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Full-Text Articles in Social and Behavioral Sciences

Collaborating To Support Student Success: Exploring Free E-Text Access At Illinois State University, Julie Murphy, Mallory Jallas, Rachel E. Scott, Anne Shelley Mar 2021

Collaborating To Support Student Success: Exploring Free E-Text Access At Illinois State University, Julie Murphy, Mallory Jallas, Rachel E. Scott, Anne Shelley

Faculty and Staff Publications – Milner Library

A number of studies have shown a connection between the cost of textbooks and student success in higher education. While Milner Library has traditionally contributed to student success on many levels, we wished to address particular challenges to student success and equity that have been magnified by COVID. In Fall 2020 a project team of librarians from a variety of departments secured funding for a coordinated effort to license available e-textbooks for Spring 2021 courses. Major goals of this project are to help alleviate textbook costs for students and explore the potential impact of these savings on student success. In …


Forging Equity In Cities: Using Equitable Transit-Oriented Development (Etod) As A Blueprint For Policy And Practice, Roberto Requejo Mar 2021

Forging Equity In Cities: Using Equitable Transit-Oriented Development (Etod) As A Blueprint For Policy And Practice, Roberto Requejo

PSU Transportation Seminars

Racial equity, wealth building, public health and climate resilience goals are only possible through cross sectional engagement that includes city, state, and regional governments, community-based organizations, and private sector partners. Please join us for this jointly sponsored seminar and workshop to learn about models of community engagement for equitable transportation and housing development. In this seminar, Roberto Requejo, Program Director at Elevated Chicago, will discuss their community organizing and empowerment work to create equitable transit oriented development (eTOD) in Chicago. Their efforts to incorporate diversity, equity, and inclusion into planning and infrastructure investments center on community-focused benefits such as access …


Lockwood, Guy, Collection, 1903-1913, Special Collections, Leonard H. Axe Library Mar 2021

Lockwood, Guy, Collection, 1903-1913, Special Collections, Leonard H. Axe Library

Finding Aids

Drawings, books, and letters related to Guy Lockwood of Lockwood Publishing Company and related to politics.

Guy Lockwood (1870-1947) of Michigan was an American cartoonist and political activist, advocating for socialism. Lockwood and his friend Grant Walt Wallace created the company Wallace & Lockwood in 1891 which offered correspondence courses in penmanship and illustrations out of Lincoln, Nebraska, which was the first business of its kind. Both of the men were teachers at Western Normal College, also in Lincoln. Wallace left the company and Lockwood moved the company to Omaha by 1896. Lockwood moved to Kalamazoo, Michigan in 1904 where …


Analysis Of Recent Trends In Malware Attacks On Android Phone: A Survey Using Scopus Database, Sonali Kothari Tidke, Vijayshri Khedkar Mar 2021

Analysis Of Recent Trends In Malware Attacks On Android Phone: A Survey Using Scopus Database, Sonali Kothari Tidke, Vijayshri Khedkar

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

In past few years, smartphone use has shifted from professional access to personal need. Smartphone has now become an essential requirement to perform day to day activities. This has made smartphones unsecured and vulnerable to cyber threats and malware attacks. This study is also focused on finding intersection between malware attacks and Android OS considering Android as the most widely used mobile OS. A comprehensive search is conducted on Scopus Database for peer-reviewed articles. The study is carried out on bibliometric data of the considered articles to generate a highly useful concept map.


Journal Of Ethnopharmacology: A Bibliometric Study, Victoria P, Prakash M Mar 2021

Journal Of Ethnopharmacology: A Bibliometric Study, Victoria P, Prakash M

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to measure the number of contributions and highlight the contributions made by the researchers in the field “Journal of Ethnopharmacology”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology is a peer reviewed medical journal covering the traditional medicinal use of plants and other substances., currently published by Elsevier. It publishes Eighteen issues in a year. The study examines the article published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology from 2016 to 2020. This paper aimed to assess growth pattern of research output, authorship pattern, degree of collaboration, ranking of authors, type of items produced, keyword wise distribution, most productive countries …


Chimes: March 5, 2021, Calvin University Mar 2021

Chimes: March 5, 2021, Calvin University

Chimes

New policy will require three years on campus, effective class of 2026 by Katherine Benedict

