Education Commons^™

The Morale Of Public Secondary School Teachers In Southern Jordan From Their Point Of View الروح المعنوية لدى معلمي المدارس الثانوية الحكومية في جنوب الأردن من وجهة نظرهم, Khaled A. Al-Btoush, Prof. Kayed M. Salameh

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study aimed at finding out the level of morale of Public Secondary School Teachers in Southern Jordan from their Point of View, and identify the significant differences between the means of the responses of the subjects of the study sample, which are attributed to the difference of variables: sex, experience, academic qualification, and governorate. To achieve the objectives of the study the descriptive – survey methodology was used, through developing a questionnaire, which has been verified the validity and stability. The study was applied to a random sample consisting of (540) male and female teachers. The results showed …

Reality Of The Competitive Advantage In Public Secondary Schools In The State Of Kuwait From The Schools’ Principals' Point Of View واقع الميزة التنافسية في المدارس الثانوية الحكومية بدولة الكويت من وجهة نظر مديري المدارس, Mohammed Saleh Al-Ajmi, Dr. Saleh Ahmad Ababneh

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The present study aimed at finding out the reality of the competitive advantage in public secondary schools in the State of Kuwait, from school principals' point of view. To achieve the objective of this study, the researchers have developed a questionnaire which consisted of (44) items, its validity and reliability were confirmed, and distributed to (190) male and female principals. The researchers depended on the descriptive survey methodology. Results of the study showed that the degree of evaluation reality of the competitive advantage in public secondary schools in the State of Kuwait from the point of view of the …

The Reality Of The Applying The Principles Of Knowledge Economy In The Institution Of Higher Education In The State Of Kuwait واقع تطبيق مبادئ اقتصاد المعرفة في مؤسسات التعليم العالي في دولة الكويت, Fawaz Dheem Al-Rasheedi, Prof. Khaled Ali Al-Sarhan

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The study aimed at finding out the reality of the applying to principles of knowledge economy in the institution of higher education in the state of Kuwait. To achieve the goal of the study, a questionnaire was developed. It consisted of (65) items. Its validity and reliability were assured. The study sample consisted of (200) Members. The survey descriptive methodology was used. The findings showed that the degree of appreciation of the reality of applying the principles of knowledge economy in the institutions of higher education in the state of Kuwait from the study subject's point of view was …

Evaluation Of Job Performance Of Academic Administrators In Kuwaiti Universities Based On The Service Quality Standards From Their Point Of View تقييم الأداء الوظيفي لدى الأكاديميين الإداريين في الجامعات الكويتية المستند إلى معايير جودة الخدمات من وجهة نظرهم, Fatima Abdel Rida Boftin, Prof. Anmar Mustafa Al Kaylani

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The study aimed at finding out the evaluation of job performance of academic administrators in Kuwaiti universities based on the service quality standards from their point of view, and the differences that are attributed to the variables of the study. The population of the study is consisted of all academic administrators in Kuwaiti universities. Their number is (210) academic administrators. The size of the study sample was (181) academic administrators. The results of the study showed that the evaluation of job performance of academic administrators in Kuwaiti universities based on the standards of quality of services was high from …

The Degree To Which Secondary School Principals In The State Of Kuwait Practice Administrative Transparency From The Viewpoint Of Teachers And Educational Supervisors درجة ممارسة مديري المدارس الثانوية في دولة الكويت للشفافية الإدارية من وجهة نظر المعلمين والمشرفين التربويين, Nawaf Omar Al-Shuqayr, Prof. Ekhleif Yosef Tarawneh

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The study aimed at identifying the degree to which secondary school principals in the State of Kuwait practice administrative transparency from the viewpoint of teachers and educational supervisors.The researcher followed the descriptive methodology to its relevance to the nature and objectives of the study. The sample of the study consisted of (632) subjects, of these, (378) male and female teachers and (254) male and female educational supervisors, in the second semester of the school year (2007/2008). The study found that the degree of secondary school principals in the State of Kuwait exercising administrative transparency was medium from the point …

