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Articles 54451 - 54480 of 197245
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Determination And Assessment Of The Spatio-Temporal Changing Dynamics In The Groundwater Level And Mineralization In Irrigated Areas Under Climate Change (As An Example Of Syrdarya Province), S. Khasanov, S. Adilov, R. Kulmatov
Determination And Assessment Of The Spatio-Temporal Changing Dynamics In The Groundwater Level And Mineralization In Irrigated Areas Under Climate Change (As An Example Of Syrdarya Province), S. Khasanov, S. Adilov, R. Kulmatov
Irrigation and Melioration
In the irrigated lands of the Aral Sea Basin, salinization processes are taking place as a result of rising groundwater levels and increasing its mineralization due to the unsustainable use of water and land resources. This, in turn, leads to the withdrawing of arable land and a decrease in crop yields. This is especially the case in the irrigated areas of the lower reaches of the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers, located in Uzbekistan, southern Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. This research was aimed to learn and evaluate the long-term changing behavior of groundwater level and mineralization in the irrigated areas of the …
Increasing The Efficiency Of Water Distribution Management When Operating Pumping Stations Of The Irrigation System, O.Y. Glovatsky, R.R. Ergashev, B. Hamdamov, N.M. Ismailov, B.T. Kholbutaev
Increasing The Efficiency Of Water Distribution Management When Operating Pumping Stations Of The Irrigation System, O.Y. Glovatsky, R.R. Ergashev, B. Hamdamov, N.M. Ismailov, B.T. Kholbutaev
Irrigation and Melioration
The article is to control the parameters of the unsteady movement of water in the canals and the pumping station, which ensure the maintenance of the specified operating modes of the pumping stations under non-stationary conditions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the problems of coordinating the operating modes of the units of the head pumping station (PS) with the operating modes of the partitioning structures in the conditions of emptying and filling the ponds of the main canal with water. The article discusses the implementation of the method of water distribution control on the mathematical model …
Analysis Of Theoretical And Natural Field Studies Of Reservoir Silling, A.M. Arifjanov, F. Gapparov, T.U. Apakhujayeva, S.N. Xoshimov
Analysis Of Theoretical And Natural Field Studies Of Reservoir Silling, A.M. Arifjanov, F. Gapparov, T.U. Apakhujayeva, S.N. Xoshimov
Irrigation and Melioration
The article developed a mathematical model of the processes of siltation of reservoirs, taking into account the energy state of the flow, and proposed a calculation method. In the process of siltation of the reservoir, the dependence of the volume on the change in the water level in the reservoir was estimated. On the basis of studies carried out in full-scale field conditions, the recommended calculation method is comparatively evaluated and analyzed. Field studies were carried out in the Chimkurgan, Tashkent and Yuzhno-Surkhan reservoirs. A relationship is obtained that expresses the dependence of the relative volume of siltation of the …
Planed Dimension Of Flow Deformed By A Single Dam That Is Impermeable To Water From The Body, M.R. Bakiev, K.T. Yakubov, I.J. Asamatdinov
Planed Dimension Of Flow Deformed By A Single Dam That Is Impermeable To Water From The Body, M.R. Bakiev, K.T. Yakubov, I.J. Asamatdinov
Irrigation and Melioration
Coastal erosion is a type of water erosion that causes significant damage to the national economy each year: leaching of overland coastal crops, failure of protective dams, destruction of irrigation canals, dilapidated buildings and structures, among others. To combat leaching, cross-dams are used which are waterproof and water-permeable. The aim of this work was to develop a method for calculating the planned dimension of compressed flow with a transverse dam, which included comparing the lengths of the upper and lower tilt zones, the boundaries of individual zones and the results of research in the laboratory and in nature. According to …
Research Of Energy Indicators Of Electric Drives With Frequency Converters (Frequency Converters) On The Operating Equipment Of Cotton Cleaning Plants, A.J. Isakov, B.K. Tukhtamishev, J.N. Tolipov
Research Of Energy Indicators Of Electric Drives With Frequency Converters (Frequency Converters) On The Operating Equipment Of Cotton Cleaning Plants, A.J. Isakov, B.K. Tukhtamishev, J.N. Tolipov
