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Full-Text Articles in Education

University Of Texas At Tyler Catalog, 2025-2026, University Of Texas At Tyler Jan 2025

University Of Texas At Tyler Catalog, 2025-2026, University Of Texas At Tyler

Catalogs

No abstract provided.


Sharing Your Science: Special 2025 Edition, Wilson Gonzalez-Espada Jan 2025

Sharing Your Science: Special 2025 Edition, Wilson Gonzalez-Espada

Faculty Research at Morehead State University

The Sharing your Science stories were completed as part of a 2025 Science Communication Summer Internship (COMM 647), a collaboration between the Kentucky Academy of Science and the Departments of Engineering Sciences and Communication, Media, Art & Design, Morehead State University, KY. This work was made available as an Open Educational Resource thanks to the Faculty Center for Teaching & Learning, the Camden-Carroll Library, and the Office of Research & Sponsored Programs, Morehead State University.


A Math Teacher’S Reflexive Journey Into The Opportunity Gap, Richard A. Ball Iii Jan 2025

A Math Teacher’S Reflexive Journey Into The Opportunity Gap, Richard A. Ball Iii

Theses and Dissertations

This multiple case study sought to determine what educational factors, if any, impacted Black students in a public school located in the South-eastern United States, to enroll in a lower-level math course. The study also aimed to view the mathematical identities of these students and have myself reflect on my practice both locally and globally. This, however, is a result of the Problem of Practice, the opportunity gap. H. Richard Milner’s (2012) opportunity gap framework served as the theoretical framework for this study and for which all findings were situated. The data was analyzed using deductive coding, with the elements …


Active Learning In Respiratory Care Education: A Narrative Review, Tisha Ann Skariah, Udaya Kumar Rao, Manjush Karthika Jan 2025

Active Learning In Respiratory Care Education: A Narrative Review, Tisha Ann Skariah, Udaya Kumar Rao, Manjush Karthika

Health Professions Education

Purpose: This study evaluates the effectiveness of active learning strategies in respiratory care (RC) education, specifically examining their impact on student engagement, critical thinking, and clinical competency to address limitations inherent in traditional passive instructional methods.

Methods: A comprehensive narrative review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Thematic analysis was utilized to explore the influence of key active learning methodologies, including simulation-based learning (SBL), flipped classroom (FC), problem-based learning (PBL), and team-based learning (TBL).

Results: The findings demonstrate that active learning approaches significantly enhance clinical decision-making, collaborative skills, and knowledge retention …


Artificial Intelligence In Pharmacy Education: Balancing Technological Advances And Ethical Concerns Among Aspiring Pharmacists, Ubada Aqeel, Shibu John Jan 2025

Artificial Intelligence In Pharmacy Education: Balancing Technological Advances And Ethical Concerns Among Aspiring Pharmacists, Ubada Aqeel, Shibu John

Health Professions Education

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare, including pharmacy practice, by enhancing access to information, reducing errors, and supporting decision-making. However, its integration into pharmacy education remains underexplored. This study investigated pharmacy students' perceptions of AI's impact on their profession and the need for curriculum reform. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 245 Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) students from Jamia Hamdard, India. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering knowledge, perceptions, and opinions on AI in pharmacy. Responses were analyzed using non-parametric tests, including the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests, to examine group differences. Exploratory …


Influence Of Faculty-Derived Concept Maps On Student Study Strategies, Kaitlin P. Hardy, Amanda K. Burbage, Julie A. Kerry Jan 2025

Influence Of Faculty-Derived Concept Maps On Student Study Strategies, Kaitlin P. Hardy, Amanda K. Burbage, Julie A. Kerry

EVMS School of Health Professions Faculty Publications

Background

Concept mapping is a well-established tool for students to actively organize information into a visual and spatial framework. However, some students are resistant to adopting concept mapping as a study strategy due to the time and effort involved in generating the maps. In this study, we explored student perceptions of faculty-derived concept maps (FD-maps) developed to accompany content within a Foundational Science module in a medical school curriculum. We subsequently investigated whether student use of FD-maps helped overcome resistance to adoption of concept mapping.

