Engineering Commons^™

Utilization Of Egyptian Flax For Industrial Applications: Sustainable Composite Tubes From Egyptian Flax Cord, Rania El Deeb, Alaa Arafa Badr, Shaimaa Youssef El-Tarfawy, Ahmed H. Hassanin, Ashraf Elnahrawy, Abdelhamid R. Aboalasaad

Mansoura Engineering Journal

The growing demand for eco-friendly products has increased interest in natural fibers such as flax for composite materials, yet high costs limit industrial adoption. This research aims to utilize less expensive Egyptian flax secondary fibers and multifunctional characterization of locally produced flax cords to develop high-performance composite tubes via filament winding. An additional objective is to treat these fibers for technical applications, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic materials.

Egyptian flax cords were processed using a filament winding technique to fabricate composite tubes. The study investigated the effects of varying the number of layers (e.g., 80/14 and 40/14/40 configurations), the …

A Hybrid Densenet121-Inceptionv3 Model For Multi-Output Race And Gender Classification, Maiwan Bahjat Abdulrazzaq, Mayyadah Ramiz Mahmood, Sardar Hasen Ali, Azar Abid Salih

Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

This research proposes and validates a novel Hybrid DenseNet121-InceptionV3 architecture for robust multi-output demographic classification from facial images, with a focus on optimizing both time efficiency and parameter utilization. The model was trained on a curated subset of the UTKFace dataset comprising 4,000 images, balanced across four racial groups with equal gender distribution. Our hybrid approach processes images through parallel feature extractors, strategically combining DenseNet121's parameter-efficient feature reuse with InceptionV3's multi-scale analysis capabilities. This architectural synergy achieves superior performance while maintaining computational efficiency. Through rigorous 3-fold cross-validation, the hybrid model demonstrated significant advantages in accuracy and training time, achieving 98.35% …

Performance Evaluation And Sustainable Benefits Of Using Metakaolin And Recycled Steel Fibers In Concrete, Lova Raju Surla, Ramprasad Naik Desavathu, Raja Murugadoss Jeyaraju

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

The rapid accumulation of waste vehicle tires and the increasing demand for cement pose significant environmental challenges through land pollution and CO2 emissions. The combined use of recycled steel fibers (RSFs) recovered from waste tires and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) offers a sustainable solution to these issues. This study investigates concrete incorporating 20% fly ash (FA), varying metakaolin (MK) contents (4–16%), and RSF dosages of 0.5–1.5%. Mechanical properties (compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths) and durability characteristics (sorptivity, water absorption, chloride permeability, and homogeneity) were evaluated at 7, 28, and 90 days. Results showed that the mixture containing 20% FA …

Climate-Responsive Design For Sustainable Construction: Passive Strategies In Domestic Architecture Supporting Sustainability, Nahed Chakouf

Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

This study explores climate-responsive design in domestic architecture, focusing on the application and effectiveness of passive strategies across various climatic regions, including the UK, hot-arid, tropical, and cold climates. A qualitative comparative case study method was used to explore different passive design strategies, integration of sustainability, procurement, the coordination of stakeholders, and compliance with regulations in residential architectural projects under varying climate conditions. Drawing from a combination of historical case studies and original architectural projects, the research evaluates how spatial configuration, material selection, solar orientation, shading, ventilation, and insulation are optimized to achieve thermal comfort and energy efficiency. In temperate …

Techedu.Uz: A Web-Based Virtual Laboratory Platform For Studying Induction Heating Processes., Abror Obidovich Pulatov, Murat Fikhratovich Shamiyev, Kutbiddin Asliddin Ugli Boboniyozov

Technical science and innovation

The challenges of integrating high-voltage induction furnace equipment into university laboratory settings were examined, including prohibitive equipment costs, limited student capacity, and serious safety risks. A conceptual design was proposed for a web-based platform called TechEdu.uz, which integrates both a Remote Laboratory module and a Virtual Laboratory module for induction furnace study within a single interface. The Remote module was designed to enable users to start, control, and monitor a real induction crucible furnace via a web interface, with live video surveillance and sensor devices intended to provide real-time measurements of temperature, power, and current values. The Virtual module was …