The Effect Of A Grammatical Educational Program Based On Contemporary Standards Of Curricula In Developing Grammatical Structures Among Students Of The Department Of Arabic Language At Aal Al- Bayt University أثر برنامج تعليمي نحوي قائم على المعايير المعاصرة للمناهج في تنمية التراكيب النحويّة لدى طلبة قسم اللغة العربيّة في جامعة آل البيت, Abdullah Abdelmu’Ti Sha’T, Prof. Abdulrahman Al-Hashimi

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study aimed at exploring the effect of a grammatical educational program based on contemporary standards of the curricula in developing grammatical structures among students of the department of Arabic language at aal al- Bayt University. To achieve this aim, the educational program has been prepared and a test of grammatical structures. The study group members were students enrolled in the Arabic grammar course (2), all of whom were included in one division chosen intentionally. They studied for nine weeks according to the educational program, and the grammer test was applied to them before and after the experiment. After …

Job Satisfaction For Age Groups Coaches In The Jordanian Manaseer Football League الرضا الوظيفي لدى مدربي الفئات العمرية في دوري المناصير الأردني لكرة القدم, Abd Al-Rahman Hassan Al-Shamaileh, Sabri Amin Al-Shamaileh

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study aimed at finding out the job satisfaction for age groups coaches in the Jordanian Manaseer football League. The study sample consisted of (60) coaches, who were selected by using purposive sample method. The descriptive methodology was used in this study.The researchers used the job satisfaction scale to collect data. The results of the study showed that the overall level of the job satisfaction fields among the coaches of the age groups in the Jordanian Manaseer Football League was Moderate. The fields of the scale came between high and low. The results also showed that there were significant …

The Effect Of Teaching Using Science Fiction Films In Developing Creative Thinking For The Basic Tenth Grade Students In Light Of Their Motivation Towards Learning The Subject Of Life Sciencies In Jordan أثر التدريس باستخدام أفلام الخيال العلمي في تنمية التفكير الإبداعي لدى طلبة الصف العاشر الأساسي في ضوء دافعيتهم نحو تعلم مبحث العلوم الحياتية بالأردن, Nisreen Kareem Dahdoul

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effect of teaching using a proposed strategy based on science fiction films in the development of creative thinking for the basic tenth grade students in light of their motivation towards learning the life sciences subject in Jordan. The sample of (51) students was chosen from two basic tenth – grade classes at the “Model School” in Jordan. The students of the two divisions were randomly assigned to an experimental group that was studied using science fiction films, and a control group that studied in the msual method. A measure of creative thinking was …

The Degree Of Quality Of The Academic Performance Of Faculty Members In Private Universities In Jordan From Faculty Members’ Point Of View درجة جودة الأداء الأكاديمي لأعضاء هيئة التدريس في الجامعات الخاصة في الأردن من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس, Maysa Walid Ghaithan, Prof. Ahmad Mohammad Battah

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The study aimed at finding out the degree of quality of the academic performance of faculty members in private universities in Jordan from faculty members’ point of view. The descriptive correlational methodology was used. the study sample consisted of (695) faculty members, of these (548) were males and (147) were females for the academic year 2017/2018. To achieve the goal of the study, the study tool was developed. The overall assessment of the degree of quality of academic performance of the faculty members in private universities in Jordan was high from the viewpoint of faculty members. There were no …

The Role Of Social Networks In Enhancing The National Affiliation Among Kuwait University Students دور شبكات التواصل الاجتماعي في تعزيز الانتماء الوطني لدى طلبة جامعة الكويت, Thaher Al Enazi, Prof. Mohammad Saleem Al Zboon

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The study aims to reveal the role of social networks in enhancing the national Affiliation among Kuwait University Students. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data. The descriptive analytical methodology was used. A sample has been taken randomly to represent the population of the study. The sample consisted of (310) staff members. The results of the study showed that the role of social networks in enhancing the national affiliation among Kuwait university students was medium. There were no statistically significant differences of role of social networks in enhancing the national affiliation among Kuwait university students due …