Methods

Student evaluation data was analyzed using a mixed methods approach to explore student perceptions …


Accessibility In The Academic Library: Assessing The Web Accessibility Of Neflin Member Library Websites, Cody Michaels Jan 2025

Accessibility In The Academic Library: Assessing The Web Accessibility Of Neflin Member Library Websites, Cody Michaels

Publications

Web accessibility has been a topic of discussion in organizations for decades. Much ink, physical and digital, has been spilled urging developers, designers, and web administrators to build their online environment so that users of all abilities can access their content. Despite this, web accessibility remains out of reach across swathes of the Internet. The organization WebAIM conducts annual studies reviewing the accessibility of the 1,000,000 most popular websites’ homepages.1 The results for 2025 found that these pages had an average of 51 errors per page. While this represents a decrease from the previous year, there remains much work to …


An Operational Field Study: A Comparison Of Piloting Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles And Uncrewed Aircraft Systems, David Thirtyacre, Joseph Cerreta, Pete Miller, Kimberly Luthi, Jolee Thirtyacre Jan 2025

An Operational Field Study: A Comparison Of Piloting Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles And Uncrewed Aircraft Systems, David Thirtyacre, Joseph Cerreta, Pete Miller, Kimberly Luthi, Jolee Thirtyacre

Publications

and operations, the ability to cross-train personnel in both Uncrewed Underwater Vehicles and Small Uncrewed Aircraft System operations has become a focal point for efficiency and workforce optimization. This study presents a comparative analysis of the operational and human factor considerations involved in piloting mini UUV and sUASs, highlighting the key similarities and differences in control methods, environmental influences, navigation, emergency procedures, and situational awareness. A qualitative experimental field study was conducted between July 2024 and October 2024, involving real-world deployments of both systems in maritime and aerial environments. Findings indicated that while UUV and sUAS operators relied on remote …


Secondary Ell Students’ Perception Of Ell And Stem Courses And Its Impact On Enrollment In Stem Courses, Prakash Patel Jan 2025

Secondary Ell Students’ Perception Of Ell And Stem Courses And Its Impact On Enrollment In Stem Courses, Prakash Patel

Theses and Dissertations

This action research study examined experiences of eight secondary-level English Language Learners (ELL) that lead to perceptions of being in ELL and STEM courses and how those perceptions impact academic pathways in subsequent course enrollment, specifically STEM courses. The study aimed to identify secondary level ELLs’ lived experiences while concurrently enrolled in ELL and STEM courses through the use of a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design to capture specific lived experiences that promote enrollment in STEM courses through intrinsic motivation. The study employed the use of ClassMaps (CMS) (Doll et al., 1999) and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) (CSDT, 2025) surveys …


Exploring The Role Of Boundary Infrastructures In Facilitating Learning In A Research-Practice Partnership, Jody Clarke-Midura, Alireza Zandi, Mimi Recker Jan 2025

Exploring The Role Of Boundary Infrastructures In Facilitating Learning In A Research-Practice Partnership, Jody Clarke-Midura, Alireza Zandi, Mimi Recker

Publications

This study examines how boundary infrastructures in Research-Practice Partnerships (RPPs) facilitate learning and collaboration between a rural school district and two universities. Using the Learning at the Boundaries framework, we analyze design team meetings, teacher feedback, and co-designed curricular materials. Our findings highlight the roles of boundary spanners, practices, and objects in bridging gaps among stakeholders and fostering sustainable collaboration. This research contributes to the learning sciences by documenting effective processes for organizational learning, emphasizing the importance of structured co-design in educational improvement.


Gvsu Undergraduate And Graduate Catalog 2025-2026, Grand Valley State University Jan 2025

Gvsu Undergraduate And Graduate Catalog 2025-2026, Grand Valley State University

Course Catalogs, 1963 - Current

Grand Valley State University 2025-2026 undergraduate and graduate course catalog. Course catalogs are published annually to provide students with information and guidance for enrollment.