Business school construction begins with groundbreaking ceremony by Abigail Ham

Prince no longer needed to house sick; RVD nearly empty by Juliana Knot

Calvin's push to get profs 1B vaccine status met with support, criticism by Alex Raycroft

Traffic at the TNT is blowing up by Jamison Van Andel

Remote services leaves students longing for post-pandemic worship by Jamison Van Andel

International freshmen share their experiences navigating college in a pandemic by Agua Brantuo

Course evals perpetuate racism and sexism in higher ed by Abigail …


Adverse Childhood Experiences, Psychological Distress, And Fathering Behaviors, Kevin Shafer, Scott D. Easton Mar 2021

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Psychological Distress, And Fathering Behaviors, Kevin Shafer, Scott D. Easton

Faculty Publications

Objective

This study examines the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), internalized and externalized psychological distress, and six measures of parenting behavior among fathers in the United States.

Background

Prior research on ACEs and parenting has focused almost exclusively on mothers, specific types of childhood adversity, and the intergenerational transmission of abuse, neglect, and other traumatic experiences. This study extends the literature by considering ACEs in fathers, using a multidimensional measure of ACEs, and multiple measures of positive and negative fathering behavior.

Method

Using the ecological model of father involvement, this study is based on a national sample of more …


Nationalism, Patriotism, And Support For The European Union, Leonie Huddy, Alessandro Del Ponte, Caitlin Davies Mar 2021

Nationalism, Patriotism, And Support For The European Union, Leonie Huddy, Alessandro Del Ponte, Caitlin Davies

Political Science Faculty Articles and Research

Does attachment to a nation enhance or dampen support for the European Union (EU)? Using the 2003 and 2013 ISSP national-identity modules, we isolate and provide multi-item measures of two distinct types of national attachment—nationalism and patriotism. We find that they are positively related yet have divergent effects. We validate the measures showing that nationalism increases, and patriotism decreases, support for nationalistic policies (anti-immigration and protectionism) as expected. We then test the effects of nationalism and patriotism on EU attitudes and find that nationalism increases, and patriotism decreases, opposition to the EU. The presence of a neo-nationalist political party enhanced …


The Employment Situation Of Veterans: February 2021, Institute For Veterans And Military Families At Syracuse University Mar 2021

The Employment Situation Of Veterans: February 2021, Institute For Veterans And Military Families At Syracuse University

Institute for Veterans and Military Families

Veteran employment trends and statistics among various demographics during February 2021.


Human Capital And Black-White Earnings Gaps, 1996–2017, Owen Thompson Mar 2021

Human Capital And Black-White Earnings Gaps, 1996–2017, Owen Thompson

Upjohn Institute Working Papers

This paper estimates the contribution of human capital to the Black-white earnings gap in three separate samples of men spanning from 1966 through 2017, using both educational attainment and performance on standardized tests to measure human capital. There are three main findings. First, the magnitude of reductions in the Black-white earnings gap that occur after controlling for human capital has become much larger over time, suggesting a growing contribution of human capital to Black-white earnings disparities. Second, these increases are almost entirely due to growth in the returns to human capital, which magnify the impact of any racial differences in …


Tantangan Implementasi Netralitas Pns (Kajian Kekerasan Simbolik Dalam Pilkada), M. Zaenul Muttaqin, Usman Idris, Ilham Ilham Mar 2021

Tantangan Implementasi Netralitas Pns (Kajian Kekerasan Simbolik Dalam Pilkada), M. Zaenul Muttaqin, Usman Idris, Ilham Ilham

Jurnal Wacana Politik

Pada arena pemilihan langsung, pegawai negeri sipil (PNS) selalu dianggap sebagai mesin politik yang memiliki peluang untuk mengumpulkan suara. Bourdieu memandang kekerasan simbolik terjadi secara laten, kekuasaan selalu membangun birokrasi dalam struktur hirarkis sehingga dalam pemilihan langsung PNS selalu dalam kondisi dilematis. Relasi politik, relasi sosial, relasi kultural PNS merupakan tiga aspek yang perlu dikaji lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif interpretatif. Bahan kepustakaan sebagai sumber data. Data dikumpulkan penelusuran literatur, jurnal buku, dokumen atau sumber data yang terkait dengan penelitian. Validasi data melalui pemeriksaan anggota atau memeriksa temuan menggunakan interpretasi secara tertulis dari akademisi bidang tersebut. Hasil penelitian …


