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Articles 180091 - 180120 of 197987

Full-Text Articles in Engineering

Analysis Of Pile-Soil Dynamic Interaction By Combination Of Bem And Fem, Shiming Wu, Yuanqiang Cai, Yunmin Chen, Longzhu Chen Mar 1991

Analysis Of Pile-Soil Dynamic Interaction By Combination Of Bem And Fem, Shiming Wu, Yuanqiang Cai, Yunmin Chen, Longzhu Chen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A hybrid method, in which soil media is modeled by 3-D boundary elements and the pile by 1-D finite elements, for an analysis of dynamic pile-soil interaction is investigated. A new series of equations and an efficient method to deal with singularity of integrals are presented. Several effects including pile length, stiffness of the pile and surrounding soil on dynamic response are studied. Finally, the characteristics of impaired and intact piles are investigated and compared; and some case studies are presented.

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Second International Conferences On Recent Advances On In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering And Soil Dynamics, Multiple Authors Mar 1991

Second International Conferences On Recent Advances On In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering And Soil Dynamics, Multiple Authors

International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering

No abstract provided.

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An Approach To Characterise Cyclic Deflection Of Piles In Calcareous Soil Media Under Offshore Wave Loading Conditions, Y. S. Golait Mar 1991

An Approach To Characterise Cyclic Deflection Of Piles In Calcareous Soil Media Under Offshore Wave Loading Conditions, Y. S. Golait

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Behavior of piles subjected to cyclic lateral loads due to wave action is an important aspect which needs to be evaluated for analyzing and designing these piles supporting offshore structures. The study on the model piles in calcareous soil media was therefore undertaken to investigate the cyclic pile deflection response under offshore wave loading conditions. The test results are analyzed and interpreted to evolve an approach to characterize the cyclic deflection behavior of piles under critical storm loading effect and normal wave loading action.

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Cyclic Strength Evaluation Of Rockfill Dams, Farhat H. Siddiqi, Richard J. Fragaszy Mar 1991

Cyclic Strength Evaluation Of Rockfill Dams, Farhat H. Siddiqi, Richard J. Fragaszy

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A method of modeling the cyclic behavior of gravelly soils containing particles too large to be tested in standard laboratory equipment has been described. This matrix model is based on the understanding that oversize particles floating in a matrix of smaller grains can be removed without significantly affecting the cyclic behavior of the total soil. Successful modeling of the total soil requires that the matrix be tested at the same relative density as that of the total material. Cyclic triaxial test results on two different gravelly soils are presented. Results of tests performed on the total soil with maximum grain …

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Experimental Study On Lateral Flow Of Ground Due To Soil Liquefaction, Yasushi Sasaki, Hideo Matsumoto, Ken-Ichi Tokida, Syoichi Saya Mar 1991

Experimental Study On Lateral Flow Of Ground Due To Soil Liquefaction, Yasushi Sasaki, Hideo Matsumoto, Ken-Ichi Tokida, Syoichi Saya

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A series of shake table tests is carried out on the lateral flow of the ground due to soil liquefaction during earthquakes. The model grounds are 6.0 m long, 0.8 m wide and their average height is 1.2 m. The slope of the ground surface and the lower boundary condition of liquefiable layer are varied, and the sinusoidal accelerations with a frequency of 2 Hz are inputted for 20 seconds. The deformation of model grounds, the excess pore water pressure of the liquefied layer, and the acceleration of the grounds are monitored. Based on the test results, the influence of …

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Large Scale Field Tests On Quaternary Sand And Gravel Deposits For Seismic Siting Technology, Makota Watabe, Takaaki Konno, Masao Hayashi, Sadao Suzuki, Kenji Ishihara, Koji Kitazawa, Kinji Akino, Yoshio Suzuki, Setsuo Iizuka, Takashi Matsuda, Tetsuichi Ukita, Kiyonari Mori, Tsutomu Yamazaki, Kiyoshi Nagai Mar 1991

Large Scale Field Tests On Quaternary Sand And Gravel Deposits For Seismic Siting Technology, Makota Watabe, Takaaki Konno, Masao Hayashi, Sadao Suzuki, Kenji Ishihara, Koji Kitazawa, Kinji Akino, Yoshio Suzuki, Setsuo Iizuka, Takashi Matsuda, Tetsuichi Ukita, Kiyonari Mori, Tsutomu Yamazaki, Kiyoshi Nagai