From Rural Roads To College Credits: Understanding Dual Enrollment In New Hampshire's Rural High Schools, Sarah Chase Jan 2025

From Rural Roads To College Credits: Understanding Dual Enrollment In New Hampshire's Rural High Schools, Sarah Chase

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Dual enrollment programs vary significantly across states, schools, and districts, leading to inconsistent college readiness outcomes. While previous research primarily examines differences at the state level, little is known about how these programs operate within rural high schools in the same region. This study examines dual enrollment in four rural high schools in New Hampshire using a multiple-case study approach and thematic analysis. Data was collected through interviews with administrators, faculty, counselors, and alumni, along with reviews of public documents. Six key themes emerged: (1) Barriers to Dual Enrollment, (2) Conflicting Perspectives of Key Players, (3) Benefits of Dual Enrollment, …


Racial Battle Fatigue In Higher Education: Understanding The Intersectional Dimensions Of Faculty And Staff Experiences, Candice N. Flowers-Taylor Jan 2025

Racial Battle Fatigue In Higher Education: Understanding The Intersectional Dimensions Of Faculty And Staff Experiences, Candice N. Flowers-Taylor

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This dissertation investigates Racial Battle Fatigue within institutions of higher education, focusing on its impact on faculty and staff of color. It examines how race, gender, socio-economic status, and institutional structures intersect to shape individual experiences of this phenomenon. To explore these dynamics, the study employs a qualitative methodology that includes semi-structured interviews, open-ended survey responses, and thematic analysis. It is grounded in the theoretical frameworks of Racial Battle Fatigue, Critical Race Theory, and Intersectionality. This research offers insight into the emotional, psychological, and physical toll experienced by faculty and staff of color in predominantly white institutions. It challenges prevailing …


Empowered Margins: Women, Work, And Justice In Educational Labor, Erin Woodford Jan 2025

Empowered Margins: Women, Work, And Justice In Educational Labor, Erin Woodford

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This dissertation examines economic justice and employment precarity faced by educators in both K-12 and post-secondary education systems. While literature explores themes of changing demographics in union membership, collective bargaining, labor activism, and gendered and intersectional inequities in academia, and women in leadership in unions, a critical gap of disabled women’s voices and solutions to the inequities remains. This study highlights how job insecurity, unequal pay, hiring biases, limited recognition of prior learning, and inadequate institutional support exacerbates mental health challenges, professional invisibility, and economic instability. In the K-12 unionized system, systemic barriers such include disregard for substitute teaching as …


The Inward Gaze: White Faculty's Self-Perceptions Of Racial Identity, Privilege, And Its Impact On Pedagogy, David E. Houle Jan 2025

The Inward Gaze: White Faculty's Self-Perceptions Of Racial Identity, Privilege, And Its Impact On Pedagogy, David E. Houle

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This dissertation examines the evolving self-perceptions of racial consciousness among White faculty in higher education and its impact on pedagogical practices for fostering diversity, equity, and inclusion. This study is guided by Mezirow’s transformative learning theory and Rowe et al.’s White racial consciousness model and uses interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to explore participants’ narratives of White racial identity, disorientating dilemmas, critical self-reflection, and pedagogical transformation. The research highlights key moments of self-reflection and transformation that influence inclusive teaching strategies, such as prioritizing marginalized voices in course content and rethinking classroom dynamics to respond to systemic inequities. The findings reveal how …


Shades Of Discipline: A Narrative Inquiry Exploring Black Girls’ Experiences Of Colorism And Exclusionary Discipline Through The Lens Of The Domains Of Power, Tamika Reese Jan 2025

Shades Of Discipline: A Narrative Inquiry Exploring Black Girls’ Experiences Of Colorism And Exclusionary Discipline Through The Lens Of The Domains Of Power, Tamika Reese

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Black girls are the fastest-growing group facing exclusionary school discipline, including suspensions, expulsions, and law enforcement referrals. National data reveals that Black girls are significantly more likely to be suspended than white girls, yet little research has explored how skin tone influences these disparities. This qualitative narrative inquiry examined the role of colorism in the discipline of Black girls by expanding on Patricia Hill Collins’s Matrix of Domination framework. Through the voices of five Black girls with varying skin tones and eight school leaders involved in disciplinary decisions, the study explored how the intersections of race, gender, and skin tone …