Politik Anggaran: Alokasi Dana Bansos Pra-Pemilihan Presiden 2019 Di Indonesia Sebagai Alat Meningkatkan Elektabilitas, Fajar Rahmanto, Muchammad Iqbal Firmansyah, Titin Purwaningsih, M. Rafi Mar 2021

Politik Anggaran: Alokasi Dana Bansos Pra-Pemilihan Presiden 2019 Di Indonesia Sebagai Alat Meningkatkan Elektabilitas, Fajar Rahmanto, Muchammad Iqbal Firmansyah, Titin Purwaningsih, M. Rafi

Jurnal Wacana Politik

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah peningkatan alokasi dana bantuan sosial oleh pemerintah pada waktu pra-pemilihan presiden berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan elektabilitas calon incumbent. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan (literature) untuk memperoleh data dan informasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan alokasi anggaran bantuan sosial mengalami peningkatan mendekati pemilihan presiden tahun 2019. Peningkatan belanja bansos secara bertahap dari 2016 sebesar 49,06 Triliun menjadi 58,96 Triliun tahun 2017 dan meningkat menjadi 83,91 Triliun pada 2018. Anggaran untuk program sosial juga mengalami kenaikan dari tahun 2016 sebesar 10,5 Triliun menjadi 14,09 Triliun pada 2017 dan semakin meningkat lagi pada …


Problematika Profesionalisme Militer Era Reformasi: “Studi Kasus Keterlibatan Tni Pada Pilkada Kepulauan Riau Tahun 2015 Dan Pilkada Sumatera Utara Tahun 2018”, Sarah Nuraini Siregar Mar 2021

Problematika Profesionalisme Militer Era Reformasi: “Studi Kasus Keterlibatan Tni Pada Pilkada Kepulauan Riau Tahun 2015 Dan Pilkada Sumatera Utara Tahun 2018”, Sarah Nuraini Siregar

Jurnal Wacana Politik

Kritik terhadap profesionalisme TNI, khususnya dalam kontestasi politik pilkada, semakin menguat saat dekade kedua reformasi. Kritik ini berdasarkan fenomena TNI yang cenderung terlibat dalam Pilkada Kepulauan Riau 2015 dan Sumatera Utara 2018. Tujuan artikel ini adalah mendeskripsikan dan menganalisa keterlibatan militer pada kedua pilkada tersebut hingga menyebabkan kritik profesionalisme TNI muncul. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif berdasarkan studi kasus pada dua pilkada tersebut. Data yang diperoleh berdasarkan studi kepustakaan dari dokumen dan pemberitaan yang relevan. Lalu data-data yang menunjang analisis berasal dari referensi ilmiah pada topik profesionalisme militer. Peneliti melakukan validasi data melalui tehnik triangulasi, yaitu menguji data-data yang …


Pediatric Wound Care: Establishing A Consensus Group To Develop Clinical Practice Guidelines, Ryan Krasnosky, Geran Barton, Linda Highfield, Sheila Martinez, Stephen Linder, Edward Buchanan, Angelo P. Giardino Mar 2021

Pediatric Wound Care: Establishing A Consensus Group To Develop Clinical Practice Guidelines, Ryan Krasnosky, Geran Barton, Linda Highfield, Sheila Martinez, Stephen Linder, Edward Buchanan, Angelo P. Giardino

Journal of Nursing & Interprofessional Leadership in Quality & Safety

Introduction. Wound care practices for neonatal and pediatric patients have created a lack of standardized evidence-based guidelines for treatments in clinical practices. Unfortunately, published clinical guidelines for the evaluation and management of wounds in pediatric populations is limited. Consensus groups are used to develop clinical guidelines which define key aspects of the quality of health care, particularly appropriate indications for interventions. The aim of this initiative was to conduct the first two steps of the guideline development process, and to report on the findings from the expert consensus group for pediatric wound care.