Curiosity Thinking Level And Its Relationship To The Level Of Decision - Making Ability Of Secondary School Students In The Directorate Of Education For The University District In Jordan مستوى تفكير حب الاستطلاع وعلاقته بمستوى المقدرة على اتخاذ القرار لدى طلبة المرحلة الثانوية في مديرية التربية والتعليم للواء الجامعة بالإردن, Dr. Mueen S. Al Nsraween, Dr. Alaa A. Harahsheh, Dr. Rami I. Shuqran

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The study aimed at investigating the level of curiosity thinking and its relationship to the level of decision-making ability of secondary school students in the Directorate of Education for the University District in Jordan. In order to achieve the goal of the study, two tools were developed: the measure of curiosity thinking and the decision – making scale. Their psychometric characteristics were assured. The sample of the study consisted of (358) secondary school students in public schools. The results of the study showed that the level of curiosity thinking and the ability to make decisions were medium. The results …

The Pressures Of Administrative Work And Its Relation To Organizational Depression Among Administrative Leaders In Jordanian Public Universities ضغوط العمل الإداري وعلاقتها بالاكتئاب التنظيمي لدى القادة الإداريين في الجامعات الأردنية الحكومية, Seham Ibrahim Al-Twall, Dr. Saleh Nasser Olimat

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The study aimed to identifying the pressures of administrative work and its relationship to organizational depression among the administrative leaders in Jordanian public universities. The descriptive correlational methodology was used for the purposes of the study. The study sample consisted of (51) deans, (61) deputy deans and (128) department heads. They answered the (60) item study tool items distributed under administrative work pressure and organizational depression. The results of the study showed that the degree of pressure of administrative work among administrative leaders in public Jordanian universities from their point of view was medium. The domains were in descending …

The Obstacles That Face The Teachers Of Physical Education In Using Some Teaching Methods In Teaching Basketball, And Volleyball For The Secondary Stage In The Schools Of Al-Karak District المعوقات التي تواجه معلمي التربية الرياضية في استخدام بعض اساليب التدريس في تدريس الكرة الطائرة وكرة السلة للمرحلة الثانوية في مدارس قصبة الكرك, Fadi Hamed Al-Dmour

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study aimed at finding out the obstacles that face the teachers of physical education in teaching basketball, and volleyball for the secondary stage in the schools of Al-karak district. The descriptive methodology was used in this study. The sample of the study consisted of (38) male and female teachers who teach physical education for the secondary stage in Al-Karak district. A questionnaire was built. It consisted of (22) items, which were distributed to four dimensions: possibilities, students, curriculum, and teacher’s guide. The results showed that there were explicit differences between the means of the responses of physical education …

The Effect Of Using The Application Of Whatsapp In The Mobile Phone In The Achievement Of Students In The Fourth Grade In English Language In The Directorate Of Qasabat Amman District In Jordan أثر استخدام تطبيق الواتس آب في الهاتف النقال في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع الأساسي في مبحث اللغة الإنجليزية في لواء مديرية قصبة عمان في الأردن, Dr. Heba Nimer Alkhrishah

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effect of mobile applications on student achievement in English Language. The study employed a quasi-experimental design. The sample of the study consisted of (30) students from the fourth grade of the Esa'af Al-Nashasheebi primary school\ the Directorate of Qasabat Amman District for the academic year 2017/2018. To achiever research objectives, the researcher divided the students into two equal experimental and control groups, the students of the experimental and control groups studied the material according to the usual method, the teacher then sent additional information about the material studied in the class room to …

An Analytical Study Of The Educational Leadership Thought Of The Caliph Omar Bin Abdul Aziz Based On His Administrative Practices دراسة تحليأتية للفكر القيادي التربوي للخليفة عمر بن عبد العزيز بناء على ممارساته الإدارية, Jehad Saleh Abdelrahman, Prof. Rateb Salama Al Saud

