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Articles 38251 - 38280 of 196385
Full-Text Articles in Engineering
Challenges In Kinetic-Kinematic Driven Musculoskeletal Subject-Specific Infant Modeling, Yeram Lim, Victor Huayamave, Tamara Chambers, Christine Walck, Safeer Siddicky, Erin Mannen
Challenges In Kinetic-Kinematic Driven Musculoskeletal Subject-Specific Infant Modeling, Yeram Lim, Victor Huayamave, Tamara Chambers, Christine Walck, Safeer Siddicky, Erin Mannen
Publications
Musculoskeletal computational models provide a non-invasive approach to investigate human movement biomechanics. These models could be particularly useful for pediatric applications where in vivo and in vitro biomechanical parameters are difficult or impossible to examine using physical experiments alone. The objective was to develop a novel musculoskeletal subject-specific infant model to investigate hip joint biomechanics during cyclic leg movements. Experimental motion-capture marker data of a supine-lying 2-month-old infant were placed on a generic GAIT 2392 OpenSim model. After scaling the model using body segment anthropometric measurements and joint center locations, inverse kinematics and dynamics were used to estimate hip ranges …
Economic Feasibility Analysis Of Variable-Speed Pumps By Simulating 15 Multiple Water Distribution Systems, Conrad B. Truettner, Brian D. Barkdoll
Economic Feasibility Analysis Of Variable-Speed Pumps By Simulating 15 Multiple Water Distribution Systems, Conrad B. Truettner, Brian D. Barkdoll
Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1
The UN Sustainability Goals address measures to reduce environmental pollution. Water distribution systems (WDSs) use electric energy, which pollutes the atmosphere through, at least partly, the burning of coal. This study simulates, through modeling, variable-speed pumps (VSPs) on 15 different real WDSs on the network solver EPANET and analyzes the payback period. An algorithm is introduced here to select the optimal pump speed pattern to save the most energy while satisfying the constrain of sufficient pressure at all times and all locations. It was found that five of the 15 systems operated unsuccessfully using a VSP, due to the VSP …
Introducing Normal Forms To Students: A Comparison Of Theory-First Vs. Project-First Educational Approaches, Dakota C. Cookenmaster, Jacob A. Bahn
Introducing Normal Forms To Students: A Comparison Of Theory-First Vs. Project-First Educational Approaches, Dakota C. Cookenmaster, Jacob A. Bahn
Campus Research Month
One of the primary challenges instructors face when educating scientists and engineers is the introduction of important theory, both to show its essential nature in research as well as its practicality. This paper analyzes two pedagogical methods for the instruction of database normal forms. The first of these methods is a theory-based approach that relies on written works and practices to introduce the concept. The second of these focuses on a project-based approach which aligns with normal form standards as students implement a database schema. This paper compares these in a small study and advises an appropriate method for educators.
Robust Multi-Period Maximum Coverage Drone Facility Location Problem Considering Coverage Reliability, Darshan Rajesh Chauhan, Avinash Unnikrishnan, Miguel A. Figliozzi, Stephen D. Boyles
Robust Multi-Period Maximum Coverage Drone Facility Location Problem Considering Coverage Reliability, Darshan Rajesh Chauhan, Avinash Unnikrishnan, Miguel A. Figliozzi, Stephen D. Boyles
Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations
This study proposes a multi-period facility location formulation to maximize coverage while meeting a coverage reliability constraint. The coverage reliability constraint is a chance constraint limiting the probability of failure to maintain the desired service standard, commonly followed by emergency medical services and fire departments. Further, uncertainties in the failure probabilities are incorporated by utilizing robust optimization using polyhedral uncertainty sets, which results in a compact mixed-integer linear program. A case study in the Portland, OR metropolitan area is analyzed for employing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones to deliver defibrillators in the region to combat out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. In …
U.S. Wildlife Strikes By Engine Type, Hasan Arif, John Gaynor, Shane Slettom Jr., Brooke Wheeler
U.S. Wildlife Strikes By Engine Type, Hasan Arif, John Gaynor, Shane Slettom Jr., Brooke Wheeler
Aeronautics Student Publications
This study analyzed the relationship between wildlife strikes and engine type using data from the FAA (2022) Wildlife Strike Database from 2010-2019 in the United States. Turbofan aircraft had the most wildlife strikes. There was a significant difference in mean annual wildlife strikes between turbofan and all other engine types.