Methods. The goal was to recruit a …


Demand Forecasting For Lucky Cement, Muhammad Arsalan Rashid Mar 2021

Demand Forecasting For Lucky Cement, Muhammad Arsalan Rashid

CBER Conference

As we know that demand is the Quantities of a good or service that people are ready to buy at various prices within some given time, other factors besides price held constant I tried to forecast the sales for next years. I removed seasonality factors and applied other determinants to predict the demand. By using values of independent variables in my Regression, the Annual Sales of Lucky Cement for period 2020-2021 is found to be around 7.9 Million Tons.


[2020 Honorable Mention] The Stress And Mental And Emotional Health Of Undocumented Students, Sarahi Mariaca Diaz Mar 2021

[2020 Honorable Mention] The Stress And Mental And Emotional Health Of Undocumented Students, Sarahi Mariaca Diaz

Ethnic Studies Research Paper Award

This paper discusses the stress and mental and emotional health of undocumented students, including DACA students (referred to as DACAmented), DREAMERS, and AB 540 students, during their college application process and their college journey. Also, this paper focuses on how immigration status and stress factors impact undocumented students’ academic and personal life, how those factors impact the mental and emotional health of undocumented students, and how undocumented students overcome or address the stress factors they experience. Finally, this paper discusses how educational institutions in higher education need to improve to make an undocu-friendly and supportive environment for undocumented students.


More Uncertainty Leads To Less Accuracy On Death Certificates For Adults With Intellectual Disability, Erin Bisesti, Scott D. Landes Mar 2021

More Uncertainty Leads To Less Accuracy On Death Certificates For Adults With Intellectual Disability, Erin Bisesti, Scott D. Landes

Population Health Research Brief Series

Causes of death are often inaccurately reported on death certificates for individuals with intellectual disability. This research brief examines whether uncertainty surrounding the death is associated with the inaccurate reporting of intellectual disability as the underlying cause of death. Results show that increased uncertainty surrounding deaths, especially in instances of choking related deaths, increases the probability that intellectual disability is inaccurately reported as the underlying cause of death.


Insulated Blackness: The Cause For Fracture In Black Political Identity, Timothy E. Lewis, Sherice J. Nelson Mar 2021

Insulated Blackness: The Cause For Fracture In Black Political Identity, Timothy E. Lewis, Sherice J. Nelson

SIUE Faculty Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity

The Black Political Identity is often treated as a monolith in American politics, with interest groups and political parties employing blanket policy solutions to appease and engage African Americans. However, observations and scholarship show that Black Americans are not monolithic, possessing divergent views about social policies, so much so that some Black Americans can hold political positions that are oppositional to collective Black advancement. Therefore, this work theorizes the concept of insulated Blackness – the extent to which self-identified African Americans oppose pro-Black remedial policies and/or disagree with commonly held ideologies about the Black condition, as a result of an …


Three Ways To Ensure ‘Wellness’ Tourism Provides A Post-Pandemic Opportunity For The Travel Industry, Jaeyeon Choe, Michael A. Di Giovine Mar 2021

Three Ways To Ensure ‘Wellness’ Tourism Provides A Post-Pandemic Opportunity For The Travel Industry, Jaeyeon Choe, Michael A. Di Giovine

Anthropology & Sociology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.


Investigating Family Communication Patterns And Parent-Child Relationships In Homeschooling Experiences, Victoria Eleanor Padilla Mar 2021

Investigating Family Communication Patterns And Parent-Child Relationships In Homeschooling Experiences, Victoria Eleanor Padilla

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study is to collect quantitative data from children and parents regarding their homeschool experiences. Data is explored through the lens of instructional communication, family communication, parent-child relational satisfaction, and parent-child closeness. The present study examined the connections between education and family when learning takes place at home. Findings and recommendations for future research are discussed that explain the relationship between parents and children after homeschooling has ended.