Irrigation and Melioration
The article deals with the theoretical and practical substantiation of the replacement of an unregulated electric drive of the main technological equipment of cotton refineries with a frequency-controlled electric drive. The influence of a change in the load on the motor shaft on the main parameters of the steady state is considered. In an asynchronous motor, with an increase in the load, slip increases to such a value at which the torque of the motor balances the increased moment of resistance. Considering that when the stator slip resistance is less than the critical one is a small fraction of the …
Water Quality Of The Kaparas And Channel Reservoirs At The Tuyamuyun Hydro Complex, М. Ikramova, А. Khodjiev, I. Akhmedkhodjaeva
Water Quality Of The Kaparas And Channel Reservoirs At The Tuyamuyun Hydro Complex, М. Ikramova, А. Khodjiev, I. Akhmedkhodjaeva
Irrigation and Melioration
The country's available water resources are consumed by various sectors of economy, such as industry, agriculture, energy, communal services. Due to the limited water resources, there are problems in proper water supply to the population. The article provides an assessment of the degree of mineralization and basic ions in the water of the Kaparas and Channel reservoirs based on field studies and laboratory analyses taking into account water volumes in the reservoirs and changes in water level. At the same time, it was identified that water quality exceeds standard indicators. For example, at using water for irrigation purposes salinity was …
Stabilization Of Discharge Processes Involved In Electrical Fields Of Electrostatic Precipitators, Sh.M. Muzafarov, B.N. Erkinov, A.I. Pardaev, V.E. Baliskiy, B.К. Tаgaev
Stabilization Of Discharge Processes Involved In Electrical Fields Of Electrostatic Precipitators, Sh.M. Muzafarov, B.N. Erkinov, A.I. Pardaev, V.E. Baliskiy, B.К. Tаgaev
Irrigation and Melioration
The article provides information on achievements in the field of electrical gas cleaning. A critical analysis of the principle of operation of the electrostatic precipitators developed and currently in operation is carried out. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of electrical gas cleaning using unipolar voltage pulses is analyzed. A theoretical analysis of the processes in the discharge gap was carried out using the existing theory of electric discharges in gases. Based on the analysis of the data, the discharge mechanism is established in a sharply inhomogeneous electric field at a pulsed voltage. It is established that when using voltage …
Determination Of The Rational Values Of The Parameters Of The Disc Rollers Of The Combined Unit, A.K. Igamberdiev, D.K. Muqimova
Determination Of The Rational Values Of The Parameters Of The Disc Rollers Of The Combined Unit, A.K. Igamberdiev, D.K. Muqimova
Irrigation and Melioration
In our country, repeated crops are sown in newly plowed lands. In such conditions, the use of combined units that perform several technological operations simultaneously in one pass is considered effective. However, due to the inadequacy and validity of the parameters of the working bodies for the quality of pre-sowing tillage in newly plowed lands, there is an increase in the number of passes, fuel consumption, loss of soil moisture and other costs and, as a result, the possibility of timely sowing and friendly germination of repeated crops is reduced . The rational parameters of the new design of disk …
Autonomous Photovoltaic System For Year-Round Guarantee Supply Of Electricity To Rural Facilities, M.N. Tursunov, Х. Sabirov, U.R. Kholov, Т.Z. Аkhtamov
Autonomous Photovoltaic System For Year-Round Guarantee Supply Of Electricity To Rural Facilities, M.N. Tursunov, Х. Sabirov, U.R. Kholov, Т.Z. Аkhtamov
Irrigation and Melioration
The article discusses the physical and technical features of the experimental results of studying the parameters of an autonomous photovoltaic station (AFES) with a power of 2600 W designed and manufactured on the basis of 16 photovoltaic batteries made of polycrystalline silicon with an efficiency of 15.6 %. It is shown that an autonomous photovoltaic efficiently and reliably provides electric energy a lighting system for car parking in the winter season (January and February) and it is planned to lift water from a well with a depth of 70-80 m for irrigation and maintenance of the Heliopoligon from April 2020. …
Integrated Cyberattack Detection And Resilient Control Strategies Using Lyapunov-Based Economic Model Predictive Control, Henrique Oyama, Helen Durand
