Engineering Commons^™

Heavy Metals Pollution In Roadside Ecosystems, Lilian Matafu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Heavy metals refer to metallic elements that are characterized by having a relatively high density and they are toxic or poisonous even at low concentration. They are environmental pollutant owing to toxicity and longevity in atmosphere and ability to accumulate in living things via bioaccumulation. They tend to enter in different system such as food chain. Analyses of water, soil sediment and the surrounding growing plants (Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus species) for selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) were conducted on a roadside pond located at Boko MSB, Dar es Salaam. Pond water, soil sediments and plant samples …

A Bibliometric Analysis Of Pat-Seig Evolution As An Alternative Energy Generation Method, Emanuel J. Nyirenda

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Pumps as Turbines (PATs) coupled with Self-Excited Induction Generators (SEIGs) as an alternative energy generation method have been the subject of significant research in recent years. This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the evolution of PAT-SEIG technology as an alternative energy generation source. An analysis of a comprehensive dataset of peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, and patents related to PAT-SEIG systems, using advanced bibliometric techniques and PRISMA to identify key research themes, influential authors, the growth of the field and patterns of collaboration, and changes in research focus over time. Over a publication period of 32 years, a total …

Review On State Of Art Of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method And Its Advances In Solid Dynamics, Harold J. Mtyana

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The world is witnessing continued collapse of both buildings and other structures during earthquakes, which is an example of a dynamic effect. One cause of such disasters may be inadequacies of techniques for modeling of these structures during analysis and design as compared to their actual responses during dynamic events. Also, techniques for numerical modeling and analysis of structures in place are meshed methods which do not accurately capture the actual behavior of structural elements especially under high dynamic actions due to the assumption that mesh geometry is unchanged geometry tend to change with respect to time step of such …

Assessment Of Wind Speed Characteristics And Available Wind Power Potential For Electricity Generation In Tanzania, Mwingereza John Kumwenda

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The energy demand and its associated crises are attracting significant attention due to population increase and economic growth especially in developing countries. Fossil fuel-based energy source stand as a prominent anthropogenic resource but they are accompanied with increased carbon emissions and heightened environmental concerns. Renewable energy sources such as wind energy can offers a lot of potential for sustainable growth in the energy sector of developing nations like Tanzania. Thus, this work investigated wind speed characteristics and available wind power potential in six selected regions in Tanzania with different topographical features for future electricity generation. The data of the wind …

Performance Evaluation Of Free Space Optical Communication In Dar Es Salaam: Impact Of Scintillation And Modulation Schemes, Mustafa H. Mohsini

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Free space optical communication (FSO) holds significant relevance in the modern communication system as it offers high and unlimited data rates, enhanced security, rapid deployment, and low cost for installation. However, the performance of FSO transmission is greatly affected by harsh atmospheric conditions such as wind, temperature, and humidity, which induce scintillation. With the rapid growth of internet users and Dar es Salaam being a business city in Tanzania, higher and unlimited bandwidth for communication is highly demanded. This study primarily aims to evaluate the performance of FSO transmission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, by investigating the impact of atmospheric …

Improved Minimum Variance Channel Estimation Techniques For Ofdm Systems, Kwame S. Ibwe

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems face challenges in channel estimation due to noise, variability, and the doubly dispersive nature of wireless channels, which degrade performance. To address these challenges, a multichannel minimum variance double dispersive channel estimator is proposed. The method employs a hybrid approach that combines subspace and minimum variance techniques, optimizing the filter bank output power under a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) constraint. This design preserves the desired signal while effectively suppressing disturbances, achieving robust performance with reduced computational complexity compared to existing methods. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed estimator outperforms subspace and asymptotic methods in terms …

Effectiveness Of Natural Coagulants In Purification Of Industrial Wastewater: A Case Of Cactus Pads And Watermelon Seeds, Neema O. Msuya

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This study assessed the potential of cactus pads and watermelon seeds as natural coagulants in industrial wastewater treatment. The global characterization of the two coagulants was done by using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to determine the specific functional groups and by zeta potential measurements. A full factorial design was used to design the experiment and analyze the effect of three factors: coagulant dosage, settling time and particle size with three levels each and one replicate on the turbidity removal. ANOVA analyses were used to determine the significance of the factors. Results show that the amino and hydroxyl groups in …

