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Articles 79801 - 79830 of 196446

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

The Relationship Between Agile Project Management And Project Success Outcomes, Thomas Bergmann Jan 2018

The Relationship Between Agile Project Management And Project Success Outcomes, Thomas Bergmann

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Agile project management (APM) has recently emerged as a new approach to managing complex projects. Some experts believe that APM will become the standard project management approach used in the 21st century. However, thus far, the role of agility in project management has not been widely investigated. In the recent past, the concept of agility has mainly been applied to software development projects. The literature on agility is still in its early stages, and further research needs to be conducted in new project management domains. This study is intended to determine the impact of the adoption of APM on project …

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Customizable Phased Array Antenna Using Reconfigurable Antenna Elements, Mahmoud Shirazi Jan 2018

Customizable Phased Array Antenna Using Reconfigurable Antenna Elements, Mahmoud Shirazi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

A shared-aperture reconfigurable slot-ring antenna array switching between different frequency bands and polarizations is presented for phased array applications. PIN diode switches are incorporated into the slots of the antenna to change the state of the reconfigurable slot-ring antenna array. Each frequency band has its own feeding lines which allows for the use of high-performance narrow-band transmit/receive (T/R) modules instead of ultra wideband (UWB) T/R modules. Furthermore, the spacing between the elements in each frequency band is less than half free-space wavelength (λ0) over the frequency band of operation which enables grating-lobe-free beam scanning. This is the first shared-aperture reconfigurable …

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Understanding Crisis Communication And Mobility Resilience During Disasters From Social Media, Kamol Roy Jan 2018

Understanding Crisis Communication And Mobility Resilience During Disasters From Social Media, Kamol Roy

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Rapid communication during extreme events is one of the critical aspects of successful disaster management strategies. Due to their ubiquitous nature, social media platforms offer a unique opportunity for crisis communication. Moreover, social media usage on GPS enabled devices such as smartphones allow us to collect human movement data which can help understanding mobility during a disaster. This study leverages social media (Twitter) data to understand the effectiveness of social media-based communication and the resilience of human mobility during a disaster. This thesis has two major contributions. First, about 52.5 million tweets related to hurricane Sandy are analyzed to assess …

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Design And Implementation Of Pv-Firming And Optimization Algorithms For Three-Port Microinverters, Mahmood Alharbi Jan 2018

Design And Implementation Of Pv-Firming And Optimization Algorithms For Three-Port Microinverters, Mahmood Alharbi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

With the demand increase for electricity, the ever-increasing awareness of environmental issues, coupled with rolling blackouts, the role of renewable energy generation is increasing along with the thirst for electricity and awareness of environmental issues. This dissertation proposes the design and implementation of PV-firming and optimization algorithms for three-port microinverters. Novel strategies are proposed in Chapters 3 and 4 for harvesting stable solar power in spite of intermittent solar irradiance. PV firming is implemented using a panel-level three-port grid-tied PV microinverter system instead of the traditional high-power energy storage and management system at the utility scale. The microinverter system consists …

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The Study Of An Impinging Unsteady Jet - Fluid Mechanics And Heat Transfer Analysis, Andrea Osorio Jan 2018

The Study Of An Impinging Unsteady Jet - Fluid Mechanics And Heat Transfer Analysis, Andrea Osorio

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The high heat transfer capabilities of impinging jets have led to their widespread use in industrial applications, such as gas turbine cooling. These impinging jets are usually manufactured on the walls of super-alloy metals and are influenced by being positioned with a confined setting. Studies have been shown to enhance the heat transfer of impinging jets by fluctuating the flow which will be analyzed in this project with two designs. The first design is a self-sustaining stationary fluidic oscillator that causes a sweeping motion jet to impinge on the surface. This is investigated using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to study …

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Navigation Of An Autonomous Differential Drive Robot For Field Scouting In Semi-Structured Environments, Douglas Freese Jan 2018

Navigation Of An Autonomous Differential Drive Robot For Field Scouting In Semi-Structured Environments, Douglas Freese

