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Full-Text Articles in Education

Building Community As A Christian Value: Exploring How A Private Catholic High School Fosters A Sense Of Belonging, Ruth M. Gomez May 2025

Building Community As A Christian Value: Exploring How A Private Catholic High School Fosters A Sense Of Belonging, Ruth M. Gomez

Master's Theses

This qualitative study explores the experiences of students of color at a private, predominantly White, Catholic high school. It analyzes how race influences how students feel a sense of belonging. The study focused on the sense of belonging at St. Rose Preparatory, a pseudonym for a Catholic, coeducational, and prestigious school in an affluent city in the Bay Area. The research is guided by three questions: (a) How do the institutional practices in a Private Catholic school impact how students of color (Black, Indigenous, LatinX, Asian, Pacific Islander) experience a sense of belonging that sustains students of color culture? To …


Negotiating Migration In The Mediterranean: A Comparative Study Of Morocco And Italy’S Border Policies And Their Humanitarian Impact On Irregular Migrants, Shennel Ep Henries May 2025

Negotiating Migration In The Mediterranean: A Comparative Study Of Morocco And Italy’S Border Policies And Their Humanitarian Impact On Irregular Migrants, Shennel Ep Henries

Master's Theses

Serving as both a barrier and a bridge that connects Africa and Europe, the Mediterranean is today the focal point of global controversies around migration, where humanitarian interests balance against border policing and meet securitization policies. This thesis examines the questions: How do irregular migrants adapt, interpret, and maneuver around securitized Moroccan and Italian migration policies, and what do their strategies tell us about the relationship between humanitarianism and securitization in Mediterranean bordering processes? Drawing on qualitative evidence, including expert interviews with organization employees and volunteers in Morocco and Italy (Fondazione Solidarietà Caritas, Nosotras Onlus, and Caritas Maroc), field observation, …


Satisfaction And Hopefulness Among Temporary Part-Time English Faculty Teaching At Minnesota State Community Colleges In The Twin Cities: A Phenomenological Inquiry, Fran Kennedy May 2025

Satisfaction And Hopefulness Among Temporary Part-Time English Faculty Teaching At Minnesota State Community Colleges In The Twin Cities: A Phenomenological Inquiry, Fran Kennedy

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

Community colleges across the United States have increasingly relied on adjunct faculty. With approximately 77% of community college faculty being part-time instructors (Center for Community College Student Engagement, 2014, as cited in Pons et al., 2017, p. 43), understanding their experiences is crucial for employee retention and satisfaction. This phenomenological study aimed to examine the lived experiences of temporary part-time community college English faculty and to see if their hopefulness for future full-time employment has been impacted over time. Using possible selves theory as a theoretical framework, this study sought to reflect on the impact of unsuccessfully seeking full-time employment …


A Phenomenological Study Of Factors That Impact Math Achievement In A Rural Midwestern Elementary School, Calina K. Krogen May 2025

A Phenomenological Study Of Factors That Impact Math Achievement In A Rural Midwestern Elementary School, Calina K. Krogen

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

Abstract

Educational leaders are under pressure to improve student performance in the content area of math after the greatest decline since the National Assessment of Academic Performance began in 1969 (The Nation's Report Card, 2022). Educational leaders are aware of the increasing gap in student performance in mathematics. While teachers recognize the importance of developing math instruction based on student centered needs and differentiated instruction.

The purpose of this research was to conduct a phenomenological study based on the lived experience of rural elementary math teacher’s confidence in instructional practices and the factors that impact their efforts to …


English Language Development Teachers’ Cognitions And Self-Efficacy Of Reading Instruction For Adolescent Multilingual Learners, Jenna N. Hafner May 2025

English Language Development Teachers’ Cognitions And Self-Efficacy Of Reading Instruction For Adolescent Multilingual Learners, Jenna N. Hafner

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

This qualitative phenomenological study explored the lived experiences, cognitions, and perceived self-efficacies of high school English language development (ELD) teachers in providing literacy instruction to adolescent multilingual learners (MLs). The study focused on three subpopulations of adolescent MLs, including students with limited or interrupted formal education (SLIFE), experienced MLs who have been in U.S. schools for more than five years, and traditional MLs who have been in U.S. schools for fewer than five years and who have not had gaps in their prior education. The purpose of the study was to contribute to a gap in the current literature around …