Investigation Of Energy Efficiency Of An Autonomous Mobile Photovoltaic-Thermal (Pv/T) System With A Polycarbonate Absorber, Sanjar Kodir Ugli Shoguchkarov, Anvar Rakhmat Ugli Rakhmatov, Rushana Husen Kizi Abdullaeva, Orazbek Maratbay Ugli Temirbaev

Technical science and innovation

This study analyzes the enhancement of energy efficiency in photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) systems, which enable the simultaneous generation of electrical and thermal energy from solar radiation. The research focus is an autonomous mobile unit based on multi-channel polycarbonate heat collectors with a hydraulic diameter of 8 mm, characterized by their lightweight nature and superior corrosion resistance compared to conventional metal absorbers. Experimental investigations were conducted at the solar testing field of the Physical-Technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan under extreme continental climatic conditions to determine the system's stable thermophysical indicators. The results demonstrated that active water cooling using …

Use Of New Improved Methods For Assessing The Engineering-Geological Characteristics Of Deposits By Depth (Using The Example Of The Akba Deposit)., Elboy Shavkatovich Qurbonov Salom, Abduboqib Djalilovich Karimov, Yokub Yarash Ugli Isomiddinov

Technical science and innovation

The article examines the fracturing and filtration properties of rocks in boreholes, rock outcrops, and underground mine workings at the Akba gold deposit. Based on the results of hydrogeological and engineering-geological studies, methods that fully meet modern requirements were used, the values of the RMR rating of rocks and the indicators of the qualitative content of RQD rocks, as well as the intervals of their changes, were studied, as a result of which it became possible to quickly and accurately assess the strength state of the rock mass of the deposit territory by depth and area.

Modeling Of Terpolymerization Kinetics And Determination Of Reactivity Ratios In The Tdma–Styrene–Maleic Anhydride System, Shohrux Boboxon Ugli Mavlonov, Sadriddin Fayzullayevich Fozilov

Technical science and innovation

In this study, the kinetics of terpolymerization, compositional evolution, and monomer reactivity ratios in the TDMA–styrene–maleic anhydride system were comprehensively investigated. Increasing the initiator concentration from 16.8×10⁻⁶ to 51.3×10⁻⁶ mol•L⁻¹ led to an increase in conversion from 6.4% to 15.2% and reaction rate from 4.075×10⁻⁶ to 8.965×10⁻⁶ mol•L⁻¹•s⁻¹. At low conversion (Xw≈0.02–0.09), the terpolymer composition remained close to the initial feed, although deviations due to differences in monomer reactivity were observed. With increasing conversion, some systems exhibited stable composition (±0.02), while others showed compositional drift (increase of MA fraction from 0.50 to 0.70). The determined reactivity ratios (rTDMA/St≈0.99; rSt/TDMA≈1.62; rTDMA/MA≈2.02; …

Development Of An Optimal Composition Of A Composite Solvent For Asphalt–Resin–Paraffin Deposits, Gulmira Abduvaliyevna Tadjiyeva, Xasan Irgashevich Kadirov, Shaxnoza Abduvaliyevna Tadjiyeva, Fazliddin Zokir Ugli Murodullayev, Bekmurodjon Baxtiyorjon Ugli Raximjonov

Technical science and innovation

A solvent formulation composed of aromatic hydrocarbons of the C9 fraction and aliphatic alcohols in a 1:1 ratio, supplemented with 1–3 wt.% of a nonionic surfactant, has been developed. The proposed composition demonstrates more than a twofold increase in dissolving and washing efficiency toward paraffin-type asphaltene–resin deposits. Furthermore, the solvent system exhibits pronounced depressant–dispersant properties with respect to paraffin-containing organic deposits. Although numerous investigations have addressed the development of technologies for removing organic deposits in oilfield equipment—primarily focusing on specific aspects of eliminating or preventing asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPD) in wells—limited attention has been given to the design of integrated approaches. …