Effects Of Thermal Shock Protection Methods On Pressure Measurements In A Rapid Compression Machine, Myeji Materego

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The study investigates the impact of thermal shock protection methods on pressure measurements in Rapid Compression Machines (RCMs). It focuses on the performance of various pressure transducers, specifically 601A, 701A, 6061B, and 7005, under atmospheric initial conditions. The research emphasizes the importance of mounting techniques and coatings, revealing their significant effects on pressure trace accuracy. Special mounting adaptors for the pressure transducers were designed and manufactured, this enabled simultaneous measurements for all transducers to be made in a single compression stroke. Instantaneous pressure within combustion chamber was measured when air was compressed in RCM from initial pressure and temperatures of …

Assessment Of Adaptation And Diffusion Of Biogas Technology A Case Study Of Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania, Doreen L. Tarimo

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This study investigated the adaptation and diffusion of biogas technology in Dar es Salaam, driven by the increasing need for sustainable energy solutions. The study’s is rooted in addressing urban energy challenges and providing an eco-friendly waste management alternative. Various factors, including socioeconomic variables, technical efficiencies, and community-level acceptability, were examined to assess the technology’s adaptability and diffusion. Data collection methods and techniques included lab analysis using American public health association (APHA) standard methods, interviews, questionnaire administration the data analysis was undertaken using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) with a sample size comprising 100 household heads from Mburahati, …

Use Of Activated Palm Kernel Shells On Adsorption Of Heavy Metals (Cu2+ And Pb2+) From Contaminated Wastewater, Edwin N. Richard

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

This research aimed to evaluate the adsorption capacity of low-cost agricultural waste adsorbent-activated palm kernel shells (APKS) for the removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions from synthetic wastewater that had the concentration of copper and lead ions comparable to that of waste produced in Tanzanian research and teaching laboratories. This study was carried out in batch and continuous column adsorption reactors. The study examined the influence of particle size (0.71 mm–2.36 mm), pH (4.5–8.6), adsorbent dose (5–20 mg/L) and initial concentration Ci (1.93– 4 mg/l) on APKS adsorption removal efficiency. The batch results indicated that under alkali conditions (pH 8.4 …

Design And Implementation Of Secured Hybrid Gateway Node For Securing Iot - Enabled Distribution Automation, Ally Bitebo

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

The integration of smart grid and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies plays a crucial role in enhancing the quality of services provided by traditional electrical grids. This combination has enabled the introduction of new services, such as demand response, automatic meter reading, and IoT-enabled Distribution Automation (IoT-DA), which incorporates sensors, actuators, intelligent electrical devices (IEDs), and information and communication technologies to monitor and control the grid. However, this integration also introduces network security risks, including Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, false data injection, and masquerading attacks, such as system node impersonation that can transmit incorrect readings, trigger false alarms, and …

Effects Of Technical Debt On Software Interoperability, Leonard Peter Binamungu

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Technical debt (TD) refers to sub-optimal development decisions that make the software costly to maintain and evolve. Examples of TD include structural complexity, violation of coding styles, and code complexity. Existing research has investigated the nature, causes and indicators of TD, as well as tools and strategies for managing TD. However, although TD could hinder the ability of a software system to be interoperable with others, existing literature has limited evidence on how TD affects systems interoperability. This limits the ability of software engineering teams to manage TD in ways that do not hinder systems interoperability. To fill this void, …

Efficient Operation Of Direct Coupled Solar Home Pv System: A Case Of Solar Home Pv System Installed In Dodoma, Tanzania, Sarah P. Ayeng'o

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology (TJET)

Direct coupled Photovoltaic (PV) system is a common topology among most of the off-grid communities in the world. This topology has less components hence resulting in low investment costs. However, it suffers much losses when battery operating voltage is far from maximum power point voltage of PV modules. This scenario can be attributed by different factors such as; variation in solar radiation, load profile and temperature. Efficient operation of these systems is required in order to reduce losses. Usually in direct coupled system, PV modules are connected in parallel with batteries through a charge controller hence making PV output to …