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The basic policy of Japan is to build nuclear reactor building on bed rock. But, in order to cope with the middle and long term siting problems it has become necessary to promote new siting technology from the standpoint of expanding the available range of site selections and effective utilization of land. The large scale field tests were conducted at the Tadotsu Engineering Laboratory, Kagawa Prefecture, of The Nuclear Power Engineering Test Center (NUPEC) as an entrusted project into the Siting Methods on Quaternary Deposits from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), in order to verify the seismic …

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Measured Full-Scale Dynamic Lateral Pile Responses In Clay And In Sand, Matti Hakulinen Mar 1991

Measured Full-Scale Dynamic Lateral Pile Responses In Clay And In Sand, Matti Hakulinen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In order to design machine foundations and to examine interaction between pile and soil, versatile horizontal dynamic loading tests were done to piles. In the tests both stiffness and damping values of piles were measured in overconsolidated clay and in earthfill sand. The stiffness of piles was analyzed by Winkler's spring method and the damping of piles with Gazetas' and Dobry's method. The measured and calculated values were almost the same when stiffness was considered. In damping the measured values were about 40 ... 70% of the calculated values. Very important in the calculation is to know which is the …

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Stress State And Stress Ratio Effects In Downhole And Crosshole Shear Wave Velocity Tests On Sands, Li Yan, Peter M. Byrne Mar 1991

Stress State And Stress Ratio Effects In Downhole And Crosshole Shear Wave Velocity Tests On Sands, Li Yan, Peter M. Byrne

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The effects of stress state and stress ratio on the maximum shear modulus, obtained from in-situ downhole and crosshole shear wave velocity tests were evaluated in the model tests. The hydraulic gradient similitude method was used to increase and control the model stress level. The downhole and crosshole shear waves were generated and received along the principal stress axes using piezoceramic bender elements. It was found that (1) the shear wave velocity is dependent upon the individual principal stresses in the directions of wave propagation and particle motion, and (2) only the stress ratio defined in the plane of wave …

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Tunnel Damage Resulting From Seismic Loading, J. S. Phillips, B. A. Luke Mar 1991

Tunnel Damage Resulting From Seismic Loading, J. S. Phillips, B. A. Luke

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Correlation of ground motion to observed tunnel damage has largely been based on estimates of ground motion rather than observations and measurements. In an effort to provide a data set that included both measured ground motions and documented tunnel response, an experiment was designed and fielded 0.5 km from a recent underground nuclear explosion (UNE) which had a body wave magnitude, mb, and a Richter local magnitude, ML, of 5.0. The data obtained in this experiment are summarized in the paper. The discussion centers on the applicability of the results of this experiment to the design …

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A Practical Assessment Of Site Liquefaction Effects And Remediation Needs, Geoffrey R. Martin, Kandiah Arulmoli, Chan-Feng Tsai Mar 1991

A Practical Assessment Of Site Liquefaction Effects And Remediation Needs, Geoffrey R. Martin, Kandiah Arulmoli, Chan-Feng Tsai

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper describes a case history where potential earthquake induced liquefaction is of concern at a site where a major housing development is planned. The site comprises inter-layer saturated loose to medium dense sandy silts, silty sands and soft clay layers to a depth of 35 ft. Liquefaction potential at the site was evaluated through the use of cone penetrometer test (CPT) logs and standard penetration test (SPT) data. Results of DESRA-2 effective stress site response analyses were also used to determine pore pressure response at the site for a given design earthquake, and are compared to liquefaction assessments conducted …

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Analysis Of Liquefiable Sand Deposits Using Gravel Drains, Zhi-Ying Xu Mar 1991

Analysis Of Liquefiable Sand Deposits Using Gravel Drains, Zhi-Ying Xu

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, based on the simplified assumption about seismic pore water pressure a partial differential equation of 3-D axi-symmetrical problem which takes into account of the generation, diffusion and dissipation of seismic pore water pressure is presented. This equation is then solved by the method of separation of variables and 5-function and a mathematical formula for residual pore water pressure is obtained. The formula can be used in the calculation and design of the gravel drains installed in the sand layer prone to liquefy. The computed results by this formula are presented in a series of charts which can …

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Deformation Of Coarse Materials Associated With Cyclic Loadings, Jiro Kuwano, Shih-Chang Chen Mar 1991

Deformation Of Coarse Materials Associated With Cyclic Loadings, Jiro Kuwano, Shih-Chang Chen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A series of static and cyclic triaxial tests was carried out on compacted greywacke sandstone containing small amount of fines. Permanent strain of saturated or air-dried sample induced by cyclic loading was measured for different cyclic loading sequences, initial shear stress, and fine content. The shear deformation and strength of those samples were also investigated by monotonic loading on virgin and post-cyclic loading samples.