Technology For Obtaining Aliphatic Amines Based On Liquid By-Products Of Polymerization Processes, Kamila Sabirbaevna Allanazarova, Ulugbek Komiljonovich Urinov

Technical science and innovation

Polymerization processes generate considerable amounts of liquid secondary by-products, which are often underutilized despite their significant chemical potential. Addressing the need for sustainable resource use, this study aims to develop a technological method for converting these by-products into valuable aliphatic amines. The experimental approach involved the pre-treatment of liquid polymerization by-products through fractional distillation to isolate C3–C10 fractions, followed by catalytic amination using Raney nickel under controlled temperature (160°C) and pressure (12 atm) conditions. Analytical methods including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to characterize the reaction products. The results demonstrated the successful formation of …

Energy Efficiency Limits And Future Electricity Demand Of Computing Devices, Ricardo Pinto, Tiago Domingos, Paul E. Brockway, Matthew Kuperus Heun, Tânia Sousa

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

• ICT (information and communication technologies) represented 4% of the world electricity consumption in 2020; 
• Computing devices represented 2% of the world electricity consumption in 2020; 
• In recent scenarios datacentre electricity demand reaches 3% of world electricity in 2030, and more than 4% in 2035

Optimization Of Aluminum Coating Deposition Parameters To Enhance The Performance Of Automotive Headlamps, Gulirano Saidakhmedova, Giovanni Maizza

Technical science and innovation

The paper investigates the influence of the optical characteristics of functional coatings applied to automotive reflectors on vehicle active safety parameters, with a focus on the range and intensity of road illumination. The study examines the mathematical relationship between the maximum luminous intensity of a headlamp, the object detection distance, and the reflection coefficient  of an aluminium layer deposited via vacuum thermal evaporation. The main factors driving the degradation of surface reflectivity (including oxidation, thermal degradation of the base coat, and surface roughness) are analysed. It is demonstrated that a decrease in the reflection coefficient during operation directly impairs the …

Adaptive – Compositional Method For Coordinating Subsystems At Different Levels In Hierarchical Control Systems, Husan Zakirovich Igamberdiyev, Uktam Farxodovich Mamirov Mr, Inomjon Ilxom Ugli Abdukaxxarov Mr

Technical science and innovation

This paper examines the problem of synthesizing algorithms for the composition of subsystems at various levels within complex hierarchical control systems under conditions of uncertainty and resource constraints. It is demonstrated that classical composition algorithms, which rely on the intersection of admissible sets and the use of local optimality criteria, suffer from several significant drawbacks. These include a combinatorial increase in complexity, dependence on the expert selection of parameters, and limited applicability in dynamic environments. To overcome these shortcomings, an adaptive-compositional method is proposed. This method is based on the dynamic recalculation of coordination parameters, the integration of model predictive …

Calculation Of The Basic Parameters Of The Hybrid Power Plant (Hpu) On The Spark Car, Rustam Raximovich Tillahodjaev, Jamoliddin Pardaboy Ugli Turdiev

Technical science and innovation

This article presents one of the effective ways to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions of toxic substances, the use of internal combustion engines with the use of an electric drive in their designs. In recent years, two directions in the development of cars with electromechanical drives have been clearly identified, the first is the creation of a pure electric car, the second is the development of an electromechanical drive with a combined (hybrid) power plant. Due to the lack of efficient energy storage available for mass production, pure electric vehicles have relatively low mileage on a single charge. This …

Experimental Study Of An Automotive Cooling System With A Mechatronic Control System, Avaz Israilovich Yangibayev

Technical science and innovation

This article presents the results of experimental investigations of a passenger car engine cooling system equipped with a mechatronic control system. The experiments were conducted on an intelligent hardware-software laboratory test bench developed using original components of a Chevrolet Gentra vehicle. The study determined the thermodynamic response characteristics and energy performance of the system under varying ambient temperatures (-10 to +50 °C) and engine thermal loads. The experimental results demonstrated that the mechatronic system can maintain coolant temperature with minimal fluctuation amplitude, ensure smooth transient processes, and significantly reduce electrical energy consumption. Based on the obtained results, scientific and practical …