Integrated Cyberattack Detection And Resilient Control Strategies Using Lyapunov-Based Economic Model Predictive Control, Henrique Oyama, Helen Durand
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Faculty Research Publications
The use of an integrated system framework, characterized by numerous cyber/physical components (sensor measurements, signals to actuators) connected through wired/wireless networks, has not only increased the ability to control industrial systems, but also the vulnerabilities to cyberattacks. State measurement cyberattacks could pose threats to process control systems since feedback control may be lost if the attack policy is not thwarted. Motivated by this, we propose three detection concepts based on Lyapunov‐based economic model predictive control (LEMPC) for nonlinear systems. The first approach utilizes randomized modifications to an LEMPC formulation online to potentially detect cyberattacks. The second method detects attacks when …
Improving Student Preparedness For Entering The Workforce: A Hands-On Experience In Project Management For A Graduate-Level Protein Engineering Class, Nuttanit Pramounmat, Julie N. Renner
Improving Student Preparedness For Entering The Workforce: A Hands-On Experience In Project Management For A Graduate-Level Protein Engineering Class, Nuttanit Pramounmat, Julie N. Renner
Faculty Scholarship
A hands-on polypeptide engineering experience that focuses on project management was developed and incorporated in a graduate-level course. The goal was to have doctoral students in chemical engineering learn about project planning tools, and experience what it might be like to plan and execute a project in industry or business. The motivation behind this goal was to help students best-utilize their technical skills in the private sector, where 42% of doctoral recipients in science and engineering work.
The Identification Of Heavy Metal Accumulator Ferns In Abandoned Mines In The Philippines With Applications To Mine Rehabilitation And Metal Recovery, Rene Juna R. Claveria, Teresita R. Perez, Ian A. Navarrete, Rubee Ellaine C. Perez, Brian Christian C. Lim
The Identification Of Heavy Metal Accumulator Ferns In Abandoned Mines In The Philippines With Applications To Mine Rehabilitation And Metal Recovery, Rene Juna R. Claveria, Teresita R. Perez, Ian A. Navarrete, Rubee Ellaine C. Perez, Brian Christian C. Lim
Environmental Science Faculty Publications
This paper focuses on the identification of some plant accumulators of heavy metals that can facilitate mine remediation and rehabilitation in the Philippines and metal recovery or phytomining. Most of these hyperaccumulators are ferns that thrive very well in different terrains and of particular interest are Pityrogramma calomelanos, Pteris vittata, and Pteris melanocaulon that are abundant in abandoned CueAu mining areas. The amounts of Cu and As in the soil and in the aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) components of the accumulator ferns were determined and the Bioaccumulation Factor (BF) and the Translocation Factor (TF) were derived. Efforts to …
Water-Soluble Graphene In Agar Gel As Electrolyte For Magnesium-Air Battery, Liew Siaw Ying
Water-Soluble Graphene In Agar Gel As Electrolyte For Magnesium-Air Battery, Liew Siaw Ying
Student Works (2020-2029)
Presently, ever-increasing demands on energy and the global environmental issues have given the impetus to investigate the new battery systems which are inexpensive, efficient, having high performance, and also green to the environment. Among all the battery technologies, magnesium-air (Mg-air) battery is an attractive battery to be developed owing to the interesting properties of the Mg anode. Mg has high specific energy (6.46 kWh kg-1) and reactivity, apart from its high abundance, lower cost, low toxicity, and comparatively safe to handle in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, Mg-air battery is still not being widely investigated as compared to the other batteries. Electrolyte …
Maximum Evaporating Flux Of Molecular Fluids From A Planar Liquid Surface, Eric Bird, Zhi Liang
Maximum Evaporating Flux Of Molecular Fluids From A Planar Liquid Surface, Eric Bird, Zhi Liang
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