General Aviation Fatal And Non-Fatal Accidents By Season, Abdulrahman Alzahrani, Hassaan Bedeiry, Brooke Wheeler
General Aviation Fatal And Non-Fatal Accidents By Season, Abdulrahman Alzahrani, Hassaan Bedeiry, Brooke Wheeler
Aeronautics Student Publications
This study examined the difference in fatal and non-fatal GA accident rates in the United States among the seasons. Accident data was from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB, 2022) database from 2010 to 2019. Seasonality and fatality have a significant effect on the number of GA accidents.
Designing Algebraic And Ramanujan Graphs-Based Spectrally Efficient Codes For Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Schemes, Hussein Al Hamdani
Designing Algebraic And Ramanujan Graphs-Based Spectrally Efficient Codes For Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Schemes, Hussein Al Hamdani
Theses and Dissertations
The increasing demand for bandwidth has played a critical role over the history of the development of wireless networks. For the 5G and beyond wireless networks, it is required to use communications systems able to support the massive connectivity and higher spectral efficiency that have good bit error performance as a measurement tool of the system reliability. Therefore, the cyclotomic construction method of a lattice is proposed for the SCMA-NOMA technique, and Ramanujan graphs are proposed for LDPC codes and the LDS-NOMA technique. The Cyclotomic construction ensures that the diversity of the mother constellation of SCMA is improved, which is …
A Review Of Avian-Inspired Morphing For Uav Flight Control, Christina Harvey, Lawren L. Gamble, Christian R. Bolander, Douglas F. Hunsaker, James J. Joo, Daniel J. Inman
A Review Of Avian-Inspired Morphing For Uav Flight Control, Christina Harvey, Lawren L. Gamble, Christian R. Bolander, Douglas F. Hunsaker, James J. Joo, Daniel J. Inman
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications
The impressive maneuverability demonstrated by birds has so far eluded comparably sized uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). Modern studies have shown that birds’ ability to change the shape of their wings and tail in flight, known as morphing, allows birds to actively control their longitudinal and lateral flight characteristics. These advances in our understanding of avian flight paired with advances in UAV manufacturing capabilities and applications has, in part, led to a growing field of researchers studying and developing avian-inspired morphing aircraft. Because avian-inspired morphing bridges at least two distinct fields (biology and engineering), it becomes challenging to compare and contrast …
Alpha Synuclein: A Therapeutic Target And Biomarker For Parkinson’S Disease, Max Chase
Alpha Synuclein: A Therapeutic Target And Biomarker For Parkinson’S Disease, Max Chase
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Parkinson’s Disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s Disease, and the most common motor disorder. In fact, nearly a third of those with AD have PD. A major hallmark of PD is the appearance of Lewy Bodies, proteinaceous cytoplasm inclusions, that build up and spread throughout the CNS in a prion like fashion. The major component of these Lewy Bodies is a protein called alpha-synuclein. Alpha-syn is a 14kDa protein made of 140 amino acids and found in the presynaptic ends of CNS neurons, acting as a chaperone and regulator. The protein is also found in the …
Application Of Phased Array Eddy Current (Paec) Nondestructive Technology For Stress Corrosion Cracking (Scc), Cameron A. Jones
Application Of Phased Array Eddy Current (Paec) Nondestructive Technology For Stress Corrosion Cracking (Scc), Cameron A. Jones