Comprehensive Study On Explainable Artificial Intelligence For Enhanced Decision-Making, Eman Taher, Wessam H. El-Behaidy, Doaa S. Elzanfaly

Computer Science

Artificial Intelligence (AI) models are often criticized for their black-box nature, particularly in high-stakes domains such as finance, healthcare, and business decision-making, where transparency, accountability, and trust are essential. As machine learning advances with more complex architectures, including deep neural networks and ensemble models, the need for explainability becomes increasingly critical. This study focuses on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) as a key approach to enhance interpretability in classification, regression, and clustering tasks that serve as the foundation of data-driven analytical systems. XAI methods such as SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations), and Integrated Gradients provide a means …

Design And Fpga Deployment Of Quantized Convolutional Spiking Neural Networks For Ecg Arrhythmia Classification, Olamilekan Banjo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Wearable ECG monitors enable continuous cardiac surveillance, yet most remain limited to basic heart rate metrics or coarse atrial fibrillation detection, relying on cloud-based analysis that introduces latency, connectivity dependence, and battery drain. Deploying advanced multi-class arrhythmia classification directly on-device is constrained by the tight memory, power, and computational budgets of wearable hardware. This dissertation presents a Quantized Convolutional Spiking Neural Network (QCSNN) for real-time ECG arrhythmia detection on edge hardware, developed across three progressive phases.

Phase 1 introduces a separately trained two-stage QCSNN architecture — a binary classifier cascaded with a four-class classifier — trained directly via surrogate gradient …

Human Cancer Genomes Harbor The Mutational Signature Of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines Nnn And Nnk, Michael Korenjak, Nuri Alpay Temiz, Stéphane Keita, Bérénice Chavanel, Claire Renard, Cécilia Sirand, Jiehong Guo, Et Al.

Michigan Tech Publications

BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is linked to multiple cancer types and a quarter of cancer deaths. Tobacco smoke contains numerous mutagenic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), however, the mutagenicity of many chemicals in tobacco products remains underexplored. The tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), both International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Group 1 carcinogens, form pre-mutagenic pyridyloxobutyl (POB) DNA adducts, yet little is known about the associated genomic mutation landscape(s) in humans. METHODS: We applied bulk and error-corrected next-generation sequencing to a battery of experimental systems comprising mammalian cell lines and animals exposed to NNK or NNN, …

Design And Implementation Of Cyber Risk Management In The Indonesian Aviation Sector Based On Nist Csf And Iso/Iec 27002:2022, Annisa Aulia Budianti Qurota'aini, Ira Rosianal Hikmah, Yulial Hikmah

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

As technology usage increases, cyberspace in Indonesia has developed significantly, including in Vital Information Infrastructure (VII) sectors such as aviation. However, this advancement introduces potential cyber threats that can disrupt operations. This research aims to design a systematic cyber risk management framework for a navigation authority within the Indonesian aviation sector using the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF) as the primary standard. This research also utilizes national aviation regulations, Center for Internet Security Controls (CIS Controls) v8.0, and ISO/IEC 27002:2022 as supporting frameworks. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, gathering data through field observations, …

An Evaluation Of The “Police Response To Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Operations” Online Training Program, Anthony Galante, Leila Halawi

Publications

This study evaluates the impact of the “Police Response to Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Operations” online training program of officers from the Daytona Beach Police Department (DBPD). By measuring the effectiveness of the training through pretest and posttest assessments and considering variables such as educational background, length of service, and rank, this research underscores the training’s potential to enhance UAS response capabilities. Employing a self-selection sampling method, the study engaged 82 voluntary participants from the DBPD, revealing significant improvement across all groups in UAS knowledge and confidence levels. Despite limitations, these findings offer compelling evidence of the training’s efficacy and advocate …

Higher-Order Statistical Analysis Of Inter-Arrival Times For Radiation Detector Deadtime Characterization And Paralysis Factor Determination, Abdallah Wazzan, Shoaib Usman, Tayfun Akyurek

Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

All real detectors exhibit hybrid behavior that combines both paralyzable and non-paralyzable which requires improved characterization techniques. This study investigates the relationship between detector deadtime parameters and higher-order statistical for inter-arrival time distributions to develop advanced detector characterization. Two comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation approaches were employed using MATLAB: a full radioactive decay curve analysis spanning approximately 4.5 half-lives of Cobalt-60 and Vanadium-52 sources, and a fixed count rate analysis covering practically achievable laboratory conditions (440 to 1,000,000 counts per second). The hybrid deadtime model was implemented with deadtimes ranging from 2.5 to 50 μs for the full simulation and from …

Project Prioritization For Near-Optimal Functionality Risk Reduction In Bridge Networks, David Y. Yang, Anteneh Deriba

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Bridge retrofit prioritization is commonly guided by structural vulnerability, traffic conditions, or indirect consequences following a single bridge failure. However, these metrics often fail to identify retrofit projects that maximally reduce system-level functionality risk, because they do not account for the consequences of joint failures among multiple bridges. This presentation develops a mathematically rigorous, gradient-based approach to bridge retrofit prioritization for achieving a near-optimal reduction in functionality risk. This risk is formulated as the expected increase in total travel time given probabilistic bridge survival or failure under external stressors such as earthquakes. By reinterpreting risk as the evidence term in …

Interpretable Deep Reinforcement Learning For Element-Level Bridge Life-Cycle Optimization, David Y. Yang, Seyyed Amirhossein Moayyedi

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The new Specifications for the National Bridge Inventory (SNBI), in effect from 2022, emphasize the use of element-level condition states (CS) for risk-based bridge management. Instead of a general component rating, element-level condition data use an array of relative CS quantities (i.e., CS proportions) to represent the condition of a bridge. Although this greatly increases the granularity of bridge condition data, it introduces challenges to set up optimal life-cycle policies due to the expanded state space from one single categorical integer to four-dimensional probability arrays. This study proposes a new interpretable reinforcement learning (RL) approach to seek optimal life-cycle policies …

Thermal And Mechanical Properties Of Zirconium Carbide Manufactured Via Ceramic On-Demand Extrusion, Clare Sabata, Yue Zhou, Jeremy L. Watts, Gregory E. Hilmas

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) was fabricated by material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) followed by pressureless sintering at 2000°C for two hours, achieving a relative density of 90.3 %. SEM analysis revealed grains of 4.6 ± 1.8 μm; XRD confirmed single phase ZrC. A stoichiometry of ZrC_0.92 was determined by XPS. Four-point flexure testing exhibited a strength of 331.3 ± 57.1 MPa and Young's modulus of 232.8 ± 13.1 GPa. Vickers hardness was 13.6 ± 1.0 GPa and 11.6 ± 0.5 GPa at 4.91 and 9.81 N, respectively. Indentation fracture resistance was 2.9 ± 0.2 MPa⋅m^1/2; Griffith analysis confirmed …

Magnetic Field-Induced Transformation In Polycrystalline Ni2mnal Heusler Type Magnetic Shape Memory Alloy, Choji J. Daches, Joseph W. Newkirk, Mario Buchely, Laura N. Bartlett

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The martensitic and magnetic transformations, as well as the mechanical properties, of Ni₂MnAl alloys in as-cast (AC) and heat-treated (HT) conditions were investigated. Magnetic-field-induced strain was evaluated via magnetostriction, with reversible strains of 0.14% and 0.2% achieved in the martensitic phase at 2 K for the AC and HT alloys, respectively. Transformation temperatures and Curie temperatures were determined under constant applied magnetic field, revealing that γ-phase inclusions in the AC microstructure suppress antiferromagnetic domain response, yielding a lower magnetization (∼8.4 emu g⁻¹) compared to the HT alloy (∼13.4 emu g⁻¹). Both alloys exhibited hysteretic behavior in the martensitic state and …

Unveiling Corrosion Behavior And Passive Film Performance Of L12-Strengthened Ni28cr15cu8ti8fe26-Xco15+X Multi-Principal Element Alloys, Liran Huang, Zhiqiang Fu, Chenliang Chu, Shiyu Liu, Xiaohui Qin, Yunzhu Shi, Yongxiang Tan, Haiming Wen

