | Perreando A Nueva Lírica: Una Revisión Literaria Sobre Integrar El Reggaetón Feminista A Las Terapias Con Artes Expresivas, Marilina Arsuaga

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This paper presents how feminist reggaeton can be used as a creative tool for women's empowerment. The literature review explores the work that has been done with feminism in expressive arts therapies, defines what feminist reggaeton is, and presents different considerations to incorporate the musical genre into a therapeutic intervention. Among these considerations, there is the social stigma that is held about the musical genre and female gender; the community-based work; the importance of cultural identity centered on the Latinx, more specifically Puerto Rican; and recognition of the LGBTQ+ community in the creative spaces. To navigate these issues, the author …


Towards An Ecodramatherapy: Drama Therapy For Climate Grief & Climate Activism, Emilie Slotine May 2024

Towards An Ecodramatherapy: Drama Therapy For Climate Grief & Climate Activism, Emilie Slotine

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

As governments and social organizations fail to sufficiently address the rapidly warming climate, psychological responses such as grief, anxiety, anger, guilt and shame increase, with young people disproportionately affected. This capstone thesis reviewed current literature on climate-change related mental health issues, considered the lack of literature within the field of drama therapy, and engaged in preliminary ecodramatherapeutic work through textual analysis. Seven plays about climate change were coded using qualitative data analysis for shared themes of therapeutic relevance. Emergent themes included The Paradoxical Power/Powerlessness of Humanity, Lost Connection to Nature or Spirit or Culture, Art as Activism and Intergenerational Responsibility. …


Dance/Movement Therapy In The Treatment Of Emotional Dysregulation In Children With Emotional, Social, And Behavioral Challenges: A Literature Review, Sarah E. Scarbrough May 2024

Dance/Movement Therapy In The Treatment Of Emotional Dysregulation In Children With Emotional, Social, And Behavioral Challenges: A Literature Review, Sarah E. Scarbrough

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This literature review examines the topic of emotional regulation as it relates to children with emotional, cognitive and behavioral impairments and the effectiveness of current treatment modalities. In this paper emotional regulation is conceptualized as the ability to modulate the intensity and/or duration of emotional responses. Emotional regulation is explored for both its intrinsic and extrinsic features and how they interact with treatment outcomes. Current psychotherapeutic and dance/ movement therapy interventions aimed at improving emotional awareness, expression, and regulation coping skills are discussed. Group interventions are investigated for their unique contributions to the development of emotional regulation skills. The importance …


A Comparison Of Body-Based Therapies Of Infant Development: A Literature Review, Nicole Rivera May 2024

A Comparison Of Body-Based Therapies Of Infant Development: A Literature Review, Nicole Rivera

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

In this thesis, I discuss two body-based therapies and explore their theory, body movement observation, assessments, application, and qualifications within an infant population. After my research, I have a more in-depth understanding of the differences and similarities between the methods and have more comprehension around what makes dance/movement therapy unique. I discovered that dance/movement therapists can collaboratively work alongside any medical facility due to the extensive training one must go through. A dance/movement therapist can use an assortment of assessments to give a client a treatment plan designed uniquely for them and their therapeutic goals. A dance/movement therapist can hold …


Ethnic Name-Changing Among Mandarin-Speaking Music Therapists In The United States And Its Influence On Their Identity: A Literature Review, Ying-Jung Chen May 2024

Ethnic Name-Changing Among Mandarin-Speaking Music Therapists In The United States And Its Influence On Their Identity: A Literature Review, Ying-Jung Chen

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This capstone thesis uses available literature to explore the ethnic name-changing and its impact on the identity of Mandarin-speaking music therapists in the United States. Eight themes are explored in this literature review: (1) the distinction of Mandarin Chinese; (2) the relationship between names and selves; (3) Chinese naming practices; (4) the practice of name-changing among Mandarin speakers in the United States; (5) the reasons behind Mandarin speakers adopting English names; (6) cross-cultural adaptation; (7) cultural adaptation of foreign music therapists in the United States; and (8) the significance of music therapist's identity exploration. This literature review highlights the importance …