Sustainable Clay Brick Manufacturing: A Review Of Mechanical Properties, Firing Technologies, Emissions, And Control Strategies, I. S. Eldeeb, Ayman Bakry, Ahmed M. Nasr, E. A. Showaib

Journal of Engineering Research

The clay brick industry, a cornerstone of global construction, faces increasing pressure to mitigate its substantial environmental footprint and improve the sustainability of its practices. The energy-intensive firing process, often reliant on coal combustion, generates significant atmospheric emissions, contributing to climate change and local air pollution. Furthermore, achieving desired mechanical properties in the final product is essential for ensuring the structural integrity and longevity of buildings. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the chemical and thermodynamic processes governing clay brick firing, exploring their influence on both emissions and the final product's mechanical strength, durability, and water absorption. We examine …

Experimental Study On A Hybrid Solar Distillation System Integrated With A Photovoltaic Thermal Collector For The Co-Production Of Electricity And Freshwater, S. A. El Agouz, Mohamed Samy Abo Shala, Ayman Refat Abd Elbar

Journal of Engineering Research

This experimental study investigates the performance of a hybrid solar still system integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) panel and a cooling system, with the goal of enhancing both the freshwater productivity and the performance of the photovoltaic panel. Over a span of four consecutive days, four distinct experimental cases were tested in Tanta (Longitude/Latitude: E 31° 0′/ N 30° 47′), each with different cooling water flow rates of (3 L/min, 6 L/min, and 9 L/min) for cooling the lower surface of photovoltaic panel, and different hot water flow rates of (0.6 L/hr, 0.9 L/hr, and 1.2 L/hr) input to …

Development Of A Drive-Rod Unified Variable Pitch Control Mechanism For Small-Scale Horizontal Wind Turbines, Ayman I. Bakry, Mohamed Elfouly, Omar Mehrez

Journal of Engineering Research

Typically, small-scale wind turbines use either a breaking equipment or stall control methods once the wind speed exceeds its rated value. This is to limit the power extracted from the wind turbines which largely depends on the blades' shape and pitch angle. Most of small-scale wind turbines are of fixed pitch angle to avoid complexity and cost. In this work, a novel drive-rod unified variable pitch drive mechanism is proposed for blades pitch control for small-scale horizontal wind turbines. The mechanism is powered by a DC motor coupled with a lead screw which in turn is connected to the pitch …

Pd Controller Design For Automotive Magnetorheological Semi-Active Suspension System, Ayman I. Bakry, Emad M. S. El-Said, Ahmed Shehata Gad, Ahmed Abd Almoez, Omar Mehrez

Journal of Engineering Research

Recently, there is a tendency towards the utilization of magnetorheological (MR) dampers in electrical vehicles (EV) due to its adaptability of active control devices with lower requirement of large power sources compared to the active damping systems. This paper investigates the performance of the most used control technique for MR dampers used in EV, the PID controller, under different road conditions. In this investigation, the Dynamic-Damper-Motor System (ADM-EV) is used as the EV suspension system model. Meanwhile, modified Bouc-Wen model is used as the MR damper model. The design procedure for the optimum design of the system controller parameters is …

Rotating Burlap For Improved Solar Still Performance: An Experimental Investigation, Alsaied Khalil, Mohamed Abdelgaied, Amir Nasr

Journal of Engineering Research

This experimental study investigates the performance of a modified solar still that utilizes a rotating burlap cloth to enhance water evaporation and productivity. Conducted in Tanta, Egypt within a hot desert climate, the system was designed with a 31° angle to maximize solar energy absorption. A 12V DC motor was employed to maintain continuous rotation of the burlap, ensuring consistent contact with the water surface and promoting enhanced evaporation. The modified system achieved a peak water temperature of 89.4°C, resulting in a total water output of 1.547 liters per day, which translates to 4.56 liters per square meter per day—an …

Performance Optimization Of Bi2te3 Thermoelectric Generator System Under Low Operating Heat Fluxes, Abd El-Moneim A. Harb, Khairy Elsayed, Ahmed S.T. Osman, Ahmed Abdo