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Dilatometer Based Liquefaction Potential Of Sites In The Imperial Valley, F. Reyna, J. L. Chameau Mar 1991

Dilatometer Based Liquefaction Potential Of Sites In The Imperial Valley, F. Reyna, J. L. Chameau

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The liquefaction potential of several sites in the Imperial Valley, south California, is evaluated on the basis of standard penetration, cone, and dilatometer test data. The performance of the soil deposits at these sites during past earthquakes has been documented in earlier studies. Since the dilatometer parameter Kd is expected to reflect factors (e.g. fabric, prestress, preshaking, aging) affecting liquefaction potential to a certain extent (Marchetti, 1982), this paper primarily focuses on this parameter as an index for evaluating liquefaction potential. A tentative boundary curve (in terms of stress ratio vs. Kd) for evaluating liquefaction potential that …

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Earthquake-Induced Settlement In Soft Grounds, K. Yasuhara, T. Konami, M. Hyodo, K. Hirao Mar 1991

Earthquake-Induced Settlement In Soft Grounds, K. Yasuhara, T. Konami, M. Hyodo, K. Hirao

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Earthquake-induced settlements in clay is derived from both undrained shear deformation and post-earthquake volume change. The former is assumed to be time-independent while the latter must be time-dependent. To determine the characteristics of cyclic-induced settlements, the authors have carried out a family of cyclic triaxial tests followed by drainage on the plastic marine clay. In every test, shear strain and excess pore pressure were measured during undrained stage and volume change was measured during dissipation of excess pore pressure. In the present study, in particular, the results from cyclic triaxial tests were formulated in order to predict the variations of …

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Energy Approach For Liquefaction Of Sandy And Clayey Silts, Y. L. Cao, K. T. Law Mar 1991

Energy Approach For Liquefaction Of Sandy And Clayey Silts, Y. L. Cao, K. T. Law

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The liquefaction potential of sandy and clayey silts is assessed in this paper using an energy approach original developed for sand. Three series of laboratory tests were conducted to examine the liquefaction resistance of clean silt, sandy silt and clayey silt. The test results have been analyzed to establish a liquefaction failure criterion for silty soils. Based on this criterion, the case records of a new database have been studied and the results suggest that a single criterion can be used for sand, silt, sandy silt and clayey silt. For sandy or silty soils without clay content, the criterion is …

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Experiments On Soil Spring Constants During Liquefaction, Masakatsu Miyajima, Masaru Kitaura Mar 1991

Experiments On Soil Spring Constants During Liquefaction, Masakatsu Miyajima, Masaru Kitaura

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The present paper deals with the soil spring constant on pipeline in relation to liquefaction process. The soil spring constant is one of the most influential factors in evaluation of the pipeline failure induced by soil liquefaction. Laboratory tests were conducted using a steel pipe in order to obtain the hysteresis curve of pipe-soil layer system. Based on the experimental results, the authors propose a model of the restoring force characteristics which is represented by two soil spring constants K1 and K2. Furthermore, the authors investigated K1 and K2 in relation to the effective stress …

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Fuzzy Multifactorial Evaluation On Liquefaction Of Saturated Sandy Soil, Chang Hong Mar 1991

Fuzzy Multifactorial Evaluation On Liquefaction Of Saturated Sandy Soil, Chang Hong

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, according to the principle of fuzzy mathematics, five principal factors are considered, earthquake intensity I, the thickness of overburden 1Ryer of non-liquefacted cohesive soil Ho, SPT blow count (China) N, the depth of point of SPT ds, and groundwater level dw, at the same time, the subordinate functions of them are estab1ished. The rank of liquefaction is classified into four sorts: non-liquefaction, probable-non-liquefaction, probable-liquefaction and liquefaction. The fuzzy multifactorial evaluation is presented for predicting site earthquake liquefaction of sandy soil, and the operation of M (.,+)is applied to calculation of fuzzy matrix. At last, a comparison between …

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Geotechnical Damage Due To Bihar Earthquake Of August 1988, Sudhir K. Jain, Anil K. Agrawal, Raghunath P. Tripathi Mar 1991

Geotechnical Damage Due To Bihar Earthquake Of August 1988, Sudhir K. Jain, Anil K. Agrawal, Raghunath P. Tripathi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of August 21, 1988 (magnitude 6.6) caused significant loss of life and property. Besides the epicentral area, two distant places (Munger in India and Bhaktapur in Nepal) suffered significantly. This was also the case in the 1934 earthquake (magnitude 8.4) and is due to peculiar geology of the area. Geotechnical damage in the affected area includes liquefaction, cracking and subsidence of embankments, and cracks in bridge abutments and wing walls. Besides, in the hilly regions of Sikkim, landslides and rockfalls disrupted road network significantly. Extensive damage took place in the eastern Nepal also. This paper describes the …