Embodied Parenting, Attentive Movement And The Kestenberg Movement Profile For Improving Physical, Emotional And Mental Health Domains For Postpartum Parents: A Literature Review, Kayla M. Medeiros May 2024

Embodied Parenting, Attentive Movement And The Kestenberg Movement Profile For Improving Physical, Emotional And Mental Health Domains For Postpartum Parents: A Literature Review, Kayla M. Medeiros

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

Research has shown that dance/movement therapy (DMT) can improve the physical, mental, and emotional health of parents and DMT continues to be researched for parents going through postpartum. Postpartum is a phase of pregnancy that can affect the well-being of both birthing and non-birthing parents. DMT studies such as Kestenberg Movement Profiles (KMP), Embodied Parenting, and Attentive Movement offer techniques that can be used in all phases of the pregnancy. Phases include perinatal, delivery, postpartum, and family work. The review of dance/movement therapy literature and the impact it has on parents going through postpartum is just the beginning of some …


Art Therapy As A Tool To Enhance Social Skills In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review, Alejandra Deleon May 2024

Art Therapy As A Tool To Enhance Social Skills In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review, Alejandra Deleon

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This literature review delves into the advantages of using art-making as a means to help children with Autism Spectrum Disorder acquire necessary social and communication skills. The review hones in on the challenges that children with ASD face in regards to their self-perception, social behaviors, emotional regulation, and environmental triggers. Specifically, it poses the question: how does art therapy benefit children who have been diagnosed with ASD? The review covers various literary categories, including Autism Spectrum Disorder, Social Skills, Emotional Regulation, Attachment, Art Therapy Groups, and Art Mediums. Ultimately, the paper provides evidence that art therapy can be a beneficial …


Dance/Movement Therapy: Approach For Women Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence, Mia Jewell May 2024

Dance/Movement Therapy: Approach For Women Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence, Mia Jewell

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This literature review aims to underscore the efficacy of body-based interventions as an approach to address both the physical and psychological repercussions experienced by women affected by intimate partner violence (IPV). The review begins with an overview of IPV, with a focus on the impact on women, and covers reviews of existing psychotherapeutic interventions. Additionally, this literature review delves into the potential benefits of dance movement interventions, positing that such approaches empower individuals to regain control over their environment by acknowledging the parity of physical, social, and emotional well-being The literature review is focused on dance movement therapy as a …


One Stitch At A Time: Examining The Self-Care Of Art Therapists And The Potential Of Fiber Arts For Wellbeing, Elaine Chippero May 2024

One Stitch At A Time: Examining The Self-Care Of Art Therapists And The Potential Of Fiber Arts For Wellbeing, Elaine Chippero

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

The goal of this thesis was to understand why art therapists are particularly at risk for burnout, why it is essential for art therapists to engage artmaking for their own self-care, and why fiber crafts are particularly suited for self-care. The literature was collected and organized using reflective journaling and visual–tactile coding and then presented in the following review. The first two sections of the literature review include comprehensive definitions of burnout and self-care and how both concepts have been discussed in literature relating to the helping professions and specifically art therapists. The third section covers the historical context of …


Securing Attachment In The Nicu Through Polyvagal-Informed Dance/Movement Therapy: A Literature Review, Sophia Schneider May 2024

Securing Attachment In The Nicu Through Polyvagal-Informed Dance/Movement Therapy: A Literature Review, Sophia Schneider

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

The integration of polyvagal theory (PVT) and dance/movement therapy (DMT) may offer a nuanced approach to healing attachment between the parent-infant dyad in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This embedded modality offers insight into the manner in which attachment is influenced by a neurobiological basis, as well as how various somatic elements may assist in restructuring the autonomic nervous system to promote social engagement, self-regulation, and co-regulation. Therefore, this literature review explores the core elements of PVT and DMT, including the core rhythms of respiration, heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate, and vascular feedback/rhythmicity, and their influence on improving …