GS4 Student Scholars Symposium
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is the constant growth of a crack or fault due to the tensile and corrosive stresses in a given environment. These cracks can potentially progress to sudden and catastrophic failures in metals exposed to tensile stress and corrosive environment. The over-whelming cost and damage caused by Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is an immense amount of cost in many industries considering that SCC happens to produce a spontaneous failure due to overload stress. The topic of stress corrosion cracking has drastically changed the movement and progression of the production of better-quality products and engineering design such as, …
A Study Into The Impact Of Screen Time On Student Gpa, Mia Brown, David Santos, Akeisha Belgrave
A Study Into The Impact Of Screen Time On Student Gpa, Mia Brown, David Santos, Akeisha Belgrave
Harrisburg University Research Symposium: Highlighting Research, Innovation, & Creativity
With advances in technology, the use of computers has become a common habit for most college students. Recent studies show that the amount of time spent on those devices can affect their grades. (Class Project)
Using Mycelium To Bioremediate Environments Damaged By Acid Mine Drainage, Michael Lazar, Jacquelyn Maddox
Using Mycelium To Bioremediate Environments Damaged By Acid Mine Drainage, Michael Lazar, Jacquelyn Maddox
Harrisburg University Research Symposium: Highlighting Research, Innovation, & Creativity
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major source of environmental contamination around areas that were once utilized by the mining industry, and does not have many pragmatic remediation solutions. Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium has been previously tested and shown to be able to biosorb a variety of heavy metals into its mycelial tissue. This project utilized P. ostreatus mycelium as a novel and natural approach to bioremediate acid mine drainage. There were two experiments: one proof-of-concept experiment and one situational experiment that used stream mesocosms. (Project II)
Bms 202: Human Anatomy And Physiology Laboratory Oer Curation, Chealsye Bowley
Bms 202: Human Anatomy And Physiology Laboratory Oer Curation, Chealsye Bowley
Curated OER Collections
This OER curation is an annotated bibliography of prospective OER for the GVSU course BMS 202: Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory, assembled by request from the instructor.
Public School Nurse To Student Ratios: Does It Affect Absenteeism?, Laura Beth Hobbs
Public School Nurse To Student Ratios: Does It Affect Absenteeism?, Laura Beth Hobbs
ATU Theses and Dissertations 2021 - Present
The demands for adequate nursing workloads in public schools have increased with special needs children in Arkansas. School nurses are a necessary component of student academic achievement and physical well-being. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects that nurse-to-student ratios have on absenteeism by providing a convenience sample questionnaire to Arkansas K-12 public school superintendents. The questionnaire has examined the relationship between school nurse ratios and school absentee numbers. A four-question survey was sent out to 233 Arkansas K-12 public schools using a QuestionPro survey. Superintendents were asked about their school district numbers for the 2020-2021 school …
Fine-Grained Classification Of Retail Products, Avishek Kumar Shaw, Shilpa Yadukumar Rao, Pranoy Hari, Bikash Santra, Dipti Prasad Mukherjee
Fine-Grained Classification Of Retail Products, Avishek Kumar Shaw, Shilpa Yadukumar Rao, Pranoy Hari, Bikash Santra, Dipti Prasad Mukherjee
Patents
No abstract provided.