Effects Of Hierarchical Steepness On Grooming Patterns In Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca Thibetana), Dong-Po Xia, Xi Wang, Paul A. Garber, Bing-Hua Sun, Lori K. Sheeran, Lixing Sun, Jin-Hua Li Mar 2021

Effects Of Hierarchical Steepness On Grooming Patterns In Female Tibetan Macaques (Macaca Thibetana), Dong-Po Xia, Xi Wang, Paul A. Garber, Bing-Hua Sun, Lori K. Sheeran, Lixing Sun, Jin-Hua Li

Anthropology and Museum Studies Faculty Scholarship

Hierarchical steepness, defined as status asymmetries among conspecifics living in the same group, is not only used as a main characteristic of animal social relationships, but also represents the degree of discrepancy between supply and demand within the framework of biological market theory. During September and December 2011, we studied hierarchical steepness by comparing variation in grooming patterns in two groups of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana), a primate species characterized by a linear dominance hierarchy. Using a focal sampling method, we collected behavioral data from two provisioned, free-ranging groups (YA1 and YA2) at Mt. Huangshan, China. We found …


The Cowl - V.85 - N.10 - Mar 4, 2021 Mar 2021

The Cowl - V.85 - N.10 - Mar 4, 2021

The Cowl

The Cowl - student newspaper of Providence College. Volume 85 No. 10 - March 4, 2021. 24 pages.


Perception And Readiness Of Students’ Towards Online Learning In Nigeria During Covid-19 Pandemic, Olalekan Moses Olayemi, Hayatudeen Adamu Mr, Kemi Jummai Olayemi Mrs Mar 2021

Perception And Readiness Of Students’ Towards Online Learning In Nigeria During Covid-19 Pandemic, Olalekan Moses Olayemi, Hayatudeen Adamu Mr, Kemi Jummai Olayemi Mrs

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The coronavirus pandemic saw the abrupt shutting down of higher institutions of learning by government, and students were told to vacate campuses as one of the measures to curb further infections. In order to ensure uninterrupted educational delivery, universities across the continent are introducing online learning. This study investigated the perception and readiness of students’ towards online learning in Nigeria during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study employed descriptive survey research design and structured questionnaire was the instrument used for the data collection. A total of one hundred and forty-eight (148) undergraduate students filled the questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed …


Review And Analysis Of Failure Detection And Prevention Techniques In It Infrastructure Monitoring, Deepali Arun Bhanage, Ambika Vishal Pawar, K Kotecha Mar 2021

Review And Analysis Of Failure Detection And Prevention Techniques In It Infrastructure Monitoring, Deepali Arun Bhanage, Ambika Vishal Pawar, K Kotecha

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Maintaining the health of IT infrastructure components for improved reliability and availability is a research and innovation topic for many years. Identification and handling of failures are crucial and challenging due to the complexity of IT infrastructure. System logs are the primary source of information to diagnose and fix failures.

In this work, we address three essential research dimensions about failures, such as the need for failure handling in IT infrastructure, understanding the contribution of system-generated log in failure detection and reactive & proactive approaches used to deal with failure situations.

This study performs a comprehensive analysis of existing literature …


Nurturing Care Indicators For The Brazilian Early Childhood Friendly Municipal Index (Imapi), Gabriela Buccini, Jéssica Pedroso, Stefanie Coelho, Gabriel Ferreira De Castro, Juracy Bertoldo, Alberto Sironi, Joao Gondim, Sonia Isoyama Venancio, Rafael Perez-Escamilla, Marcos Ennes Barreto, Muriel Bauermann Gubert Mar 2021

Nurturing Care Indicators For The Brazilian Early Childhood Friendly Municipal Index (Imapi), Gabriela Buccini, Jéssica Pedroso, Stefanie Coelho, Gabriel Ferreira De Castro, Juracy Bertoldo, Alberto Sironi, Joao Gondim, Sonia Isoyama Venancio, Rafael Perez-Escamilla, Marcos Ennes Barreto, Muriel Bauermann Gubert

Social and Behavioral Health Faculty Research

The Nurturing Care Framework (NCF) calls for establishing a global monitoring and accountability systems for early childhood development (ECD). Major gaps to build low-cost and large-scale ECD monitoring systems at the local level remain. In this manuscript, we describe the process of selecting nurturing care indicators at the municipal level from existing routine information systems to develop the Brazilian Early Childhood Friendly Index (IMAPI). Three methodological steps developed through a participatory decision-making process were followed. First, a literature review identified potential indicators to translate the NCF domains. Four technical panels composed of stakeholders from federal, state and municipal levels were …