Administrators’ And Teachers’ Perceived Importance Of The Holistic Framework For Professional Development Elements: Survey Research, Adrianna Cate May 2025

Administrators’ And Teachers’ Perceived Importance Of The Holistic Framework For Professional Development Elements: Survey Research, Adrianna Cate

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

This study researched the six elements of the Holistic Framework for Professional Development (HFPD) to understand administrators’ and teachers’ perceived importance and how demographic variables impacted those perceptions. This was done to contribute to the current gap in the literature regarding how to design and carry out effective professional development. The quantitative survey research utilized exponential, non-discriminative snowball sampling to recruit participants. Fifteen administrators, 64 teachers, and six participants working in ‘other’ roles in their school participated. These participants were citizens of fifteen different countries and worked across eleven countries worldwide. Even given this diverse sample, the results of this …


Lived Experiences Of Role Identity And Perceived Stress In Fargo-Moorhead Area School Counselors, Mary Jo Andersen May 2025

Lived Experiences Of Role Identity And Perceived Stress In Fargo-Moorhead Area School Counselors, Mary Jo Andersen

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

School counselors are often assigned non-direct service duties, which leaves them feeling like they do not have enough time to devote to the mental health needs of their students. They get pulled in various directions by teachers, parents, students, and administration, and there is not enough time in the day to complete all their expectations. This conflict can lead to dissatisfaction, high stress, and ultimately, burnout, evidenced by the number of school counselors leaving the field and many schools unable to fill these positions. This phenomenological research explored the lived experience of school counselors in the Fargo-Moorhead area, how they …


Hyperfocused On Growth: An Act Group Manual For College Students With Adhd, Kathryn E. Erickson May 2025

Hyperfocused On Growth: An Act Group Manual For College Students With Adhd, Kathryn E. Erickson

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

Several studies highlight the challenges faced by students with ADHD in a college setting (Bodalski, Abu-Ramadan, et al., 2023; Bodalski, Flory, et al., 2023; DuPaul et al., 2009, Mak et al., 2022; Nelson et al., 2015; Swartz et al., 2005; Willoughby & Evans, 2019). With less structure and more demands than high school, students with ADHD often struggle with self-regulation, executive functioning, self-worth, and social relationships in college. This paper addresses these concerns by creating a group therapy program for college students with ADHD. Highlighting common treatments for ADHD, this group is based in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to …


Restorative Practices In Action: A Hands-On Guide For K-12 Schools, Rosa Frazee May 2025

Restorative Practices In Action: A Hands-On Guide For K-12 Schools, Rosa Frazee

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

Abstract

Restorative justice is a practice well known in many criminal justice systems but most recently gained traction in school settings. Restorative approaches prioritize fostering positive relationships, accountability, and conflict resolution through communication and understanding. This project seeks to develop a complete implementation guide for restorative practices in school settings. This guide will focus on educator's role to foster community, reduce punitive disciplinary actions and promote equity. It will also explore the blending of restorative approaches and frameworks that are already in place such as MTSS (Multi-tiered Systems of Support) and PBIS (Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports). By providing educators …


A Strong Start: Crafting An Onboarding Experience For Early Childhood Special Education Teachers, Dael E. Babb May 2025

A Strong Start: Crafting An Onboarding Experience For Early Childhood Special Education Teachers, Dael E. Babb

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

A Strong Start: Crafting an Onboarding Experience for Early Childhood Special Education Teachers

Dael Babb

Minnesota State University Moorhead

SPED 696: Capstone Project in Special Education

Dr. Keri DeSutter

May 16, 2025

Abstract

Special education teachers face challenges in their early careers, such as burnout, heavy workloads, and lack of support. Previous research shows that well-structured induction programs, including mentorship, professional development, and administrative support, are critical in improving teacher satisfaction and retention rates. Findings from previous research also suggest that teachers who receive strong mentorship and structured onboarding are more likely to stay in the profession long-term. With the …