Nanoparticulate Carriers For Drug Delivery, Samantha Lokelani Crossen, Tarun Goswami
Nanoparticulate Carriers For Drug Delivery, Samantha Lokelani Crossen, Tarun Goswami
Biomedical, Industrial & Human Factors Engineering Faculty Publications
Drug delivery with nanoparticulate carriers is a new and upcoming research area that is making major changes within the pharmaceutical industry. Nanoparticulate carriers are discussed, particularly, engineered nanoparticulate carriers used as drug delivery systems for targeted delivery. Nanoparticulate carriers that are used for drug delivery systems include polymers, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, ceramics, metals, and various forms of biological materials. The properties of these nanoparticulate carriers are very advantageous for targeted drug delivery and result in efficient drug accumulation at the targeted area of interest, reduced drug toxicity, reduced systemic side effects, and more efficient use of the drug overall. Nanoparticlulate …
A Study On The Use Of An Energy-Regenerative Tuned Mass Damper For Vibration Control And Monitoring Of Base-Isolated Buildings, Mohsen Amjadian
A Study On The Use Of An Energy-Regenerative Tuned Mass Damper For Vibration Control And Monitoring Of Base-Isolated Buildings, Mohsen Amjadian
Civil Engineering Faculty Publications
This paper studies the use of an energy-regenerative tuned mass damper (ER-TMD) to (a) passively control the displacement of superstructure of a two-degree-of-freedom base-isolated building model equipped with elastomeric rubber bearings and (b) simultaneously generate electric energy that can be used to power conventional sensors installed on the building to monitor its response during an earthquake. The proposed passive ER-TMD is composed of two parts: mechanical and electrical. The mechanical part consists of a moving mass (i.e., TMD mass) attached to the base floor through a linear spring-damper system, and the electrical part consists of two large permanent magnets, a …
Bio-Ionic Liquid Functionalized Hydrogels Towards Smart Tissue Regeneration, Vaishali Krishnadoss
Bio-Ionic Liquid Functionalized Hydrogels Towards Smart Tissue Regeneration, Vaishali Krishnadoss
Theses and Dissertations
A blend of scaffolds, biologically active molecules, and cells are required to assemble functional constructs to repair and regenerate damaged tissue or organ via tissue engineering. The scaffold supports cell growth and proliferation and acts as a medium for diverse cellular activities. Even though hydrogel's high-water content and flexible nature make it a pronounced applicant as a scaffold, they exhibit significant technical limitations such as the absence of cell-binding motifs, lack of oxygen, conductivity, adhesive properties, growth of cells in a 3-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. In this thesis, a novel material platform is evaluated and studied to address the concerns mentioned …
Study On Near-Body Pressure Characteristics Of Bionic Robotic Fish Undulating In Near Wall Region, Ou Xie, Aiguo Song, Qixin Zhu
Study On Near-Body Pressure Characteristics Of Bionic Robotic Fish Undulating In Near Wall Region, Ou Xie, Aiguo Song, Qixin Zhu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To avoid unbalanced workload assignment, we studied the vehicle routing problem with refined oil secondary distribution considering workload balance. A bi-objectivemixed integer programming model was built to minimize the total distribution cost and the maximum difference in vehicle route length. A heuristic variable neighborhood tabu search algorithm was designed. An improved Solomon_I1 insertion algorithm was developed to generate afeasible initial solution such that the total distribution cost was as small as possible. Then, the variable neighborhood tabu search algorithm was used to improve the initial solution and thereby obtain the approximate optimal solution. The simulation results show that in …
Improving Predictions Of Vapor Pressure, Liquid Heat Capacity, And Heat Of Vaporization In Associating Fluids, Joseph C. Bloxham
Improving Predictions Of Vapor Pressure, Liquid Heat Capacity, And Heat Of Vaporization In Associating Fluids, Joseph C. Bloxham
Theses and Dissertations
Vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, and liquid heat capacity are linked through fundamental thermodynamic relationships. These related properties are essential for the safe design of many industrial processes, and measurement and prediction of these properties remains an essential part of modern thermodynamics research. DIPPR uses the fundamental relationships connecting these properties as a prediction method for all three, referred to as "the derivative method." DIPPR regards values predicted using the derivative method as highly accurate, even when compared to more traditional predictions. Despite the widespread interest in improving understanding of these properties, many questions remain regarding their prediction. Foremost among …