In This Work, We Use the Kinetic Theory of Gases (KTG) to Develop a Theoretical Model to Understand the Role of Internal Motions of Molecules on the Maximum Evaporation Flux from a Planar Liquid Surface. the Kinetic Theory is Applied to Study the Evaporation of Molecular Fluids into a Vacuum and Predict the Dimensionless Maximum Evaporation Flux (JR,max, I.e., the Ratio of the Maximum Evaporation Flux to the Molar Flux Emitted from a Liquid Surface). the Key Assumptions Regarding the Velocity Distribution Function (VDF) of Polyatomic Molecules in the Highly Nonequilibrium Vapor Near the Evaporating Surface Are Validated by the …
Quantitative Evaluation Of Asphalt Binder Extraction From Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement Using Ashing And Centrifuge Methods, Ahmed Hemida, Magdy Abdelrahman, Eslam Deef-Allah
Quantitative Evaluation Of Asphalt Binder Extraction From Hot Mix Asphalt Pavement Using Ashing And Centrifuge Methods, Ahmed Hemida, Magdy Abdelrahman, Eslam Deef-Allah
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Asphalt binder requires more investigation to be accurately and precisely extracted since it is a significant procedure for quality control quality assurance (QC/QA) and subsequent binder characterization. In this research, the authors provided a hands-on experience with binder extraction to deliver recommendations concerning the sensitive steps that may affect the outcomes (extracted binder content, Pbe %). Based on the extraction by the centrifuge method, two mineral matter determination methods (ashing and centrifuge) were addressed. Field cores were investigated with comparing the Pbe % to the actual binder content, Pba %. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey Post-Hoc …
Rheological And Component Characterization Of An Innovative Bio-Binder Using Guayule Resin In Partial And Entire Asphalt Replacement, Ahmed Hemida, Magdy Abdelrahman
Rheological And Component Characterization Of An Innovative Bio-Binder Using Guayule Resin In Partial And Entire Asphalt Replacement, Ahmed Hemida, Magdy Abdelrahman
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Asphalt cement will not last for a long time as the world encounters a diminishment in the crude oil. For sustainable, flexible pavement development, new resources can provide a contribution to replace it partially or entirely. In this study, asphalt was partially and entirely replaced by guayule resin as a bioresource by-product, extracted during the guayule natural rubber production. Crumb rubber modifier (CRM) was used as an asphalt enhancer. The Superpave grading system was followed at high, intermediate, and low temperatures to evaluate such innovative binder for rutting, fatigue, and thermal cracking, respectively, in addition to viscosity. Therefore, the original, …
2020 Online Symposium On Education In Entertainment And Engineering, Fusion Studio For Entertainment And Engineering
2020 Online Symposium On Education In Entertainment And Engineering, Fusion Studio For Entertainment And Engineering
Symposium on Education in Entertainment and Engineering
No abstract provided.
2019 Symposium On Education In Entertainment And Engineering, Mary K. Pillotte, Rich Dionne
2019 Symposium On Education In Entertainment And Engineering, Mary K. Pillotte, Rich Dionne
Symposium on Education in Entertainment and Engineering
No abstract provided.
Sound Vortex Diffraction Via Topological Charge In Phase Gradient Metagratings, Yangyang Fu, Chen Shen, Xiaohui Zhu, Junfei Li, Youwen Liu, Steven A. Crummer
Sound Vortex Diffraction Via Topological Charge In Phase Gradient Metagratings, Yangyang Fu, Chen Shen, Xiaohui Zhu, Junfei Li, Youwen Liu, Steven A. Crummer
Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering Departmental Research
Wave fields with orbital angular momentum (OAM) have been widely investigated in metasurfaces. By engineering acoustic metasurfaces with phase gradient elements, phase twisting is commonly used to obtain acoustic OAM. However, it has limited ability to manipulate sound vortices, and a more powerful mechanism for sound vortex manipulation is strongly desired. Here, we propose the diffraction mechanism to manipulate sound vortices in a cylindrical waveguide with phase gradient metagratings (PGMs). A sound vortex diffraction law is theoretically revealed based on the generalized conservation principle of topological charge. This diffraction law can explain and predict the complicated diffraction phenomena of sound …
Utilizing Hyperspectral Remote Sensing For Soil Gradation, Jordan Ewing, T. Oommen, Paramsothy Jayakumar, Russell Alger
Utilizing Hyperspectral Remote Sensing For Soil Gradation, Jordan Ewing, T. Oommen, Paramsothy Jayakumar, Russell Alger