Journal of Engineering Research

It is essential to boost thermoelectric generator performance because recent studies have revealed lower efficiency. Its leg dimensions and the thickness of the copper strip could be changed to achieve this. With its innovative approach of establishing the P-N legs' optimal dimensions while considering all interactions at lower operational heat fluxes, the present research aims to be fruitful for common applications. A comprehensive TEG model was created, utilizing a single objective optimization method. Key performance parameters, including voltage, hot side temperature, output power, and conversion efficiency, were evaluated through simulations and compared to conventional TEG systems. The findings showed that …

Numerical Analysis To Evaluate The Performance Based On Bi2te3 And Sige Thermoelectric Module, Abd El-Moneim A. Harb, Khairy Elsayed, Ahmed S.T. Osman, Ahmed Abdo

Journal of Engineering Research

This paper presents a numerical analysis evaluating the performance of thermoelectric (TE) modules utilizing 𝐵𝑖2𝑇𝑒3 and SiGe materials under both constant heat flux and constant temperature difference conditions. A three-dimensional model of TEG was developed and simulated using ANSYS FLUENT 19-R2. The model's accuracy was validated against existing literature. The study investigated the influence of these materials on power output, conversion efficiency, voltage, and temperature distribution across various operating conditions. The results demonstrate a linear relationship between heat flux/temperature difference and voltage/power output for both materials. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing high-performance TE modules operating under constant heat …

A Comparative Study Of Cleaning Methods Across Various Dust Types: Optimizing Cleaning Techniques For Dust-Affected Photovoltaic Panels, Ahmed Moustafa, Ahmed Tohami, Hamdy Hassan

Journal of Engineering Research

Solar energy is increasingly crucial for generating electricity and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. However, the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels is substantially affected by dust accumulation. This research aims to enhance the performance and longevity of solar panels by evaluating various eco-friendly cleaning techniques for different dust types: Yellow Sand, Normal Dust, and Mud. The methods tested include low, medium, and high-water flow rates, medium flow rates with a wiper, compressed medium flow, and air blowing. Key performance metrics such as temperature, current, voltage, and power were measured before and after cleaning to assess effectiveness. The results demonstrate that …

Three-Rigid-Link Manipulator Robot Inverse Dynamic Model Using Ann Based On Pid Controller, M.A. El-Gohary, M.S. Elksas, A. E. Banna, S.G. Ahmad

Journal of Engineering Research

This work proposes an inverse dynamics model of a three-rigid -link manipulator robot employing a PID controller based on artificial neural networks. In order to attain precise position, neural network control algorithms are designed to handle nonlinear issues including robot manipulator control and uncertainty compensation. An artificial neural network with two layers that uses feedforward training is trained using the back propagation technique. By just fusing the ANN with other traditional control techniques, the suggested controller gives the network more information on the composition and dynamics of the system. The PID controller generates data that is used to train neural …

Towards A New Era Of Surgery Using Intelligent Robot, Ahmed Mahfouz, Hassan A. El Gamal, T. Awad, M.B. Badawi

Journal of Engineering Research

This research aims to overcome the difficulties of surgical tumor removal, especially in brain tumors that needs precision and time saving of the operations. The traditional surgical approach often is slow and targeting accurate manual cutting of the tumor, which is time-consuming and increase the risk to the patient. The error in cutting the deep layers of the tumor can occur, which increase the cost and dangerous for the patient.

To overcome these challenges, a proposed solution involves designing a robot that can quickly and accurately remove tumors by following their contours as it comes from the medical imaging data, …

Evaluation And Improvement Of A Solar Still With A Pyramidal Shape By Modifying Its Basin Design, Yaf El-Samadony, Ss Elsayed, Mohamed Abd Elnabi, Ahmed Abdo

Journal of Engineering Research

As global demand rises, freshwater shortage is a serious obstacle that calls for sustainable desalination methods. To increase desalination productivity, this paper looks at integrating photovoltaic (PV) panels with a novel pyramid solar still architecture. Two distinct configurations of pyramid solar still absorbers were created, assessed, and contrasted with a conventional pyramid solar still: configuration (1) had a square base pyramid measuring 900 cm2 and a height of 12.5 cm, while configuration (2) had a pyramid base pyramid of 2500 cm2 and a height of 21 cm. The different pyramid proportions, working concepts, and system components were explained. A thorough …