Exploring Ignatian Pedagogy's Role In Shaping Holistic Student Success In The Current Neoliberal Era: A Qualitative Inquiry At Saint Ignatius High School, Rwanda, And Lycée Du Saint-Esprit, Burundi, Olivier Kayitare May 2025

Exploring Ignatian Pedagogy's Role In Shaping Holistic Student Success In The Current Neoliberal Era: A Qualitative Inquiry At Saint Ignatius High School, Rwanda, And Lycée Du Saint-Esprit, Burundi, Olivier Kayitare

Doctoral Dissertations

The growing influence of neoliberalism in education has shifted priorities toward a transactional, utilitarian model that emphasizes technical skills, standardized testing, and market-driven outcomes over holistic development. Education systems increasingly focus on preparing graduates for labor market demands, often sidelining moral, emotional, social, and spiritual formation. This shift creates tension for Jesuit schools, which emphasize a transformational approach to education rooted in ethical leadership, critical thinking, and social responsibility. In countries like Rwanda and Burundi, Jesuit schools face added pressure from state policies and parental expectations shaped by market ideologies. This study examined how Ignatian pedagogy is implemented in this …


Faculty Roles And Responsibilities Supporting Extension Health Initiatives: Suggestions To Maximize Campus-Field Partnerships, Christine A. Fruhauf, Maria Delgado, Sue Schneider May 2025

Faculty Roles And Responsibilities Supporting Extension Health Initiatives: Suggestions To Maximize Campus-Field Partnerships, Christine A. Fruhauf, Maria Delgado, Sue Schneider

Journal of Extension

The past several decades of Extension scholarship have addressed topics related to creating pathways for stronger campus-field based connections. Several attempts have been made to support such efforts, including creating content-driven teams of research/teaching faculty and Extension professionals; state-wide tours where campus-based faculty and administrators visit with Extension staff in their county offices and in the field; and making new campus-based faculty and staff hires with a percentage of Extension appointments. Although these strategies have merit, addressing how these initiatives can support the goal of strengthening the work of campus- and field-based faculty to influence the mission of land-grant institutions …


Strategies To Overcome The Unique Challenges Faced In Conducting Focus Groups In Extension, Vikram Koundinya, Amulya Rao, Cristina Chiarella, Deepa Srivastava, Mary Holz-Clause, Teresa Spaeth, Eleanor Haworth, Kit Alviz, Lajoy Spears, Rebecca Witinok-Huber, Natalia Pinzón, Yulia Lamoureaux May 2025

Strategies To Overcome The Unique Challenges Faced In Conducting Focus Groups In Extension, Vikram Koundinya, Amulya Rao, Cristina Chiarella, Deepa Srivastava, Mary Holz-Clause, Teresa Spaeth, Eleanor Haworth, Kit Alviz, Lajoy Spears, Rebecca Witinok-Huber, Natalia Pinzón, Yulia Lamoureaux

Journal of Extension

Focus groups are commonly used in extension. Extension professionals can encounter unique challenges when conducting focus groups. Extension literature is replete with best practices for conducting focus groups, but there is a lack of systematically documented practical challenges and strategies for overcoming them. We share the challenges we have faced over the past 13 years while conducting focus groups with different participant groups in extension globally and strategies that can be used to overcome or navigate these challenges. The ideas presented in this paper can provide valuable assistance to extension professionals who utilize focus groups for research and evaluation purposes.


Gardening Through The Pages: Making A State-Specific Catalog With Community Science Data, Stephen Stresow, Stephen Reiners, Ashley Miller Helmholdt May 2025

Gardening Through The Pages: Making A State-Specific Catalog With Community Science Data, Stephen Stresow, Stephen Reiners, Ashley Miller Helmholdt

Journal of Extension

Taking a page from commercial seed catalogs, Cornell Garden-Based Learning created a state-specific catalog using top-rated vegetable varieties. Taste, yield, ease-to-grow, and overall ratings were collected over the past decade through community science garden programs. The catalog combines the reputable, research-backed information Extension information with the marketability of a seed catalog. This project streamlined information across multiple sites into a single document while presenting it in a novel way (for Extension). We note how we collected data, created it, feedback from gardeners, and offer suggestions for improvements.