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Soil gradation is an important characteristic for soil mechanics. Traditionally soil gradation is performed by sieve analysis using a sample from the field. In this research, we are interested in the application of hyperspectral remote sensing to characterize soil gradation. The specific objective of this work is to explore the application of hyperspectral remote sensing to be used as an alternative to traditional soil gradation estimation. The advantage of such an approach is that it would provide the soil gradation without having to obtain a field sample. This work will examine five different soil types from the Keweenaw Research Center …
Optimization Of Soil To Fly-Ash Mix Ratio For Enhanced Engineering Properties Of Clayey Sand For Subgrade Use, M. A. Karim, Ahmed Sami Hassan, Adam Kaplan
Optimization Of Soil To Fly-Ash Mix Ratio For Enhanced Engineering Properties Of Clayey Sand For Subgrade Use, M. A. Karim, Ahmed Sami Hassan, Adam Kaplan
Faculty Articles
A laboratory investigation was carried out to determine the optimum soil to fly ash mix ratio to enhance the engineering properties of clayey sand that can potentially be used as a road subgrade. Grain size distribution and Atterberg limits tests were conducted to classify the soil and to study the effects of the fly ash on the soil plasticity. The Proctor test was conducted to determine the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of soil–fly ash mixtures with arbitrarily selected 0%, 40%, 50%, and 60% fly ash content. A higher percentage was selected to find the highest optimum fly …
Molybdenum Deposition And Dissolution In Ethaline With The Use Of Fluoride Salts, Ethan Mitchel Gunnell
Molybdenum Deposition And Dissolution In Ethaline With The Use Of Fluoride Salts, Ethan Mitchel Gunnell
Theses and Dissertations
This work demonstrates the deposition of molybdenum in a deep eutectic solvent for the first time, and explores the processes needed for electrorefining of molybdenum. The electrochemical and transport behavior of chloride-coordinated molybdenum in ethaline was initially studied to determine if deposition was possible. Cyclic voltammetry was used to show that MoCl5 added to ethaline exhibits quasi-reversible behavior. Both the measured transfer coefficient and the precipitation of MoCl3 suggest that the reduction of MoCl5 in ethaline is a two-electron transfer reaction where the oxidation state of molybdenum in the product is Mo(III). No deposit was formed with the use of …
Superconducting Phase Transition In Inhomogeneous Chains Of Superconducting Islands, Eduard Ilin, Irina Burkova, Xiangyu Song, Michael V. Pak, Dmitri S. Golubev, Alexey Bezryadin
Superconducting Phase Transition In Inhomogeneous Chains Of Superconducting Islands, Eduard Ilin, Irina Burkova, Xiangyu Song, Michael V. Pak, Dmitri S. Golubev, Alexey Bezryadin
Faculty Publications
We study one-dimensional chains of superconducting islands with a particular emphasis on the regime in which every second island is switched into its normal state, thus forming a superconductor-insulator-normal metal (S-I-N) repetition pattern. As is known since Giaever tunneling experiments, tunneling charge transport between a superconductor and a normal metal becomes exponentially suppressed, and zero-bias resistance diverges, as the temperature is reduced and the energy gap of the superconductor grows larger than the thermal energy. Here we demonstrate that this physical phenomenon strongly impacts transport properties of inhomogeneous superconductors made of weakly coupled islands with fluctuating values of the critical …
Laboratory Evaluation Of The Residue Of Rubber-Modified Emulsified Asphalt, Dongdong Ge, Xiaodong Zhou, Siyu Chen, Dongzhao Jin, Zhanping You
Laboratory Evaluation Of The Residue Of Rubber-Modified Emulsified Asphalt, Dongdong Ge, Xiaodong Zhou, Siyu Chen, Dongzhao Jin, Zhanping You
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
Emulsified asphalt has been widely used in various surface treatment methods such as chip seal for low-volume road preservation. Using modified emulsified asphalt made it possible to use chip seal technology on medium-and even high-volume traffic pavements. The main objective of the study is to quantify the residue characteristics of rubber-modified emulsified asphalt and to assess the effectiveness of using crumb rubber to modify emulsified asphalt binder. The four emulsified asphalt residues used the distillation procedure. Then, the rheology characteristics of emulsified asphalt residue were evaluated. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test analyzed the chemical change of emulsified asphalt …