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study aimed at identifying the educational leadership of the Caliph Omar bin Abdul Aziz based on his Administrative Practices. The researchers used the descriptive analytical methodology, which was based on tracking the leadership thought and administration practices of Caliph Omar bin Abdul Aziz and his success in achieving the desired goals by analyzing his words, actions and behaviors, during his administrative practices, and linking all of this to modern leadership thought, The results showed that the Caliph Omar bin Abdul Aziz based his Administrative leadership thought on the legal principles in Islam. This was applied through his administratively …

Parents’ Perceptions Of Their Children’S Achievement In The Reading Class Using A Flipped Classroom Model: A Case Study Of Tenth Grade Female Students In Zarqa Directorate Of Education تصورات أولياء الأمور لإنجازات أطفالهم في دروس القراءة باستخدام أنموذج التعليم المقلوب: دراسة حالة لطالبات الصف العاشر الاساسي في مديرية تربية الزرقاء, Tasneem Shraideh, Prof. Abdallah Ahmad Bani Abdelrahman

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The flipped classroom is considered as an academic trend worldwide. Despite its growing popularity, this area of research remains unsettled in Jordan as very few studies were devoted to this model. Hence, the study at hand sets out to investigate the perceptions of parents following the implementation of a flipped classroom model in the EFL reading classroom (Grade 10) in Zarqa Directorate of Education, Jordan. A questionnaires was developed and distributed to (51) parents by the end of the second academic semester of the year 2018/2019. Results showed that parents were positively influenced by their children’s feedback after experiencing …

The Impact Of Mental Training Program On The Development Of Some Basic Skills In Gymnastics تأثير برنامج للتدريب العقلي على تطوير بعض المهارات الأساسية في رياضة الجُمباز, Laith Adnan Al-Matarneh, Prof. "Zain Alabedin” Mohammad Bani Hani

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study aimed at finding out the impact of mental training program on the development of some basic skills in gymnastics. The sample of the study consisted of (20) students from the faculty of sports sciences at the University of Mu’tah and enrolled in gymnastics courses (2). The researchers used the experimented methodology, and the sample was divided into two equal groups with (10) students in each group: The first groups is an experimental group, on which the mentsal training program has been applied and the second group was a control for which the regular program was applied. The …

The Degree Of Applying Operations Management By The Peincipals Of Public Secondary Schools In The Directorates Of Euducation In Karak Governorate درجة تطبيق إدارة العمليات لدى مديري المدارس الثانوية الحكومية في مديريات محافظة الكرك, Aryaf Ahmad Al Tarawneh, Prof. Khaled Ali Al Serhan

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: he study aimed at finding out the degree of applying operations management by the principals of public secondary schools in the directorates of education in the Karak governorate from their point of view. The researchers used descriptive – survey methodology. The sample of the study consisted of (100) male and females principlals of these, (46) males and (54) were females. A questionnaire was developed as a study tool. It consisted of (5) fields and (56) items. The findings showed that the degree of applying operations management by the principals of public secondary schools was medium from their point of …

The Prevalence Of Procrastination Behavior Among Public Secondary School Principals In Jordan درجة شيوع سلوك المماطلة لدى مديري المدارس الثانوية الحكومية من وجهة نظر المعلمين في الأردن, Abla Jaser Khatatbeh, Prof. Rateb Salama Al Saud

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of procrastination behavior among secondary school principals in Jordan. The study presents an explanation Procrastination and its negative impact on the educational system. The study sample consisted of (320) teachers working in public secondary schools in Jordan. The study instrument, which is a questionnaire, measures the prevalence of procrastination behavior among school principals. The researcher used the descriptive survey analytical methodology to collect data and analyze it using the analysis program (SPSS). The results indicated that there was a moderate prevalence of procrastination behavior among principals in public secondary …

The Level Of Life Skills And Its Relation To The Academic Adjustment Of The Students Of The University Of Jordan مستوى مهارات الحياة وعلاقتها بالتكيف الأكاديمي لدى طلبة الجامعة الأردنية, Dr. Hanan Ahmad Abufoudah