Europium-Doped Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles For Microglial Aβ Clearance And Homeostasis, Jatin Machhi, Pravin Yeapuri, Milica Markovic, Milankumar Patel, Wenhui Yan, Yaman Lu, Jacob D. Cohen, Mahmudul Hasan, Mai Mohamed Abdelmoaty, You Zhou, Huangui Xiong, Xinglong Wang, R. Lee Mosley, Howard E. Gendelman, Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
Europium-Doped Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles For Microglial Aβ Clearance And Homeostasis, Jatin Machhi, Pravin Yeapuri, Milica Markovic, Milankumar Patel, Wenhui Yan, Yaman Lu, Jacob D. Cohen, Mahmudul Hasan, Mai Mohamed Abdelmoaty, You Zhou, Huangui Xiong, Xinglong Wang, R. Lee Mosley, Howard E. Gendelman, Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
Nebraska Center for Biotechnology: Faculty and Staff Publications
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Pathologically, it is characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and presence of neurofibrillary tangles. These drive microglia neuroinflammation and consequent neurodegeneration. While the means to affect Aβ plaque accumulation was achieved how it affects disease outcomes remains uncertain. Cerium oxide (CeO2) reduces Aβ plaques, oxidative stress, inflammation, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) signs and symptoms. Specifically, CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) induces free radical scavenging and cell protective intracellular signaling. This can ameliorate the pathobiology of an AD-affected brain. In order to investigate, CeO2NPs …
Multi-Modality Affective Computing Model Based On Personality And Memory Mechanism, Sijin Zhou, Dicheng Chen, Geng Tu, Dazhi Jiang
Multi-Modality Affective Computing Model Based On Personality And Memory Mechanism, Sijin Zhou, Dicheng Chen, Geng Tu, Dazhi Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the development of affective computing, the correlation of memory, individuation and emotion is more and more important. Focus on the machine emotion shortcomings in the perception, understanding and expression, an emotion computing model integrating the emotion perception, understanding and expression is proposed. The model is a memory-oriented deep network perception model that accepts multiple modal inputs (visual, auditory, lexical) and applies a fuzzy emotion integration decision to realize the understanding of uncertain emotions. The simulation experiments prove that the model has a good performance in all kinds of multimodal affective computing.
Virtual Scene Stereoscopic Panorama Generation And Viewport Rendering Algorithm, Haoxiang Li, Chunyi Chen, Xiaojuan Hu, Yunbiao Liu, Qiwei Xing
Virtual Scene Stereoscopic Panorama Generation And Viewport Rendering Algorithm, Haoxiang Li, Chunyi Chen, Xiaojuan Hu, Yunbiao Liu, Qiwei Xing
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the nonuniform sampling in map projection and the redundancy in aspheric projection, spherical Fibonacci lattices is used to sample the visible spherical area to generate spherical Fibonacci lattice panorama with low-redundancy and high-quality. On the basis of panoramic stereo imaging model, the binocular ray direction generation algorithm for spherical stereo panorama is proposed. With Fibonacci grid, an adaptive filtering method of light-visibility map for panorama is designed to generate spherical panorama with approximate soft shadow. The nearest neighbor interpolation is used to render the viewport of panorama. Extensive experiments show that the frame frequency of the viewport …
Simulation On Cold Chain Distribution Path Of Fresh Agricultural Products Under Low-Carbon Constraints, Tao Ning, Tao Gou, Xiangdong Liu
Simulation On Cold Chain Distribution Path Of Fresh Agricultural Products Under Low-Carbon Constraints, Tao Ning, Tao Gou, Xiangdong Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The freshness distribution requirements of fresh agricultural products may increase the carbon emissions of the cold chain distribution process. A cold chain distribution scheduling strategy and simulation method for the fresh agricultural products under low-carbon constraints is proposed. Based on the quantitative analysis of the carbon tax mechanism, a mathematical model of minimizing the carbon emissions and minimizing the overall cost of distribution is established. Comprehensively analyzing the conventional factors such as the product delivery volume, delivery time and loading and unloading time in logistics distribution, an improved quantum ant colony algorithm based on adaptive rotation angle …
Stability Analysis Of Delay-Driven Coupled Cantilevers Using The Lambert W-Function, Daniel Siebel-Cortopassi
Stability Analysis Of Delay-Driven Coupled Cantilevers Using The Lambert W-Function, Daniel Siebel-Cortopassi
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
A coupled delay-feedback system of two cantilevers can yield greater sensitivity than that of asingle cantilever system, with potential applications in atomic force microscopy. The Lambert W-function analysis concept for delay differential equations is used to more accurately model the behavior of specific configurations of these cantilever systems. We also use this analysis concept to find parameters which yield stability for greater parameter ranges, of the delay differential equations. The Q factor, or quality factor, is the ratio of energy stored in the system, to the energy lost per fixed oscillation/movement cycle. Having stability of the cantilevers corresponds to the …