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Index Of Shear Wave Velocity In Diluvial Gravel Samples, Shin'ya Nishio, Katsuyuki Tamaoki Mar 1991

Index Of Shear Wave Velocity In Diluvial Gravel Samples, Shin'ya Nishio, Katsuyuki Tamaoki

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Measurements of shear wave velocities, Vs, during triaxial compression tests were conducted on undisturbed samples obtained from a diluvial gravel deposit. The reconstituted gravel samples were also tested to compare the characteristics of shear wave velocity. The results of these measurements indicated that Vs increases at the initial stage of the triaxial compression tests, and decreases gradually until the failure of specimen and that the reduction in Vs was more noticeable for the undisturbed samples than for the reconstituted samples. The results also revealed a unique relationship between Vs when evaluating the effect of stress ratio …

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Liquefaction Analysis For Rubber Dam And Review Of Case Histories Of Liquefaction Of Gravels, Julio E. Valera, Jon Y. Kaneshiro Mar 1991

Liquefaction Analysis For Rubber Dam And Review Of Case Histories Of Liquefaction Of Gravels, Julio E. Valera, Jon Y. Kaneshiro

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A geotechnical investigation for the design and construction of an air-inflated rubber dam (for ground-water recharge) was performed, including evaluation of the liquefaction potential of the dam's foundation. The dam, about 300 feet long and 13 feet high when fully inflated is located along Alameda Creek at the upper part of the alluvial fan near Fremont, California. The sediments at the site are generally sandy gravels and gravelly sands. In order to fully investigate the liquefaction potential of the gravelly soils, the soils themselves were studied, and case histories involving similar conditions were reviewed. These case histories indicate that, in …

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Liquefaction During Two Moderate-Recent Earthquakes In India, Pramod N. Agrawal Mar 1991

Liquefaction During Two Moderate-Recent Earthquakes In India, Pramod N. Agrawal

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The observations of liquefaction during the Cachar earthquake of N.E. India in December 31, 1984 (M=5.6) and the Great Nicobar earthquake of January 20, 1982 (M=6.3) have been reported. These observation, at short epicentral distances where duration of sustained motion was insufficient to postulate induced dynamic increase in pore water pressure, have been explained as quick-sand phenomena due to disturbance of soil structure under the influence of impulsive force associated with rupture at source. The proposed physical mechanism also explains well the bending of ceiling fan blades in Cachar earthquake and upthrow of objects during earthquakes in general. The discussion …

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Liquefaction Fragilities For Buried Lifelines, Jose A. Pires, A. H.-S. Ang, I. Katayama Mar 1991

Liquefaction Fragilities For Buried Lifelines, Jose A. Pires, A. H.-S. Ang, I. Katayama

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

For buried structures, such as conduits and underground pipes, liquefaction induced forces will depend on the volume of soil surrounding the structure that will liquefy. Here, a methodology to calculate the probability of the onset of liquefaction at a given depth in a soil deposit is extended to assess the probability that a specified volume of soil will liquefy when liquefaction occurs at a given depth in the deposit. To account for the variability of soil properties with depth, the soil deposit is divided into horizontal layers and the volume of liquefied soil in each layer is calculated as the …

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Liquefaction Potential Prediction By Multiple Stage Multifactorial Evaluation, Limin Zhang, Ting Hu Mar 1991

Liquefaction Potential Prediction By Multiple Stage Multifactorial Evaluation, Limin Zhang, Ting Hu

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Factors affecting liquefaction are analyzed. Qualitative factors along with liquefaction itself are conceived to be of fuzziness the common methods cannot deal with. A new method – the Multiple-Stage Multifactorial Evaluation is introduced to evaluate the liquefaction potential of sand which can take into account not only the factors considered by the common methods but also these qualitative factors which otherwise cannot be considered by the explicit mathematic evaluation methods and can treat each factor according to its importance to liquefaction. Tests with the method show a higher correct evaluation rate over other methods. Conclusion is drawn about the liquefaction …

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Mechanical Characterization Of The Threshold Strain In Sand Liquefaction, A. Kaddouri Mar 1991

Mechanical Characterization Of The Threshold Strain In Sand Liquefaction, A. Kaddouri

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

DOBRY et al, YOUD have shown the existence of a shearing threshold strain in the vicinity of 10-4 which guides the occurrence of liquefaction. With tests on glass beads and sand from the Algiers bay, using a proper measuring system, we were able to arrive at a better resolution of this threshold and to the determination of its mechanical signification.