Nou Rive La Ak 2 Pye Nou: Exploring Creative And Expressive Movements With Recently Arrived Haitian Migrants Through A Community Engagement Project, Sahita Pierre-Antoine May 2024

Nou Rive La Ak 2 Pye Nou: Exploring Creative And Expressive Movements With Recently Arrived Haitian Migrants Through A Community Engagement Project, Sahita Pierre-Antoine

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

Haitian individuals and families constitute a large portion of the recently arrived migrants in Massachusetts. As the State struggles to respond to the logistics of the migration crisis, migrants are grappling with the mental health sequelae of their long and traumatic journeys: post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms are the top diagnoses among this population. Offering mental health services requires culturally-centered and trauma-informed methods that can respond to the needs of this population. Dance/movement therapy is an expressive modality that can be rooted in the rich cultural symbols and practices of the migrants to support them as they …


Exploring The Therapeutic Synergy: Dance/Movement Therapy And Electroconvulsive Therapy In Geriatric Patient Recovery, Alexandra Niezgoda May 2024

Exploring The Therapeutic Synergy: Dance/Movement Therapy And Electroconvulsive Therapy In Geriatric Patient Recovery, Alexandra Niezgoda

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This capstone literature review synthesizes existing independent research on Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT) and Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) to provide recommendations for professionals working with geriatric psychiatry patients who are undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy treatment. This research addresses a gap in alternative care approaches for geriatric patients who are experiencing the side effects of long-term medical procedures. The data collected from this literature review offers evidence to support the use of Bartenieff fundamentals as a recovery tool for Electroconvulsive Therapy patients. Based on pre-existing research there are recommendations provided in the discussion section of this thesis on how to implement a movement group …


From Boys To Non-Toxic Men: An Intervention Using Expressive Arts Therapy To Foster Healthy Masculinity In Adult Men, Jennifer Liff May 2024

From Boys To Non-Toxic Men: An Intervention Using Expressive Arts Therapy To Foster Healthy Masculinity In Adult Men, Jennifer Liff

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

“Toxic masculinity” is a rigid form of masculine expression in the United States and other Western countries that espouses traditional norms of expression such as stoicism, power over others, control, aggression, and subjugation of women. Research has shown that it is detrimental to men’s mental health, and strict adherence to it is associated with higher rates of loneliness, depression, suicidal ideation, and violence. Earlier theories that have addressed toxic masculinity, such as the gender role strain paradigm, have taken a more pathological lens. However, the positive psychology/positive masculinity theory and relational cultural theory—contemporary theoretical frameworks that focus on healthy masculinity—show …


Enhance Inner Resilience And Self-Esteem: An Exploration Utilizing Expressive Arts Therapy In A Curriculum-Based Approach With Asian Immigrant Adolescents, Kevin Lin May 2024

Enhance Inner Resilience And Self-Esteem: An Exploration Utilizing Expressive Arts Therapy In A Curriculum-Based Approach With Asian Immigrant Adolescents, Kevin Lin

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

Asian and new immigrant adolescents often encounter difficulty transitioning to a new culture and environment foreign to their previous understandings. The clash between individualism and collectivism can impact their ability to adjust into the host culture, leading to limited coping skills when faced with acculturation difficulties. This capstone thesis utilized the integration of expressive arts therapy as part of a curriculum designed to help Asian immigrant adolescents build inner resilience and self-esteem to cope with immigration. Through further research on immigration, collectivism, individualism, creative expression, improvisational performance, art-based interventions, and expressive arts therapy, a curriculum-based approach was implemented in the …


Exploring Self-Concept And Emotional Regulation Through Music Technology: An Autoethnographic Study And Literature Review, Alejandro Grover May 2024

Exploring Self-Concept And Emotional Regulation Through Music Technology: An Autoethnographic Study And Literature Review, Alejandro Grover