Identifying Salient Social, Environmental, And Situational Contexts Of College Drinking: Impacts Across Drinking Outcomes, Abby L. Braitman, Jennifer L. Shipley, Megan Strowger, Emily S. Renzoni Jan 2025

Identifying Salient Social, Environmental, And Situational Contexts Of College Drinking: Impacts Across Drinking Outcomes, Abby L. Braitman, Jennifer L. Shipley, Megan Strowger, Emily S. Renzoni

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background and Objectives: Drinking context, such as where, why, and under what social conditions drinking occurs, is consistently associated with daily variability in alcohol use. However, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) requires very brief measurement, not allowing for as many contextual assessments as researchers may like. The current investigation examined common contextual predictors and their associations with different alcohol outcomes.

Methods: A sample of N=528 college drinkers completed three surveys about their most recent drinking episode. This included contextual predictors (location, social context, who was present, alcohol offers, and drinking motives), as well as typical drinking outcomes (number of drinks, estimated …


Getting Advanced Placement Psychology Students “Ready Through Research”, Jacqueline Cerda-Smith, Kristie Winter, Amy Koch, Kelly L. Mulvey Jan 2025

Getting Advanced Placement Psychology Students “Ready Through Research”, Jacqueline Cerda-Smith, Kristie Winter, Amy Koch, Kelly L. Mulvey

Faculty Publications – Psychology

Background
Recent changes to Introductory Psychology curricula emphasize the importance of building research skills, but instructors may need additional support.

Objective
This paper examines outcomes of the Ready Through Research (RTR) program in which research mentors from local universities guide Advanced Placement (AP) Psychology students to design, conduct, analyze, and present their research projects.

Method
Studies 1 (N = 72) and 2 (N = 124) compare changes in students’ research skills and science/psychology persistence self-efficacy and examine student perceptions of RTR outcomes across two program iterations.

Results
RTR students’ research skill self-efficacy grew significantly in both studies. Further, …


Reproductive Futurity: Policy, Pop-Culture, And Praxis, S. Gavin Weiser, Lindsay Demartino Jan 2025

Reproductive Futurity: Policy, Pop-Culture, And Praxis, S. Gavin Weiser, Lindsay Demartino

Faculty Publications - College of Education

Like the depiction of plagues in apocalyptic science fiction, neoliberalism continues to infect education at all levels. This infection causes educators to care not for the children, but to embrace the figure of the Child. Reproductive futurism, in the imagined redemptive figure of the Child has been regulating the structure of education not for children, but for the exclusionary and decontextualized Child. This takes the shape of draconian accountability measures present in recent educational policies that do not have the best interests of children in mind, but rather the perceived redemption of society and culture, taking agency away from all …


Community Immersion For Homegrown Teachers: Learning “There Are Never Just Negatives…”, Elizabeth A. Skinner, Apryl Riley Jan 2025

Community Immersion For Homegrown Teachers: Learning “There Are Never Just Negatives…”, Elizabeth A. Skinner, Apryl Riley

Faculty Publications - College of Education

The authors describe an initiative between an urban public school district, a city college, and a college of education to establish a pipeline of teachers of color from and for the school district. The qualitative research occurred during the teacher candidates’ participation in a community immersion program. Centering the teacher candidates’ experiences and reactions to the community immersion highlights their identity, commitment to teaching, and the importance of exposing homegrown teachers to communities beyond their own. The authors discuss community-based curriculum in the preparation of teachers and consider how the experiences of teacher candidates of color impact program implementation.