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Sand Liquefaction With Initial Pore Pressures, Hong Xia Mar 1991

Sand Liquefaction With Initial Pore Pressures, Hong Xia

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Cyclic triaxial tests are conducted on saturated sand samples with different values of initial pore pressures existed throughout the whole process of tests. It is found that the presence of such initial pore pressures (or static hydraulic pressures) tends to increase the liquefaction resistance of the sand samples. The effects of the degrees of saturation are also investigated by conducting another four sets of the cyclic triaxial tests on sand samples with different levels of saturation, since the degree of saturation is a very closely related factor which could be changed by the presence of the initial pore pressures. The …

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Some Key Problems In Calculating Seismic Pore Water Pressure, Zhang Jianmin, Xie Dingyi Mar 1991

Some Key Problems In Calculating Seismic Pore Water Pressure, Zhang Jianmin, Xie Dingyi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The problems of selecting a reasonable generation model and a reasonable generation-dissipation model of pore water pressure and determining the coefficient of permeability and the coefficient of volumetric strain in the course of pore water pressure generation-dissipation are crucial in the calculation of seismic pore water pressure. These problems are investigated theoretically and experimentally in this paper based on the concepts of transient pore pressure with connection to the practically possible calculating conditions, so as to improve the reliability of the current seismic effective stress analysing method.

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The Characteristics Of Residual Strength Of Silt Under Liquefaction Conditions, H.-C. Fei, F. Lu Mar 1991

The Characteristics Of Residual Strength Of Silt Under Liquefaction Conditions, H.-C. Fei, F. Lu

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Silt soil is defined as a soil whose fine particles (D50 < 0.005mm) content is from 3% to 15%. The Tangshan earthquake of 1976 had a magnitude of 7.8 and caused the liquefaction of silt soil in large areas in Tianjin City. The seismic intensity at Tianjin was 8° in downtown. Currently the same criterion for initial liquefaction is applied to silt and sand, e.g., the development of pore pressure, u, equal to the effective confining pressure σ0'. However, in silt residual strength still exists because of cohesion due to the finest of the particles even when u = σ0' due to shaking. The authors employed a superimposed ring shear device to study the characteristics of residual shear strength of silts with different fine particle contents and with various pore pressure ratios, u/ σv' under both dynamic and static loads.

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Twice Dynamic Consolidation — An Unusual Application In Treating Liquefiable Saturated Sandy Loam Deposits, Yihui Qiu, Shuju Fan, Weiyuan Fan, Melyun Shi Mar 1991

Twice Dynamic Consolidation — An Unusual Application In Treating Liquefiable Saturated Sandy Loam Deposits, Yihui Qiu, Shuju Fan, Weiyuan Fan, Melyun Shi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

More innovative methods of ground treatment have replaced traditional methods. Dynamic consolidation, for example, has been applied widespreadly in China. Presented in this paper is a case history of adopting the twice dynamic consolidation method to improve liquefiable saturated loesslike sandy loam deposit, since the site for the Aluminum Material Company which is located at the suburb of Talyuan, China, Is geotechnically adverse. In this project the effective depth of improvement increased significantly. Judged from the ln-situ investigation and laboratory triaxial shear test, the liquefaction potential was eliminated as predicted.

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Vibrations Of An Inhomogeneous Layer, Hasan Engin, M. Ertac Erguven Mar 1991

Vibrations Of An Inhomogeneous Layer, Hasan Engin, M. Ertac Erguven

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this study, we have investigated vibrations of an inhomogeneous layer which is forced along its bottom. The shear modulus of the layer varies with depth. Considering the layer thickness is constant and the forcing displacement at the bottom is horizontal, shear vibrations will be studied. The solution of the governing equation has been carried out by using Bessel functions including unknown parameter q. Frequencies which make the amplitude of vibrations infinite are called natural frequencies of the layer. Variational of the natural frequencies and the shape of the shearing waves along the thickness of the layer have been investigated …

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A Hybrid Model For Soil-Foundation Compliance, Chin-Hsu Lin, Teresa M. Adams Mar 1991

A Hybrid Model For Soil-Foundation Compliance, Chin-Hsu Lin, Teresa M. Adams

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper describes a hybrid method that may be used to model the dynamic responses of multiple rectangular foundations resting on a homogeneous, viscoelastic stratum and excited by harmonic waves. The hybrid analysis described in this paper combines the dynamic stiffness and finite element methods. The method uses equivalent area disk loads for Green's functions at the soil surface. The dynamic stiffness method is used to obtain the stiffness matrix of the soil medium and the finite element method is used to obtain the stiffness matrix of surface foundations. The stiffness of the entire soil-structure system can be obtained using …

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