التعليم الهندسي ومتطلبات سوق العمل برامج هندسة القوى الكهربائية كحالة دراسة, Salah Abdlsattar, Fathi Allayth, Kamel Shoush
التعليم الهندسي ومتطلبات سوق العمل برامج هندسة القوى الكهربائية كحالة دراسة, Salah Abdlsattar, Fathi Allayth, Kamel Shoush
Al Jinan الجنان
The University has an important role in society in three main axes; education, scientific research and community services where the progress of nations is measured with its strength, the degree of preparation, and kept abreast of the requirements of the times. Because of the fact that the university is made up - at the end - of study plans and programs and also in order to overcome to compete with graduates locally, regionally and internationally, the most important functions of the university asa whole and departments in particular are the preparation of strong plans and study programs for all disciplines …
The Lack Of Fire Safety Knowledge And Implementation The Case Of High-Rise Buildings, Mohamad Abou Chakra
The Lack Of Fire Safety Knowledge And Implementation The Case Of High-Rise Buildings, Mohamad Abou Chakra
Architecture and Planning Journal (APJ)
High-rise buildings are growing rapidly in number around the world. They are becoming important landmarks that mark out certain geographical areas. The fires of high-rise building have many characters not found in traditional low-rise buildings, like the variety of blazing factors, ways of fire spreading, and difficulty of evacuation. Hence, the protection features of conventional fire methods are not sufficient in designing towers. The paper, at first, summarizes the characteristics of high-rise buildings and fires, the unique features of Tall Buildings and the special life safety requirements for the high-rise buildings. Consequently, the topic of fire and life safety codes …
Evaluation Of Bearing Voltage Reduction In Electric Machines By Using Insulated Shaft And Bearings, Peng Han, Greg Heins, Dean Patterson, Mark Theile, Dan M. Ionel
Evaluation Of Bearing Voltage Reduction In Electric Machines By Using Insulated Shaft And Bearings, Peng Han, Greg Heins, Dean Patterson, Mark Theile, Dan M. Ionel
Power and Energy Institute of Kentucky Faculty Publications
Bearing voltages and corresponding currents in electric machines driven by pulse width modulation (PWM) converters with fast switching and high dv/dt can cause premature bearing failures. This paper evaluates the bearing voltage reduction by using insulated shafts and bearings. An equivalent circuit representation of electric machines taking into account high-frequency effects is developed to show the production mechanism of bearing voltage, based on which simulations are performed with detailed finite element models for transient and simplified equivalent circuit for steady-state analysis. The steady-state equivalent circuit is then calibrated, by combined numerical calculations and experimental measurements, and used to predict the …
The Optical Slave Flash Trigger Circuit Design, Set-Up, And Causes Of Failure, Miranda Shook
The Optical Slave Flash Trigger Circuit Design, Set-Up, And Causes Of Failure, Miranda Shook
Engineering Student Trade Journal Articles
Often the perfect picture requires more than the provided ambient light and the in-camera flash. These design requirements lead to a low-cost device, that adds an additional flash triggered by the camera flash.
Using 3d Nand Flash Memory In Ssds To Improve Storage And Performance, Daniel Welch
Using 3d Nand Flash Memory In Ssds To Improve Storage And Performance, Daniel Welch
Engineering Student Trade Journal Articles
[excerpt] In the rapid development process of data storage, 3D NAND is the next generation of this technology in which the semiconductor flash cells of the solid-state drive (SSD) are stacked vertically to increase storage density and read / write efficiency. Originally announced by Toshiba in 2007, but with Samsung creating the first commercially available 3D NAND SSD in 2013, the technology is still extremely new to the market. Despite this, it has already proven to be far more effective and reliable than its 2D NAND counterpart. However, the question remains is it worth the upgrade.
Do The Costs Of Electric Cars Outweigh The Benefits, Elaina Bednarczyk
Do The Costs Of Electric Cars Outweigh The Benefits, Elaina Bednarczyk
Engineering Student Trade Journal Articles
As electric vehicles have become more popular over the years and new technology is advancing to make them more efficient. It has come into question on whether or not the environmental and economic costs outweigh the benefits of having the vehicle?