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In recent years, the interests of introducing autonomous robots by growers into agriculture fields are rejuvenated due to the ever-increasing labor cost and the recent declining numbers of seasonal workers. The utilization of customized, autonomous agricultural robots has a profound impact on future orchard operations by providing low cost, meticulous inspection. Different sensors have been proven proficient in agrarian navigation including the likes of GPS, inertial, magnetic, rotary encoding, time of flight as well as vision. To compensate for anticipated disturbances, variances and constraints contingent to the outdoor semi-structured environment, a differential style drive vehicle will be implemented as an …

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Design Of High Efficiency Brushless Permanent Magnet Machines And Driver System, Chengyuan He Jan 2018

Design Of High Efficiency Brushless Permanent Magnet Machines And Driver System, Chengyuan He

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The dissertation is concerned with the design of high-efficiency permanent magnet synchronous machinery and the control system. The dissertation first talks about the basic concept of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) design and the mathematics design model of the advanced design method. The advantage of the design method is that it can increase the high load capacity at no cost of increasing the total machine size. After that, the control method of the PMSM and Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is introduced. The design, simulation, and test of a permanent magnet brushless DC (BLDC) motor for electric impact wrench …

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Assessing The Impact Of Multi-Variate Steering-Rate Vehicle Control On Driver Performance In A Simulation Framework, Michael Xynidis Jan 2018

Assessing The Impact Of Multi-Variate Steering-Rate Vehicle Control On Driver Performance In A Simulation Framework, Michael Xynidis

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

When a driver turns a steering-wheel, he or she normally expects the vehicle's steering system to communicate an equivalent amount of signal to the road-wheels. This relationship is linear and occurs regardless of the steering-wheel's position within its rotational travel. The linear steering paradigm in passenger vehicles has gone largely unchanged since mass production of passenger vehicles began in 1901. However, as more electronically-controlled steering systems appear in conjunction with development of autonomous steering functions in vehicles, an opportunity to advance the existing steering paradigms arises. The following framework takes a human-factors approach toward examining and evaluating alternative steering systems …

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The Formation And Characterization Of Mesoscopic J- And H-Aggregates With Controlled Morphologies By The Co- And Templated Assembly Of Cyanine Dyes, Samuel Rhodes Jan 2018

The Formation And Characterization Of Mesoscopic J- And H-Aggregates With Controlled Morphologies By The Co- And Templated Assembly Of Cyanine Dyes, Samuel Rhodes

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The supramolecular aggregates of π-conjugated molecules have become an area of great interest to the scientific community in recent years for their promise in biosensors and optoelectronic devices. Among various supramolecular aggregates, J- and H-aggregates of πconjugated dye molecules are particularly interesting because of their unique optical and excitonic properties that are not given by individual molecules. H-aggregates are composed of dye molecules in a face-to-face stacking, giving rise to a blue-shifted absorption band compared with the monomer band and a strong emission quenching. In contrast, J-aggregates represent an edge-toedge stacking of dye molecules, showing a red-shifted absorption band with …

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Development And Application Of An Optimization Approach For Cost-Effective Deployment Of Advanced Wrong-Way Driving Countermeasures, Adrian Sandt Jan 2018

Development And Application Of An Optimization Approach For Cost-Effective Deployment Of Advanced Wrong-Way Driving Countermeasures, Adrian Sandt

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Wrong-way driving (WWD) is a dangerous behavior, especially on high-speed divided highways. The nature of WWD crashes makes it difficult for agencies to combat them effectively. Advanced WWD countermeasures equipped with flashing lights, detection devices, and cameras can significantly reduce WWD. However, these countermeasures' high costs mean that agencies often cannot deploy them at all exit ramps. To help agencies identify the most cost-effective deployment locations for advanced WWD countermeasures, an innovative WWD countermeasure optimization approach was developed. This approach consists of a WWD hotspots model and a WWD countermeasures optimization algorithm. The WWD hotspots model uses non-crash WWD events, …

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A Holistic Analysis Of The Long-Term Challenges & Potential Benefits Of The Green Roof, Solar Pv Roofing, And Gripv Roofing Markets In Orlando, Florida, Carolina Kelly Jan 2018