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This autoethnography delves into the transformative potential of creative engagement, particularly through the lens of music technology, in shaping self-concept and emotional regulation. This study will also demonstrate how music technology makes it easy to facilitate hip hop therapy. Drawing on personal experiences and scholarly inquiry, the research explores the intersection of creativity and technology. Central to the study is the examination of various music technologies, including loop stations like the RC-505, digital audio workstations (DAWs) such as Logic Pro X, and Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) keyboards, as facilitators of creative expression and attunement. The research underscores the overarching …


Taking Off The Mask; Identity Development With Queer Emerging Adults, Lital Dotan May 2024

Taking Off The Mask; Identity Development With Queer Emerging Adults, Lital Dotan

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This literature review examines the potential of superhero-based drama therapy as a tool to foster feelings of agency, community building, and identity formation in queer emerging adults. Identity formation in this population is disrupted by internalized sexual stigma and isolation due to minority stressors specific to queer emerging adults. Identity formation is a crucial aspect of the developmental stage of emerging adulthood and is essential to mental wellness. By reviewing the history of queer readings of superhero media, the effective use of superhero-based therapeutic interventions, and the relevance of drama therapy processes in these interventions, it is concluded that drama …


Breaking The Stigma Of Dance/Movement Therapy And Eating Disorders: A Literature Review, Lisandra Fernandez May 2024

Breaking The Stigma Of Dance/Movement Therapy And Eating Disorders: A Literature Review, Lisandra Fernandez

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This thesis explores the idea of how dance/movement therapy can be a beneficial treatment modality to help individuals with an eating disorder. Dance/movement therapy (DMT) is a body-based approach that involves movement and dance. It is also a psychotherapy that is focused on the mind-body connection. The main question for this thesis is how does DMT benefit individuals with eating disorders and body-image challenges? This question is important to me because after graduating from Lesley I want to start to work with this population and bring DMT into the work that I do specifically with this population. Throughout this thesis …


A Music Therapist’S Clinical Improvised Songwriting To Explore Countertransference In The Therapeutic Relationship For An Individual With Multiple Disabilities, Isabella Sances May 2024

A Music Therapist’S Clinical Improvised Songwriting To Explore Countertransference In The Therapeutic Relationship For An Individual With Multiple Disabilities, Isabella Sances

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This qualitative and arts-based capstone thesis discusses working with individuals with multiple disabilities, songwriting in music therapy, intersubjective communication and theory, and countertransference in music therapy, by sharing the literature and presenting a method of how a music therapist’s own clinical improvised songwriting explores countertransference in the therapeutic relationship for an individual with multiple disabilities. Music therapy is used to treat individuals with multiple disabilities. The literature demonstrates that music therapy and improvisation can support communication development in clients with multiple disabilities. However, there is little research regarding countertransference and reflections by music therapists. This thesis explored post-session improvised songwriting …


The Arts As A Bridge For Connection With Filipino-Americans: A Literature Review, Jillian Mariano May 2024

The Arts As A Bridge For Connection With Filipino-Americans: A Literature Review, Jillian Mariano

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This literature review focuses on how the arts in therapeutic practice can be utilized to enhance the well-being and mental health of the identified population of Filipino-Americans. This literature review explores the culture of origin of the Philippines, reviewing the country's history with colonization and contemporary influences, the outlook of mental health, and the quality and access to treatment. Filipino values are also examined in connection to the human condition, in addition to the roles of the arts in culture, as well as how Filipino-Americans navigate mental health challenges. This includes the culture created from the Filipino identity in the …


Embodied Social Action: How Dance Movement Therapy Can Support Resistance Against Systems Of Oppression, Lauren Pope May 2024

Embodied Social Action: How Dance Movement Therapy Can Support Resistance Against Systems Of Oppression, Lauren Pope