A Review Of Research On Engineering In K-12 Science Education, Allison Antink-Meyer, Ryan A. Brown, Margaret E. Parker, Jennifer Smith Jan 2025

A Review Of Research On Engineering In K-12 Science Education, Allison Antink-Meyer, Ryan A. Brown, Margaret E. Parker, Jennifer Smith

Faculty Publications - College of Education

The purpose of this study is to explore trends in interrelated engineering education and science education research within six science education research journals across the first decade since the release of the Framework for K-12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards. Journals were selected using a combination of impact factors and random sampling. The resulting qualitative systematic review exposes trends that arose and fell among science education journals and scholars as reflected in 141 articles published between 2011 and 2024 in the Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Science Education, the International Journal of Science Education, School Science …


A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experience Of Gay White Men In Mid-Level Student Affairs Leadership Roles, S. Craig Mourton Jan 2025

A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experience Of Gay White Men In Mid-Level Student Affairs Leadership Roles, S. Craig Mourton

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the lived experience of mid-level student affairs leaders who identify as cisgender, gay, White, and male in order to further understand the multidimensionality of embodying both privileged as well as marginalized identities. Four participants were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide and the resulting transcripts were analyzed utilizing the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) perspective. Experiential themes that emerged from the analysis of the individual cases as well as across the cases include unintended pathways into the field of student affairs, experiences of challenging heterosexual male supervisors and the preference for women supervisors, …


Lend Me Your Hands: Engaging Waldorf Teachers In Pedagogical Puppetry For Student Growth, Corinna Rezzelle-Pennypacker Jan 2025

Lend Me Your Hands: Engaging Waldorf Teachers In Pedagogical Puppetry For Student Growth, Corinna Rezzelle-Pennypacker

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Although puppetry has a long history as a holistic teaching tool, it remains an underutilized arts integration technique in elementary and secondary schools. To better understand Waldorf teachers’ perspectives on pedagogical puppetry and the necessary training to effectively implement the work, this explanatory mixed-methods dissertation sought to fill the gap in research on teachers’ views of puppetry and what training they believe is important to feel comfortable doing the work. Committed to using an action research approach, a professional development workshop and lesson plans were created for 1st-8th grade Waldorf teachers based on the feedback from this dissertation’s explanatory interviews …


Unmasking The Nexus Of Race, Ethnicity, And Health: An Intersectional Analysis Of The Epistemology Of Race In Medicine, Medical Curricula, And Health Disparities, Antoinette Leonard-Jean Charles Jan 2025

Unmasking The Nexus Of Race, Ethnicity, And Health: An Intersectional Analysis Of The Epistemology Of Race In Medicine, Medical Curricula, And Health Disparities, Antoinette Leonard-Jean Charles

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

The persistent health disparities faced by Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) in the United States are deeply rooted in systemic racism embedded within medical education and clinical practice. Historical acceptance of racial supremacy in the United States has shaped both the foundations and continued practices of medical education, leading to entrenched biases that affect healthcare delivery and patient outcomes. This dissertation critically examines the intersection of race, education, and health by analyzing how historical and contemporary understandings of race and ethnicity shape medical curricula, healthcare practices, and patient care. Through the integration of Critical Race Theory (CRT), Social …


Shaping Leadership: An Autoethnographic Exploration Of Inspirational Moments, Sabine Mathilde Maiberger Jan 2025

Shaping Leadership: An Autoethnographic Exploration Of Inspirational Moments, Sabine Mathilde Maiberger

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Leadership is a complex construct shaped by the interplay of theoretical knowledge and meaningful personal experiences that define us as people. This autoethnographic exploration investigates the question: How have inspirational moments shaped the leader I am today? Understanding how personal experiences influence leaders’ development is critical to leadership studies. To address this, nine of my pivotal life moments were selected and validated through personal artifacts, such as journals and letters, ensuring analytical depth. These moments were analyzed through servant, justice-oriented, and transformational leadership theoretical lenses. The findings revealed eight key lessons: embracing vulnerability, reflective practice, trust-based leadership, advocacy, curiosity, adaptability, …


Teaching Towards Connection And Love For Place Through A Kinship/Indigenous Worldview: A Critical Pedagogy Of Place, Rita Monique Bouchard Jan 2025

Teaching Towards Connection And Love For Place Through A Kinship/Indigenous Worldview: A Critical Pedagogy Of Place, Rita Monique Bouchard