Partnering For Youth Empowerment: Establishing Boys And Girls Clubs In Tribal Communities, Johnny Abeyta Jr. May 2025

Partnering For Youth Empowerment: Establishing Boys And Girls Clubs In Tribal Communities, Johnny Abeyta Jr.

Teacher Education, Educational Leadership & Policy ETDs

This study examined why Boys and Girls Clubs are not available in every tribal community and explored how culturally grounded youth programs support leadership, identity, and sovereignty. Using Tribal Critical Race Theory, Narrative Inquiry, and Indigenous Research Methods, the study centered the voices of Pueblo leaders, educators, policymakers, and alumni. Interviews identified barriers related to funding, transportation, facilities, and policy alignment. Participants described culture, mentorship, and safe spaces as essential for youth belonging and empowerment. The study introduced the Relational Sovereignty Model, which explains how cultural teachings, shared learning, resilience, and community care work together to support Indigenous youth. The …


Cultural Competence Among Nursing Faculty And Staff Utilizing An Educational Course To Promote Diversity, Equity, And Inclusion Individually And Within The Baccalaureate Nursing Program, Jessica Shippee May 2025

Cultural Competence Among Nursing Faculty And Staff Utilizing An Educational Course To Promote Diversity, Equity, And Inclusion Individually And Within The Baccalaureate Nursing Program, Jessica Shippee

Doctor of Nursing Practice Scholarly Project

Nurse educators play a pivotal role in fostering cultural competence among nursing students. The purpose of this quasi-experimental project was to provide an educational course to help nursing faculty and staff identify implicit bias, develop cultural competence, and recognize the importance of incorporating diversity, equity, and inclusion into practice. A pretest-posttest design collecting demographic data and the Healthcare Provider Cultural Competence Instrument (HPCCI) was given to 21 participants, the course was six-hours and delivered over two days. Participants were asked the day of, before the intervention, to complete the instrument and immediately after the intervention on the second day. Varying …


Exploring Sustainable Biopolyesters: Synthesis From 1,4-Butanediol And Aliphatic Diacids, Vinashkumar Jayantibhai Chaudhari May 2025

Exploring Sustainable Biopolyesters: Synthesis From 1,4-Butanediol And Aliphatic Diacids, Vinashkumar Jayantibhai Chaudhari

Electronic Theses & Dissertations

In this thesis, we applied 1,4-butanediol, which is an emerging biobased and low-cost monomer, was synthesized with a series of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, namely succinic acid, adipic acid, and sebacic acid using melt polycondensation to Biobased polyesters. The resulting polymers poly(butylene succinate) (PPeS), poly(butylene adipate) (PPeA), and poly(butylene sebacate) (PPeSe) chemical structures were analysis through Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed the elimination of side reactions in the obtained polyesters. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to analyze physical properties, and the impact of dicarboxylate chain length and long short diol on crystalline structure and …


Soybean Oil-Derived Acrylate/Methacrylate Ether For High Resolution Additive Manufacturing (3d Printing) Technology, Tanuj Patel May 2025

Soybean Oil-Derived Acrylate/Methacrylate Ether For High Resolution Additive Manufacturing (3d Printing) Technology, Tanuj Patel

Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Additive Manufacturing is one of the rapidly developing techniques, as industries continue to explore new ways to create prototypes and end-use parts, one of the significant challenges that remains is the reliance on petroleum-based plastics for 3D printing, especially in the production of photocurable resins. that may be used to prototype complex structures and sophisticated geometries that are typically challenging to produce with conventional methods. Thus, replacing petroleum-based plastics with renewable resources is increasingly important for additive manufacturing (3D printing) of photocurable resins. The use of bio-based renewable resources in AM is a feasible alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics. Henceforth, …


Vocal Stereotypy Interventions Using Response Interruption And Redirection, Haley Tallent May 2025

Vocal Stereotypy Interventions Using Response Interruption And Redirection, Haley Tallent

Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Vocal stereotypy is the repetitive, nonfunctional, and/or noncontextual vocalizations that are specifically maintained through internal reinforcement (Shawler, et al., 2020). Vocal stereotypy is commonly displayed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, it may also occur in individuals with or without disabilities. When individuals engage in vocal stereotypy, they may lose learning opportunities, struggle to engage in daily tasks, and may even become stigmatized by their peers. One intervention used to reduce the frequency of vocal stereotypy in individuals with ASD is Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD). RIRD was first evaluated for effectiveness in 2007 by Ahearn and colleagues. …


High-Entropy (Feconimnal)3o4/Cnt And (Feconimnal)3o4/Rgo Hybrid Bi-Functional Catalyst For Hydrogen And Oxygen Evolution Reactions, Bhumikaben V. Makawana May 2025

High-Entropy (Feconimnal)3o4/Cnt And (Feconimnal)3o4/Rgo Hybrid Bi-Functional Catalyst For Hydrogen And Oxygen Evolution Reactions, Bhumikaben V. Makawana

Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Developing efficient and durable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for advancing sustainable energy conversion technologies. In this study, high-entropy (FeCoNiMnAl)3O4 and its hybrid forms supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were synthesized with varying carbon concentrations (5 mM, 10 mM, and 15 mM) and evaluated for their bifunctional electrocatalytic performance in alkaline media. The rGO-supported catalyst with 10 mM concentration exhibited the best HER performance, achieving a low overpotential of 162 mV at 10 mA/cm², followed by rGO (15 mM) and rGO (5 mM) …


Mechanically Robust, Self-Healable, And Reprocessable Geraniol Based Epoxy Vitrimer By Boronic Ester Dynamic Cross-Links, Dharmikkumar Patel May 2025

Mechanically Robust, Self-Healable, And Reprocessable Geraniol Based Epoxy Vitrimer By Boronic Ester Dynamic Cross-Links, Dharmikkumar Patel

Electronic Theses & Dissertations

Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs) are a pioneering family of polymers that have garnered significant attention in recent years and are characterized by covalent crosslinks that exhibit reversible dynamic alterations by external stimuli. Additionally, unlike traditional thermosets, CAN’s especially vitrimers, offer a range of properties such as self-healing, reprocessability, shape-memory, and recycling capabilities due to the dynamic feature of covalent crosslinks. Recently, an increasing trend in the global production of thermosets involves rapid consumption of petroleum-based resources, which has become a growing environmental concern. From this perspective, the development of eco-friendly thermosets from bio-based feedstocks is a possible way to overcome …


Zn–Assisted Synthesis Of M (Mn/Fe/Co/Ni)-N-C Catalysts For Multifunctional Electrochemical Activity, Kemila A. Chaudhary May 2025

Zn–Assisted Synthesis Of M (Mn/Fe/Co/Ni)-N-C Catalysts For Multifunctional Electrochemical Activity, Kemila A. Chaudhary

Electronic Theses & Dissertations

The design and development of atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts (metal (M) supported on an nitrogen-carbon (NC) matrix with high multifunctional electrocatalytic performance is desirable but proved to be very challenging. Herein, we synthesized M-N-C catalysts (M = Fe, Co, Mn, and Ni) using Zn-assisted high temperature treatment and characterized using various techniques. The prepared catalysts were tested for their electrocatalytic performance towards oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction (OER and HER) as well as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The results indicated that Mn-N-C catalyst showed higher performance towards both the ORR (E1/2 = 0.90 V) and …


Caminos*: An Ethnographic Study Of Latino And Ally Leaders Serving Rural Latino Communities Before And During The Pandemic, Ruben Viramontez Anguiano, Melissa Martinez, Jorge Chavez, Sarah M. Harrison May 2025

Caminos*: An Ethnographic Study Of Latino And Ally Leaders Serving Rural Latino Communities Before And During The Pandemic, Ruben Viramontez Anguiano, Melissa Martinez, Jorge Chavez, Sarah M. Harrison

Journal of Extension

This study focused on rural Latino and ally leaders in the Midwest. The purpose of this study was to examine how Latino and ally leaders produced different forms of capital in serving and leading the Latino community over the decades prior to and during the pandemic. The sample consisted of 22 Latino and ally leaders. A culturally responsive ethnography and other qualitative methods were used to collect and analyze the data. The findings demonstrated that the rural leaders from different generations were generating social capital and other forms of capital to guide and serve the Latino community before and during …


Volume Cxliv, Number 22, May 16, 2025, Lawrence University May 2025

Volume Cxliv, Number 22, May 16, 2025, Lawrence University

The Lawrentian

No abstract provided.