Super Placebos: A Feasibility Study Combining Contextual Factors To Promote Placebo Effects, Jay A. Olson, Michael Lifshitz, Amir Raz, Samuel P. L. Veissière Mar 2021

Super Placebos: A Feasibility Study Combining Contextual Factors To Promote Placebo Effects, Jay A. Olson, Michael Lifshitz, Amir Raz, Samuel P. L. Veissière

Psychology Faculty Articles and Research

Background: Ample evidence demonstrates that placebo effects are modulated by contextual factors. Few interventions, however, attempt to combine a broad range of these factors. Here, we explore the therapeutic power of placebos by leveraging factors including social proof, positive suggestion, and social learning. This study aimed to test the feasibility of an elaborate “super placebo” intervention to reduce symptoms of various disorders in a pediatric population.

Methods: In a single-arm qualitative study, participants entered an inactive MRI scanner which they were told could help their brain heal itself through the power of suggestion. The sample included 11 children (6–13 years …


Peering At The Mirror Of Reflection: Agency And Design Thinking In The Development Of Writerly Identities, Elizabeth Louise Jones Mar 2021

Peering At The Mirror Of Reflection: Agency And Design Thinking In The Development Of Writerly Identities, Elizabeth Louise Jones

Theses and Dissertations

I have always valued reflection highly — as a means of developing as a writer and as a life practice — but I have been disappointed by the lack of thought resembling reflection when asking students to write about their writing practices. This dissertation presents the results of a grounded theory study of student reflective assignments through a direct analysis of the themes which emerge from a set of reflections from a course designed around the topic of games – primarily board, card, and video games. This study differs from much of the previous scholarship on reflection in composition in …


Spartan Daily, March 4, 2021, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications Mar 2021

Spartan Daily, March 4, 2021, San Jose State University, School Of Journalism And Mass Communications

Spartan Daily, 2021

Volume 156, Issue 16


Finances, Depressive Symptoms, Destructive Conflict, And Coparenting Among Lower-Income, Unmarried Couples: A Two-Wave, Cross-Lagged Analysis, Melissa A. Curran, Xiaomin Li, Melissa Barnett, Olena Kopstynska, Alexa B. Chandler, Ashley B. Lebaron Mar 2021

Finances, Depressive Symptoms, Destructive Conflict, And Coparenting Among Lower-Income, Unmarried Couples: A Two-Wave, Cross-Lagged Analysis, Melissa A. Curran, Xiaomin Li, Melissa Barnett, Olena Kopstynska, Alexa B. Chandler, Ashley B. Lebaron

Faculty Publications

Following from an adapted family stress model (FSM), we used two-wave, secondary data from the Building Strong Families project, focusing on 4,424 primarily lower-income, unmarried couples expecting their first child together. We used cross-lagged analyses to test the directionality of the associations among financial difficulties, depressive symptoms, destructive interparental conflict, and coparenting alliance for both fathers and mothers when children were 15 and 36 months old. Two of the three hypotheses provided support for the FSM. First, destructive conflict predicted coparenting alliance (but not the reverse). Specifically, higher destructive conflict at 15 months for both fathers and mothers predicted lower …


A Commentary On Establishing Norms For Error-Related Brain Activity During The Arrow Flanker Task Among Young Adults, Peter E. Clayson, Emily S. Kappenman, William J. Gehring, Gregory A. Miller, Michael J. Larson Mar 2021

A Commentary On Establishing Norms For Error-Related Brain Activity During The Arrow Flanker Task Among Young Adults, Peter E. Clayson, Emily S. Kappenman, William J. Gehring, Gregory A. Miller, Michael J. Larson

Faculty Publications

We suggest that a large data set for the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) components of the scalp-recorded event-related brain potential (ERP) recently published as normative is not ready for such use in research and, especially, clinical application. Such efforts are challenged by an incomplete understanding of the functional significance of between-person differences in amplitudes and of nuisance factors that contribute to amplitude differences, a lack of standardization of methods, and the use of a convenience sample for the potentially normative database. To move ERPs toward standardization and useful norms, we encourage more research on the meaning of …