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to observe the lived experiences of children while learning about place through a Kinship/Indigenous worldview and the impact of the experience on their love and care for place. The study unfolds from a theoretical framework at the nexus of critical theory, place-based education, and a Kinship/Indigenous worldview. The overarching question is, “Can teaching through an Original Kinship/Indigenous Worldview grow children towards connection and love for place?” Elementary students and their teacher explored one square block of the school community, illuminating a different aspect of our place daily through Kinship/Indigenous worldview Precepts (Wahinkpe …


Restorative Leadership: A Generative Exploration With Women School Leaders, Camille Rénée Pauline Tyson Jacobs Jan 2025

Restorative Leadership: A Generative Exploration With Women School Leaders, Camille Rénée Pauline Tyson Jacobs

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

As schools increasingly adopt restorative practices, a parallel shift in leadership is occurring, challenging traditional leadership models like servant and transformational leadership. While research has largely focused on student outcomes, there is a critical gap in understanding how restorative practices influence school principals’ leadership. Given their central role in sustaining and expanding restorative initiatives, this study aimed to address that gap by developing a definitional framework for restorative leadership, grounded in the experiences of women school leaders in grades 5 to 12. Using sensemaking theory, the research examined how leaders conceptualize and apply restorative values in practice. Key questions included …


The Influence Of A Northwestern School District's Equity And Inclusion Initiative On Classroom Teachers' Perceptions Using Culturally Responsive Practices: A Pilot Study Of Selected Principles, Latrica Rich Jan 2025

The Influence Of A Northwestern School District's Equity And Inclusion Initiative On Classroom Teachers' Perceptions Using Culturally Responsive Practices: A Pilot Study Of Selected Principles, Latrica Rich

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Racial tensions are high in the United States of America in the 21st century, and hate crimes are on the rise due to political rhetoric and more frequent litigation. This situation challenges current approaches to diversity, equity, and inclusion, commonly known as (DEI). Although these tensions affect many societal areas, the public education system has seen particularly dramatic changes as the nation's diversity grows. This shift has invoked the first moves to adapt culturally relevant practices to promote inclusion and belonging in response to evolving classroom dynamics. This study examined some of the significant issues surrounding the implementation of cultural …


Innovating Chaplaincy Education: Integrating Nonreligious Spiritual Care Interventions To Serve A Diverse Patient Population, Dianne Dragon Jan 2025

Innovating Chaplaincy Education: Integrating Nonreligious Spiritual Care Interventions To Serve A Diverse Patient Population, Dianne Dragon

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

The transformation to the curriculum taught in chaplain training in Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE) will now address the spiritual needs of a more diverse, nonreligious, and interfaith population in the United States. Historically rooted in religious frameworks, CPE curricula are evolving to incorporate non-religious spiritual care interventions and promote research literacy among chaplains. This dissertation study uses descriptive analysis to present a study surveying CPE educators across over 300 U.S. based CPE centers to explore teaching practices and adaptation strategies. Findings reveal that integrating evidence-based methods and interdisciplinary collaboration is key to addressing inclusivity and professional competency in chaplaincy. By …


Developing Waldorf Teachers: An Analysis Of The Practical Effects Of Teacher Training And Professional Development On Teachers' Sense Of Self-Efficacy And Personal Transformation, Emily Macdonald Merchant Jan 2025

Developing Waldorf Teachers: An Analysis Of The Practical Effects Of Teacher Training And Professional Development On Teachers' Sense Of Self-Efficacy And Personal Transformation, Emily Macdonald Merchant

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

This mixed-methods study explores the concept of Pedagogical Instinct (PI) in Waldorf education by examining its relationship to the teacher’s sense of self-efficacy and professional development. Connected to Rudolf Steiner’s educational philosophy, PI refers to the intuitive and adaptive capacity of teachers to respond to students’ individual needs, integrating technical skills, relational awareness, and ego development. Quantitative data from 168 survey respondents were analyzed to assess relationships between self-efficacy, PI, teacher training, and demographic variables. Qualitative data from 65 respondents to 9 open-ended questions provided insights into the lived experiences of Waldorf teachers in relation to PI. Findings revealed a …