A Holistic Analysis Of The Long-Term Challenges & Potential Benefits Of The Green Roof, Solar Pv Roofing, And Gripv Roofing Markets In Orlando, Florida, Carolina Kelly

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Green roofs and roof-mounted solar PV arrays have a wide range of environmental and economic benefits, including significantly longer roof lifetimes, reductions in urban runoff, mitigation of the urban heat island (UHI) effect, reduced electricity demand and energy dependence, and/or reduced emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other harmful pollutants from the electricity generation sector. Consequently, green roofs and solar panels have both become increasingly popular worldwide, and promising new research has emerged for their potential combination in Green Roof Integrated Photovoltaic (GRIPV) roofing applications. However, due to policy resistance, these alternatives still have marginal market shares in the U.S., …

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Analog Temperature Control Circuit For A Thin-Film Piezoelectric-On-Substrate Microelectromechanical Systems Oscillator, Heather Hofstee Jan 2018

Analog Temperature Control Circuit For A Thin-Film Piezoelectric-On-Substrate Microelectromechanical Systems Oscillator, Heather Hofstee

Honors Undergraduate Theses

The objective and motivation for this project is to design a low-power, low-noise oven-control circuit to optimize the stability of a MEMS oscillator. MEMS oscillators can be fabricated using conventional semiconductor manufacturing methods and can often be assembled in packages smaller than those of traditional crystal oscillators. However, one of their largest disadvantages currently is their high temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF), causing MEMS oscillators to be especially sensitive to temperature changes. Hence, this project focuses on designing a printed circuit board that will allow the user to manually tune a current passing through a resonator wire-bonded to the board …

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Application Of Trained Pod-Rbf To Interpolation In Heat Transfer And Fluid Mechanics, Rebecca A. Ashley Jan 2018

Application Of Trained Pod-Rbf To Interpolation In Heat Transfer And Fluid Mechanics, Rebecca A. Ashley

Honors Undergraduate Theses

To accurately model or predict future operating conditions of a system in engineering or applied mechanics, it is necessary to understand its fundamental principles. These may be the material parameters, defining dimensional characteristics, or the boundary conditions. However, there are instances when there is little to no prior knowledge of the system properties or conditions, and consequently, the problem cannot be modeled accurately. It is therefore critical to define a method that can identify the desired characteristics of the current system without accumulating extensive computation time. This thesis formulates an inverse approach using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) with an accompanying …

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Processing Of Cubic Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte Membranes For Electrolyte-Supported Single Cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using Tape Casting, Arturo Coronado Rodriguez Jan 2018

Processing Of Cubic Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte Membranes For Electrolyte-Supported Single Cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using Tape Casting, Arturo Coronado Rodriguez

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Electrochemical conversion devices are a developing technology that prove to be a viable and more efficient alternative to current environmentally friendly generation devices. As such, constant research has been done in the last few decades to increase their applications and reliability. One of these systems, and the focus of this research, is the single cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). These systems are a developing technology which main caveat is the need of high operating temperatures and costs. As such, most multidisciplinary research has been focused on researching materials and/or processes that help mitigate the costs or lower the operating …

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Equibiaxial Flexural Strength Testing Of Advance Ceramics, Ryan T. Jordan Jan 2018

Equibiaxial Flexural Strength Testing Of Advance Ceramics, Ryan T. Jordan

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Ceramics are very important materials with many unique properties used in numerous industrial applications. Ceramics could be very hard and very strong in comparison to metals; however, they are very brittle, thus they are prone to instantaneous and catastrophic failure. Therefore, their reliability is compromised and it is very important to have advanced techniques that allow evaluating their mechanical behavior in many unusual stress states. One of such testing methods is biaxial strength method, that allows to measure properties not only unidirectional, but also in a biaxial way. The research work for this thesis will be built on design and …

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The Exploration Of Rotating Detonation Dynamics Incorporating A Coal-Based Fuel Mixture, John P. Rogan Jan 2018

The Exploration Of Rotating Detonation Dynamics Incorporating A Coal-Based Fuel Mixture, John P. Rogan