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This thesis explores the ways in which the field of dance/movement therapy has been impacted by colonialism through examination of power dynamics within the therapeutic movement relationship and use of body/movement observation and analysis. This literature review examines the historical context of the field of dance/movement therapy while outlining ways that dance/movement therapy practices and approaches can target trauma due to experiences of oppression which can be a contributing factor toward creating social change. Themes of power, privilege, oppression, and cultural identity are explored in a variety of populations and settings to highlight the indiscriminate ways colonialism impacts all people …


Moving And Dancing Mindfully: A Community-Based Project For A Competitive Dance Team, Clare Terrio May 2024

Moving And Dancing Mindfully: A Community-Based Project For A Competitive Dance Team, Clare Terrio

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This graduate-level thesis explores the integration of mindfulness and Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT) principles applied to the competitive dance community. Drawing from the personal experience and studies of DMT of the author, there is an exploration of the importance of mindfulness when fostering dancers' connection to their bodies and promoting wellbeing through a community-based project. A one-hour workshop titled "Moving and Dancing Mindfully" was conducted to explore these concepts with a competitive dance team (N = 18), aged fourteen to eighteen. The workshop took place at a dance studio located in a suburban, lower to middle-class community in the East …


The Use Of Music Therapy With Non-English Speaking Older Adults, Yeeun Lee May 2024

The Use Of Music Therapy With Non-English Speaking Older Adults, Yeeun Lee

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This study explores the unique challenges associated with language barriers and cultural adaptation by immigrant older adult populations, especially non-English speaking individuals aged 65 and older, in English-speaking environment, and explores what music means as a communication tool beyond cultural and language barriers. The researcher addresses three big topics which include the challenges faced by non-English speaking older adults, the role of music therapy in addressing language barriers, and music therapy with non-English speaking older adults. The researcher sought to answer the following question: What does the academic scholarship on music therapy as a form of nonverbal expression say about …


Trauma-Informed Expressive & Creative Arts Therapy With Survivors Of Mass Shootings, Jessica Heiler May 2024

Trauma-Informed Expressive & Creative Arts Therapy With Survivors Of Mass Shootings, Jessica Heiler

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

Survivors of mass shootings often suffer from psychological impact and mental health issues, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), prolonged grief, depression, and anxiety. These individuals, who have been directly or indirectly exposed to the trauma, may find it challenging to find support and services that cater to their unique needs. Currently, there is no established framework for treating survivors of mass shootings. However, practitioners have proposed guidelines that incorporate trauma-informed practices. This literature review aims to explore how the use of trauma-informed expressive and creative arts therapies can provide an alternative to talk-based therapies when working with individuals and …


Parallel Process: Making Sense Of The Clinical Mental Health Counseling Internship Experience Through Visual Art Journaling, Stephanie Seifert May 2024

Parallel Process: Making Sense Of The Clinical Mental Health Counseling Internship Experience Through Visual Art Journaling, Stephanie Seifert

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

The use of journaling and art has regularly been used in therapeutic practices as a form of self-expression and self-reflection. However, few studies have examined the impact that visual art journaling, a combination of written word and artmaking, has on those same topics. To expand upon the few studies on visual art journaling, this study implemented the application of using a visual art journal during a three-week period to explore what benefits, if any, it had on helping a graduate student make sense of a clinical mental health counseling internship. This study was conducted in response to individual therapy with …


Exploring Touch: Art Therapy With Older Adults, Katherine Gilpatrick May 2024

Exploring Touch: Art Therapy With Older Adults, Katherine Gilpatrick

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

Touch is an incredible tool that allows humans to connect with one another. It is instrumental in art therapy as we work with different populations and materials. Touch can occur in many ways but must be clearly defined in the therapeutic space, especially regarding ethical codes. This paper explored touch within senior living communities across different levels of care, including dementia care. A variety of art materials were used including drawing materials, collage, clay, and digital art. Art experiences were documented and analyzed through journaling and reflective artmaking. Four patterns emerged when examining the results including connection to product, differences …