Simulation Optimization On Joint Production And Preventive Maintenance Scheduling For Distributed Job-Shop, Fei Ye, Ziqing Li, Yuanjun Laili
Simulation Optimization On Joint Production And Preventive Maintenance Scheduling For Distributed Job-Shop, Fei Ye, Ziqing Li, Yuanjun Laili
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Distributed job-shop production scheduling is the key to high efficient production. Preventive maintenance, an essential means to ensure the safety and reliability of equipment, should be the necessary content of the production decision-making. Aiming at the production delay caused by equipment maintenance, a simulation-corrected optimization method is proposed. The mathematical model and simulation model for the joint production and preventive maintenance scheduling are established. The sequence exchange-based genetic algorithm is combined with the simulation-corrected optimization method to form a fast simulation optimization scheme. Experimental results on typical cases show that the proposed simulation optimization method can improve the solution …
Research On Discrete Workshop Task Assignment Based On Improved Water Filling Algorithm, Kaituan Feng, Jie Yuan
Research On Discrete Workshop Task Assignment Based On Improved Water Filling Algorithm, Kaituan Feng, Jie Yuan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the unsatisfactory the results of the real-time dynamic task allocation in discrete workshops are not ideal, an improved water filling algorithm is proposed. Compared with the equal cost allocation of the water injection algorithm, the processing rate and cost factors are added to the improved water injection algorithm to coordinate the processing rate, the cost and the workpieces. The allocation of the different cost workpieces is realized and the result is adjusted, which can meet the requirements of discrete distribution. The improved water injection algorithm can dynamically allocate the newly added workpieces in real time. The proposed …
Key Technology Research On Stall Spin Simulation Training System Of An Aircraft, Guangxu Xi, Yongyi Liu, Chong Wu, Junjie Zhang, Yinghao Chen
Key Technology Research On Stall Spin Simulation Training System Of An Aircraft, Guangxu Xi, Yongyi Liu, Chong Wu, Junjie Zhang, Yinghao Chen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to realize the simulation continuity of the multi-state evolution of traffic and to solve the problem that multi-state traffic can only be simulated by single state traffic through multiple times, the middleware model of continuous traffic event simulation is built by the secondary development interface of VISSIM simulation software, and the original two related traffic simulation events are jointly driven. The secondary development of VISSIM-com is carried out by C# and database. The survey data of the intersection of Ganghua Road and Baihua Road in the Yuzhong District of Chongqing is selected as the example, and the …
Simulation On Mutual Interference Of Laser Radar In Road Environments, Xuesong Mao, Runlong Lei, Shaowei Huang, Xuetao Mao
Simulation On Mutual Interference Of Laser Radar In Road Environments, Xuesong Mao, Runlong Lei, Shaowei Huang, Xuetao Mao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Transmission line inspection is an important work to ensure the safe operation of the power grid. It involves the live-work, the power-outage-maintenance and the fault-diagnosis. Training using only 3D virtual technology cannot achieve realistic results. It is necessary to combine 3D virtual scenes with digital grids. To this end, using the collected monitoring data and multi-time-scale calculation models, a twin state digital power grid has been constructed for the live-work, a parallel state digital power grid has been constructed for the power-outage-maintenance, and corresponding analog devices have been added to the parallel digital power grid to complete the training …
School's Approach To Science, Technology, Engineering, And Math (Stem), Alissa Schonmann, Mark Maire, C. Lionbailey, A. Kramar, Lindsay Vieira
School's Approach To Science, Technology, Engineering, And Math (Stem), Alissa Schonmann, Mark Maire, C. Lionbailey, A. Kramar, Lindsay Vieira
STEM Month
We have a huge emphasis on STEAM in our school district. Our curriculum focuses on student-led hands-on challenges. Students are given problems to solve and they use the Engineering Design Process to come up with creative solutions. Although we like the solutions that students come up with, we emphasize the journey through the entire process. Students understand that even though they have a solution, they can still reflect on how they could improve their work further. We are fortunate enough to have an abundance of technologies in our beautiful STEAM Lab. The STEAM Lab is equipped with VR stations, 3D …