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

L12 precipitates are usually induced into face-centered cubic (FCC) multiple-principal element alloys (MPEAs) to improve their moderate yield strength; however, the precipitation also influences the corrosion resistance. This study investigated the corrosion behavior and passive film performance of a series of L1₂-strengthened Ni₂₈Cr₁₅Cu₈Ti₈Fe_26-xCo_15+x (x = 0, 3, 6, and 9 at.%) MPEAs in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The size and density of the L1₂ nanoprecipitates were regulated via tuning Fe and Co content. With decreasing Fe/Co ratio, the radii of these nanoprecipitates gradually increased within the …

Nb–Zr Interdiffusion In The (Hf,Ta,Ti,Nb)B2–(Hf,Ta,Ti,Zr)B2 High-Entropy Boride System, Ana C. Feltrin, Yue Zhou, Stefano Curtarolo, Gregory E. Hilmas, William G. Fahrenholtz

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Niobium (Nb) presents a challenge for achieving homogeneous solid solutions in high-entropy boride and carbide ceramics. In this work, we synthesized (Hf,Ta,Ti,Zr)B₂ (Zr-HEB) and (Hf,Ta,Ti,Nb)B₂ (Nb-HEB) ceramics by boro/carbothermal reduction, followed by densification via spark plasma sintering (SPS). Diffusion couples were prepared to investigate the interdiffusion behavior of Nb and zirconium (Zr) in these complex systems at temperatures between 2000°C and 2200°C. Aside from Nb and Zr, the other elements exhibited no significant concentration gradient across the diffusion interface. Nb exhibited lower diffusion coefficients ((Formula presented.) Nb = 1.7 x 10⁻¹⁷–1.2 x 10⁻¹⁶ m^{2 …}

Exact X2 Statistic Critical Values For Dice Fairness Testing, Warren Campbell

SEAS Faculty Publications

Two questions were addressed: 1) What are the exact values of the c² statistic critical values? 2. Does a dice tower offer improved fairness of dice rolls?  Critical values of the statistic asymptotically approach those given by the continuous chi-square distribution, but the exact distribution is discrete.  The exact distributions only asymptotically approach the chi-square distribution, and the convergence is slow (1/number of rolls).  Th exact distributions are a function of the number of rolls, the chi-square distribution is not a function of the number of rolls.  Exact values of c² at the 90, 95, and 99 percent …

Perspectives Of Scholars, Families, And Advisors On 360-Degree Video Technology In Graduate Education, Oluwatobi A. Mogbojuri, Bridget A. Walsh, Matthew Aguirre

Journal of Human Sciences and Extension

This study explored the experiences of scholars in creating and sharing 360-degree videos, as well as the perspectives of families and advisors who viewed the videos. Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted online using a videoconferencing platform. Perspectives from 20 participants (15 scholars, three advisors, and two family members) were analyzed using thematic analysis. Three primary themes were identified: (1) barriers to 360-degree video use, (2) perspective shifts and limited change, and (3) storytelling and scholar visibility. Findings suggest that 360-degree video technology may be an innovative tool for enhancing recruitment and retention, especially for historically marginalized groups, through …

Building Resilient And Sustainable Built Environments Through Climate Adaptation, Digital Innovation, And Infrastructure Governance, Mohammed Ali Berawi, Mustika Sari, Perdana Miraj

CSID Journal of Infrastructure Development

The built environment has become one of the most important arenas for responding to climate change, resource pressure, and rapid urban transformation. Cities, infrastructure networks, buildings, and construction projects are no longer expected only to provide physical services. They are also expected to reduce environmental impact, protect communities from disruption, support economic activity, and remain useful under uncertain future conditions. This expectation places resilience and sustainability at the center of infrastructure development.

Resilience refers to the capacity of built systems to anticipate shocks, absorb pressure, recover from damage, and continue functioning. Sustainability asks whether those systems can do so while …