Instructional Leader Partnerships: Superintendent Impact, Catherine L. Meyer-Looze, Richard Vandermolen May 2025

Instructional Leader Partnerships: Superintendent Impact, Catherine L. Meyer-Looze, Richard Vandermolen

School Leadership Review

This study investigates the impact of Instructional Leader Partnerships (ILPs) on superintendent leadership practices and their influence on school improvement. Recognizing the significant role of effective leadership in student achievement, this project explored the effects of pairing superintendents with thought partners within a regional educational service district. The study aimed to improve district and school leadership by focusing on superintendent practices that drive principal effectiveness, teacher performance, and student learning.

This research builds upon prior work highlighting the importance of job-embedded professional learning for building leaders and the need for central office support in developing instructional leadership capacity. The study …


From Insights To Action: Implications And A Professional Development Framework For Early College High School Teachers, Angelica Sanchez, Kenyetta Martin, Kelly Brown May 2025

From Insights To Action: Implications And A Professional Development Framework For Early College High School Teachers, Angelica Sanchez, Kenyetta Martin, Kelly Brown

School Leadership Review

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of Early College High School (ECHS) adjunct instructors teaching dual enrollment college courses in a southern region school district. Through interviews with ten ECHS adjunct instructors, the study examined the factors contributing to their success, their professional development needs, and the challenges they faced in teaching dual enrollment courses. Findings of the study were that ECHS adjunct instructors succeed when they provide strong student support, maintain open communication, demonstrate flexibility, and actively engage students. The study highlighted the need for comprehensive training in learning management systems, curriculum design, and …


The Craft Store, David W. Jardine May 2025

The Craft Store, David W. Jardine

Journal of Contemplative and Holistic Education

This poetic expression focuses on beingness, attention, and our creations and perceptions of beingness and the implications that flow from those perceptions, some of them having to do with how we relate to one another.

Dr. David W. Jardine is a retired University of Calgary Professor who spent years thinking, reading, teaching and writing about the kinships between ecological thinking, pedagogy and hermeneutics. His latest book is "Why Study for A Future We Won't Have?" Commiserations and Encouragement for Ecologically Sorrowful Times, and the forthcoming “[This Ain’t] No Nature Poetry: On Education, Scholarship, and Ecological Mirth.”


The Confluence, Volume 4, Issue 1, Full Issue May 2025

The Confluence, Volume 4, Issue 1, Full Issue

The Confluence

No abstract provided.


Mary Easton Sibley’S Envisioned Societal Roles Through Education, Andrea Gentry May 2025

Mary Easton Sibley’S Envisioned Societal Roles Through Education, Andrea Gentry

The Confluence

Mary Easton Sibley, the founder of Lindenwood University, was an ambitious and strong-willed woman who promoted educational opportunities for women and minority groups. Biographers of Sibley tend to portray her promotion of education as an effort to empower (and equalize) women and minorities. However, while Mary promoted education for all, she did not promote the same education for everyone. Instead, she imagined education tailored to women, African Americans, Native Americans, and immigrants that would reflect what she considered the “proper” roles played by each in society. This research explores what social movements in the 19th century influenced Mary Sibley in …


Adverse Cognitions: The Effects Of Childhood Trauma On Brain Development, Faith Salamone May 2025

Adverse Cognitions: The Effects Of Childhood Trauma On Brain Development, Faith Salamone

The Confluence

The effect of adverse experiences in childhood have been known to create lasting difficulties, even in adulthood. While it can be hard to determine the effects of childhood trauma on the brain, many studies have identified areas that appear to be negatively impacted by these adverse childhood experiences. This paper is a meta-analysis of eight articles that have attempted to investigate the effects of childhood trauma on the developing brain. These articles are specifically investigating the effects of childhood physical and/or sexual abuse. The areas that will be discussed in this paper are the prefrontal cortex, corpus callosum, the limbic …