Honors Undergraduate Theses

This investigation explores the detonation dynamics of a rotating detonation engine (RDE). Beginning with the general understanding and characteristics of hydrogen and compressed air as a detonation fuel source, this study further develops the experimental approach to incorporating a coal-based fuel mixture in an RDE. There is insufficient prior research investigating the use of coal as part of a fuel mixture and insignificant progress being made to improve thermal efficiency with deflagration. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy awarded the Propulsion and Energy Research Laboratory at the University of Central Florida a grant to lead the investigation …

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Stochastic Bi-Level Optimization Models For Efficient Operating Room Planning, Amin Abedini, Wei Li, Honghan Ye Jan 2018

Stochastic Bi-Level Optimization Models For Efficient Operating Room Planning, Amin Abedini, Wei Li, Honghan Ye

Mechanical Engineering Faculty Publications

Within a hospital, the operating room (OR) department has the largest cost and revenue. Because of the aging population, the demand for surgical services has been increasing sharply in recent years. At the other hand, the rate of OR capacity expansion is lower than the rate of increasing demand. As a result, OR managers must leverage their resources by efficient OR planning. OR planning is challenging because of multiple competing\conflicting objectives such cost minimization and throughput maximization. Inherent uncertainty in the surgical procedures and patients arrivals complicate the decision making process. This increases the risk of non-realization of the system …

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Self-Powered Robots To Reduce Motor Slacking During Upper-Extremity Rehabilitation: A Proof Of Concept Study, E. P. Washabaugh, Emma Treadway, R. Brent Gillespie, C. D. Remy, C. Krishnan Jan 2018

Self-Powered Robots To Reduce Motor Slacking During Upper-Extremity Rehabilitation: A Proof Of Concept Study, E. P. Washabaugh, Emma Treadway, R. Brent Gillespie, C. D. Remy, C. Krishnan

Engineering Faculty Research

Background: Robotic rehabilitation is a highly promising approach to recover lost functions after stroke or other neurological disorders. Unfortunately, robotic rehabilitation currently suffers from "motor slacking", a phenomenon in which the human motor system reduces muscle activation levels and movement excursions, ostensibly to minimize metabolic- and movement-related costs. Consequently, the patient remains passive and is not fully engaged during therapy. To overcome this limitation, we envision a new class of body-powered robots and hypothesize that motor slacking could be reduced if individuals must provide the power to move their impaired limbs via their own body (i.e., through the motion of …

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Turbulent Flame-Vortex Dynamics Of Bluff-Body Premixed Flames, Marissa Geikie Jan 2018

Turbulent Flame-Vortex Dynamics Of Bluff-Body Premixed Flames, Marissa Geikie

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study explores the effects of turbulence and pressure-gradient tailoring on the turbulent flame and vorticity transport mechanisms of premixed flames. A turbulent premixed flame stabilized by a bluff-body in a high-speed combustor is used for the investigation. The combustor pressure gradient is altered using a variable-geometry test section. The turbulence within the combustor is controlled using a custom-designed, supersonic variable-turbulence generator. The turbulent flame-flow field is measured and characterized using simultaneous high-speed particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and CH* chemiluminescence. The flame-vortex dynamics of the turbulent flame are analyzed using a Lagrangian tracking methodology. Lagrangian fluid elements (LFEs) are tagged …

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Seismic Response Of Moment Resisting Frames Coupled With Rocking Walls, Mehrdad Aghagholizadeh Jan 2018

Seismic Response Of Moment Resisting Frames Coupled With Rocking Walls, Mehrdad Aghagholizadeh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study investigates the inelastic response of yielding structures coupled with rocking walls. This topic is of major significance in the design of tall moment-resisting buildings, since during recent major earthquakes several tall, moment-resisting frames that had been designed in an accordance to the existing seismic code provisions, exhibited a weak-story failure. Utilization of this structural system can help reducing maximum story drifts, prevents weak story failure and minimize residual deformation of the structure. This study first examines different configurations of both stepping rocking walls and pinned rocking walls that have been reported in the literature. Next, effect of additional …

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Seepage And Stability Analysis Of The Earth Dams Under Drawdown Conditions By Using The Finite Element Method, Salama Al-Labban Jan 2018