A Numerical Study On The Thermal Management Of Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Batteries By Immersion Cooling: Effect Of Coolant Distribution, Alhussein M. Abdel-Hafeez, Mohammed B. Effat, O. Hassan, N. Y. Abdel-Shafi

Journal of Engineering Research

Management of the temperature of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical for ensuring their safety and optimal performance. As the electric vehicle industry continues to evolve rapidly, the demand for efficient battery thermal management (BTM) technologies has grown. Among these, dielectric fluid immersion cooling (DFIC) has emerged as a particularly promising solution. In this study, we evaluate the impact of varying the coolant distribution on the performance of a cylindrical lithium-ion module comprising 20 cells. Coolant distribution was controlled by varying the number of coolant inlets from one to five, keeping the mass flow rate constant at 10 g/min. The performance …

Numerical Investigation Of Temperature Distribution Analysis For A Domestic Refrigerator With Different Duct Shapes, Faisal Elhabashy, A.A. Hawwash, Aly M.A. Soliman, Walid G. Alshaer

Journal of Engineering Research

The domestic refrigerator is one of the most home appliance used and the enhancement in its performance will has a significant effect on energy saving and environment. Preserving food at low and uniform temperatures is especially important to avoid Food spoilage and decreases the microorganisms. The aim of this study is to investigate numerically a different duct shapes to achieve an efficient cooling in the refrigerator and keep the temperature at the required range, using software called SIMULIA. The numerical model was developed to simulate the refrigeration system accurately, porous media and heat balance techniques were combined to the conservation …

A Non-Standard Finite Difference Approach For Optimizing The Thermal Behaviour Of Photovoltaic Panel With Hybrid Cooling Techniques, E.F. El-Gazar, A.A Hawwash, Hamdy Hassan, Shinsuke Mori, Ayman Refat Abd Elbar

Journal of Engineering Research

A finite difference model is developed to simulate the thermal behaviour of the PV system with an innovative cooling system. The proposed cooling system combines an aluminium heat spreader (AHS) with phase change material (PCM) placed at the backside of the solar panel. The new non-standard model is solved using MATLAB software and is validated with real experimental data collected under hot climate conditions. The new nonlocal model is found to be more effective in analyzing heat transfer processes throughout the entirety of the PV system compared to conventional PV models. Additionally, the new cooling PV system has been compared …

Finite Element Analysis Of Stress-Induced Phase Transformation In Sma Wire, Ali M. Mamdouh, Ali S. Helal, Yasser A F El - Samadony

Journal of Engineering Research

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are well-known for their remarkable mechanical properties, particularly their shape memory and super-elasticity abilities. These Properties make them ideal for a variety of adaptive mechanical applications. The most common application is the implementation of SMA wires as mechanical actuators. However, the nonlinear characteristics and the hysteresis nature of SMAs limit their utility in engineering applications. This makes SMAs desirable, but it is considered a complicated material for developing advanced rehabilitation devices that can significantly enhance patient treatment. In this paper, a finite element analysis, (FEA) study investigated the behaviour of SMA wires under mechanical loads. COMSOL …

Design, Modeling, And Control Of Medical Service Quadrotor, Mohamed Eid, Anas Mohamed, Ali M. Mohamed

Journal of Engineering Research

Due to road accidents, it is difficult to supply injured people with first aid, especially in difficult-access regions. Also, uneven roads or far places pose a problem for ambulances and doctors to reach and save injured people’s lives. The paper aims to design, model, and control a drone able to fly at different heights and support patients with essential needs after accidents. The drone also contains sensors to measure blood sugar and pressure in cases of diabetic coma that require urgent intervention. The drone design was tested using SolidWorks and FLUENT to ensure safe design in different flying conditions. The …

A Review Of Performance Assessment Of Solar-Driven Absorption Chillers Incorporated With Energy Storage Systems, A. Khalil, Mohamed Abdelgaied, May Abdelsalam

Journal of Engineering Research

Abstract- This study evaluates the performance of a solar

collector absorption chiller combined with Phase Change Material (PCM) energy storage devices. Solar energy is used for energy-efficient cooling, and PCM storage improves

efficiency by capturing surplus thermal energy during

abundant solar radiation and releasing it when insufficient. The research assesses performance measures like

COP, energy storage capacity, and overall system efficiency.