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between life skills and academic adjustment for the students in the faculty of educational science, the faculty of arts, the faculty of science and the faculty of nursing at the University of Jordan.The study sample consisted of (515) students (104males, and 411 females). For the purpose of the study two scales were used: life skills and the academic adjustment. Results of the study showed that the level of life skills of Jordanian university students came in a highly rate, but academic adjustment came moderately as used rate. Results showed …

National Standards For The Professional Development Of Teachers In The Classroom Teacher Program In The Faculty Of Educational Sciences At The University Of Jordan المعايير الوطنيّة لتنمية المعلّمين مهنياً في برنامج معلّم الصّف في كليّة العلوم التّربوية بالجامعة الأردنيّة, Toham Salem Amareen, Prof. Nayel Darweesh Sharah

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify the degree of the national standards for the professional development of teachers availability, in the classroom teacher program, in the faculty of educational sciences at the University of Jordan, from the point of view of female students teachers, in light of their GPAs. The sample of the study comprised 50 female students. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, a questionnaire was used. The study adopted a descriptive approach to information collection. The results showed that the availability of the national standards in the program of classroom teacher at …

The Role Of Administrative Development Units In Achieving The Requirements Of The Knowledge Society In The Official Jordanian Universities From The Point Of View Of Their Administrators دور وحدات التطوير الإداري في تحقيق متطلبات مجتمع المعرفة في الجامعات الأردنية الرسمية من وجهة نظر الإداريين فيها, Sana Irshaid Hawamdeh, Prof. Saleh Nasser Olimat

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The study aimed to identify the role of the administrative development units in achieving the requirements of the knowledge society in the official Jordanian universities from the point of view of their administrators using the descriptive survey method. The questionnaire was developed and distributed to a sample of 382 administrative leaders and administrative staff from three universities The results of the study showed that there were statistically significant differences at (α = 0.05) among the means of responses of the study members due to the university variable.

: هدفت الدراسة إلى تعرف دور وحدات التطوير الإداري في تحقيق متطلبات …

The Cognitive Transformation In The Social Critical Theory التحوّلات المعرفية في النظرية النقدية الاجتماعية, Nehal Ali Almusaibeeh

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study seeked to highlight the cognitive dimension in social critical theory at the Frankfurt School, by tracking the cognitive transformations which aimed to monetize the social reality in order to reveal the mystery and confusion left by world wars and every reason that disable the thought, starting from feeling of the need to establishing a critical theory greater than traditional theory, where built in the mind to explore the society's contradictions by addressing the dialectics of enlightenment that contributed to understanding the movement's logic of mind and civilization in western rationality, then move on to emphasize the value …

The Status Quo Of Depending In Quality Management In College Of Education At Kuwait University Upon The European Foundation For Quality Management Standards From Point Of View Of Its Faculty Members واقع اعتماد إدارة الجودة في كلية التربية بجامعة الكويت على معايير المؤسسة الأوروبية لإدارة الجودة من وجهة نظر أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية فيها, Elham Yousuf Abdullah, Prof. Anmar Mustafa Alkaylani

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The study aimed at measuring the status quo of depending in quality management in college of education at Kuwait University upon the European Foundation for Quality Management Standards from point of view of its faculty members. It also aimed at identifying the differences between the status quo of depending in quality management in the college of education at Kuwait University upon the European Foundation for Quality Management Standards. The descriptive survey method was used. To achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire consisting of four domains and (37) Items was developed, and distributed on the population of the …

The Impact Of Using Computer In Individual And Collective Learning Of The Legs Movement In Freestyle Swimming أثر استخدام الحاسوب في التعلم الفردي والجماعي لحركة الرجلين في السباحة الحرة, Gade M. Obaid

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This research aims to identify the impact of using computer use on individual and collective learning of the legs movement in free swimming compared to the traditional method used. On a sample consisting of (74) female students of physical education faculty at Yarmouk university who registered in the swimming course and were distributed into the three research groups. After implementing the research experiment, the researcher concluded that the use of computers in the collective learning method has the best impact on learning the legs movement in freestyle swimming compared to individual and traditional learning one. Also, the use of …