Seepage And Stability Analysis Of The Earth Dams Under Drawdown Conditions By Using The Finite Element Method, Salama Al-Labban

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

One of the major concerns in the behavior of an earth dam is the change in the exit gradient and the impact on the slope stability under drawdown conditions. Drawdown can cause increased seepage forces on the upstream slope which may result in the movement of soil particles in the flow direction and cause erosion problems. In this research, a numerical approach, based on the finite element method (FEM) is used to analyze the seepage through the dam and its foundation to study exit gradients and slope stability under both steady-state and transient conditions. The results show that a central …

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Robust, Scalable, And Provable Approaches To High Dimensional Unsupervised Learning, Mostafa Rahmani Jan 2018

Robust, Scalable, And Provable Approaches To High Dimensional Unsupervised Learning, Mostafa Rahmani

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This doctoral thesis focuses on three popular unsupervised learning problems: subspace clustering, robust PCA, and column sampling. For the subspace clustering problem, a new transformative idea is presented. The proposed approach, termed Innovation Pursuit, is a new geometrical solution to the subspace clustering problem whereby subspaces are identified based on their relative novelties. A detailed mathematical analysis is provided establishing sufficient conditions for the proposed method to correctly cluster the data points. The numerical simulations with both real and synthetic data demonstrate that Innovation Pursuit notably outperforms the state-of-the-art subspace clustering algorithms. For the robust PCA problem, we focus on …

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Development Of Soil Compressibility Prediction Models, Scott Kirts Jan 2018

Development Of Soil Compressibility Prediction Models, Scott Kirts

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The magnitude of the overall settlement depends on several variables such as the Compression Index, Cc, and Recompression Index, Cr, which are determined by a consolidation test; however, the test is time consuming and labor intensive. Correlations have been developed to approximate these compressibility indexes. In this study, a data driven approach has been employed in order to estimate Cc and Cr. Support Vector Machines classification is used to determine the number of distinct models to be developed. The statistical models are built through a forward selection stepwise regression procedure. Ten variables were used, including the moisture content (w), initial …

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Design Of Low-Capacitance Electrostatic Discharge (Esd) Protection Devices In Advanced Silicon Technologies., Aihua Dong Jan 2018

Design Of Low-Capacitance Electrostatic Discharge (Esd) Protection Devices In Advanced Silicon Technologies., Aihua Dong

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) related failure is a major IC reliability concern and this is particularly true as technology continues shrink to nano-metric dimensions. ESD design window research shows that ESD robustness of victim devices keep decreasing from 350nm bulk technology to 7nm FinFET technologies. In the meantime, parasitic capacitance of ESD diode with same It2 in FinFET technologies is approximately 3X compared with that in planar technologies. Thus transition from planar to FinFET technology requires more robust ESD protection however the large parasitic capacitance of ESD protection cell is problematic in high-speed interface design. To reduce the parasitic capacitance, a …

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The Acquisition Of Knowledge And Expertise In Construction: Understanding Construction Professionals, Lloyd Scott, Sittimont Kanjanabootra Jan 2018

The Acquisition Of Knowledge And Expertise In Construction: Understanding Construction Professionals, Lloyd Scott, Sittimont Kanjanabootra

Conference papers

Education programs these days especially in Construction Management have been designed and updated to response to market and stakeholder needs. However, there still exists a need for educators to understand how construction practitioners develop their expertise. Understanding the development of expertise is essential for providers of university education and training to enable them to develop programs to establish on which new professionals can better develop their appropriate expertise. This paper builds on earlier research and further explores how expertise develops in construction professionals. It also explores the similarities and differences in development of that expertise in construction practitioners from the …

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Macro, Meso And Micro Perspectives Of Technology Transfer, James A. Cunningham, Paul O'Reilly Jan 2018

Macro, Meso And Micro Perspectives Of Technology Transfer, James A. Cunningham, Paul O'Reilly