Social Media Technology And Its Relationship With The Level Of Social Alienation Feeling Of Students At The University Of Jordan تكنولوجيا التواصل الاجتماعي وعلاقتها بمستوى الشعور بالاغتراب الاجتماعي لدى طلبة الجامعة الأردنية, Doua Teaser Al-Khlaila

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study aimed at investigating the social media technology and its relationship with the level of social alienation feeling of students at the University of Jordan, The study population consisted of all faculty memebers of arts students at the University of Jordan, Their number reached (2512) male and female student. The study sample consisted of (458) male and female students, they were selected by the random clusterd method, they formed (18.2%) from the study population. Two instruments have been used: The first for the degree of using social media technology, and the second for level of social alienation feeling. …

The Role Of School Administration In Improving The Performance Of The Educational Counselors In Arabic Schools In Galilee And Negeb Regions المعايير الوطنيّة لتنمية المعلّمين مهنياً في برنامج معلّم الصّف في كليّة العلوم التّربوية بالجامعة الأردنيّة, Salwa N. Ladkany, Prof. Muhammad A. Ashour, Prof. Tareq U. Jawarneh

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the role of school administration in improving the Performance of the educational counselors work in Arabic schools in Galilee and Negeb regions. The study sample consisted of (213) educational counselors. The study followed the descriptive survey methodology by building a questionnaire consisted of (43) items. The study found that the role of school administration in improving the Performance of the educational counselors work in Arabic schools in Galilee and Negeb regions was large. Also there was no statistical significant difference in the role of school administration in improving the Performance of the educational counselors …

The Effectiveness Of A Program Based-On The Aesthetic Approach In The Development Of Aesthetic Appreciation For The Third Grade Students In English Language فاعلية برنامج قائم على المدخل الجمالي في تنمية التذوق الجمالي لطلبة الصف الثالث الأساسي في مادة اللغة الانجليزية, Heba Ziad Younis

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: The aim of this study was to reveal the effectiveness of a program based on the aesthetic approach in the development of aesthetic appreciation of English in the third grade students. To achieve the objective of this study, an educational material was prepared in a program based on the aesthetic approach to teach the experimental group, while the control group was taught in the usual method. A tool was prepared for the data collection: a 30-items aesthetic appreciation scale. The Instrument was validated. The sample of the study consisted of (60) students from third grade in the Second Education …

The Effect Of A Reciprocal-Based Instructional Program On Ninth-Grade Students’ Reading Comprehension In Public Schools In Jordan أثر استخدام برنامج تدريسي قائم على التدريس التبادلي على مهارات الاستيعاب القرائي لدى طلبة الصف التاسع في المدارس الحكومية في الاردن, Mohammad Ahmad Al Jboor, Prof. Abdallah Ahmad Bani Abdelrahman

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study aimed at investigating the effect of using a reciprocal-based instructional program on improving reading comprehension among ninth grade students in Jordan. The sample of the study consisted of 107 ninth grade male and female students in the academic year 2017/2018 in four schools in North West Badia Directorate of Education. Two classroom sections were chosen to represent the experimental groups and the other two were chosen to represent the control groups. The study followed a quasi-experimental design, where the experimental groups were taught reading comprehension using a reciprocal based instructional program and the control groups were taught …

Conditional Sentence Constructions In English: Frequencies And Distribution In American And British English A Corpus- Based Study بنية الجملة الشرطية في اللغة الإنجليزية: التكرارات والتوزيع في الإنجليزية الأميركية والبريطانية, Wajed Rasmi Al Ahmad, Prof. Ryiad Fayez Hussein

Jordanian Educational Journal

Abstract: This study is a corpus-based research, which investigates patterns and frequency of use of conditional sentence (CS) constructions, with four conditional conjunctions (CCs): if, unless, provided that and on condition that. Data is obtained from two corpora,: the British National Corpus (BNC) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). Further, this study examines the patterns and frequency of use of those CCs in spoken, written and different sections of COCA and BNC. This study also investigates the most frequently used collocates with subjunctive conditionals (if I/she/ he/it were) in the spoken and written subsections of BNC and COCA. …