Conference Papers

Over the last few decades research into the different aspects of technology transfer has grown significantly that has taken in the main a macro perspective. This research has created a body of knowledge and an evidence base that has contributed original insights in developing the field and also has shaped policymaking and practice. Within the field there is a growing focus on meso and micro aspects of technology transfer and a growing interest in for example role individual actors such as scientists, principal investigators policy makers, TTO actors, supporting institutions and functions such as universities, professional research organizations, technology and …

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Self-Healing Asphalt Review: From Idea To Practice, S. Xu, Alvaro García, Junfeng Su, Quantao Liu, Amir Tabakovic, Erik Schlangen Jan 2018

Self-Healing Asphalt Review: From Idea To Practice, S. Xu, Alvaro García, Junfeng Su, Quantao Liu, Amir Tabakovic, Erik Schlangen

Articles

With the advantages of cost efficiency, noise reduction, and comfort driving experience, asphalt is widely used as a binding material in pavement engineering. However, after years of serving, asphalt concrete gets damaged under cyclic vehicle loading. Meanwhile, due to environmental effects including ageing and moisture damage, asphalt binder becomes brittle with time. As a result, microcracks initiate and grow into larger scales, which accelerates the damaging process and finally leads to distresses like raveling, potholes, cracking, and so on. In 1967, Bazin and Saunier[1] witnessed and reported a temperature related healing phenomenon in asphalt mix after loadings. After that, the …

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Maritime Spatial Planning Supported By Infrastructure For Spatial Information In Europe (Inspire), Andrej Abramic, Emanuele Bigagli, Vittorio Barale, Alberto Lorenzo-Alonso, Conor Norton Jan 2018

Maritime Spatial Planning Supported By Infrastructure For Spatial Information In Europe (Inspire), Andrej Abramic, Emanuele Bigagli, Vittorio Barale, Alberto Lorenzo-Alonso, Conor Norton

Articles

The implementation of Directive 2007/2/EC - INSPIRE can improve and actually strengthen the informationmanagement and data infrastructures needed for setting up Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) processes. Evidencefor this comes from three parallel analyses: links between the MSP Framework Directive and INSPIRE compo-nents and implementation; the availability of marine and maritime data through the INSPIRE Geo-Portal; andthe adequacy of using an INSPIRE data model for mapping maritime spatial plans. Thefirst item identifiesINSPIRE as a relevant instrument not only for data collection, but additionally for increasing transparency of theMSP processes, using already operational national and European data infrastructure. The marine/maritime dataavailability analysis …

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Vegetation Mapping Of A Coastal Dune Complex Using Multispectral Imagery Acquired From An Unmanned Aerial System, C. Suo, Eugene Mcgovern, Alan Gilmer Jan 2018

Vegetation Mapping Of A Coastal Dune Complex Using Multispectral Imagery Acquired From An Unmanned Aerial System, C. Suo, Eugene Mcgovern, Alan Gilmer

Conference Papers

Vegetation mapping, identifying the distribution of plant species, is important for analysing vegetation dynamics, quantifying spatial patterns of vegetation evolution, analysing the effects of environment changes on vegetation, and predicting spatial patterns of species diversity. Such analysis can contribute to the development of targeted land management actions that maintain biodiversity and ecological functions. This paper represents a methodology for 3D vegetation mapping of a coastal dune complex using a multispectral camera mounted on an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) with particular reference to the Buckroney dune complex in Co. Wicklow, Ireland. UAS, also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s) or drones, …

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Capacity Analysis - An Explanatory Framework For Social Innovation In Sustainable Development Initiatives, Gerard Doyle Jan 2018

Capacity Analysis - An Explanatory Framework For Social Innovation In Sustainable Development Initiatives, Gerard Doyle

Conference Papers

The member states of the European Union (EU) are encountering a crisis in terms of resource availability, use and disposal of products (Miller, 2014, and Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2011). Within the EU, material recycling and waste-based energy recovery secures approximately 5 per cent of the original raw material value (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015). Arising from current high levels of personal consumption and disposal, resources in Ireland are being depleted at an unsustainable rate (Doyle & Davies, 2013). Within the EU, each person consumes, on average,13.3 tonnes(t) of materials annually (EC, 2015a). Much of this is being discarded, with an average …

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