Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Higher Education (145394)
- Arts and Humanities (64302)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (63570)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (46644)
- History (34144)
-
- Curriculum and Instruction (32643)
- Higher Education Administration (31850)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (29512)
- Business (22977)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (22548)
- Educational Leadership (20803)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (19805)
- Science and Mathematics Education (19324)
- Communication (16040)
- Educational Methods (15042)
- United States History (13738)
- Social History (13736)
- Sociology (13382)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (13380)
- Life Sciences (12516)
- Library and Information Science (9943)
- Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education (9760)
- Other Education (9166)
- Health and Physical Education (8954)
- Educational Psychology (8532)
- Engineering (8228)
- Special Education and Teaching (7759)
- Marketing (7754)
- Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies (7749)
- Institution
-
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (24563)
- Western Kentucky University (17529)
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (15732)
- University of Northern Iowa (15488)
- Georgia Southern University (13681)
-
- East Tennessee State University (11827)
- Morehead State University (10692)
- Western Michigan University (10586)
- Nova Southeastern University (6730)
- Taylor University (6256)
- Grand Valley State University (5586)
- Walden University (4920)
- University of South Florida (4400)
- Liberty University (4316)
- Illinois Wesleyan University (4294)
- Ursinus College (4255)
- Chulalongkorn University (4053)
- Utah State University (3929)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (3768)
- Edith Cowan University (3717)
- Old Dominion University (3682)
- University of Central Florida (3345)
- Marquette University (3281)
- Marshall University (3267)
- Eastern Illinois University (3083)
- Wright State University (2740)
- University of Nebraska at Omaha (2726)
- Central Washington University (2719)
- California State University, Monterey Bay (2654)
- Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) (2602)
- Keyword
-
- Education (12912)
- Western Kentucky University (8598)
- Georgia Southern University (8565)
- Athletics (7322)
- Higher education (7289)
-
- Students (5191)
- Newspaper (4874)
- Faculty (4679)
- Newsletter (4410)
- Alumni (4206)
- Ursinus College (4091)
- Pennsylvania (3925)
- Collegeville (3889)
- School of medicine (3445)
- Release (3157)
- Curriculum (2720)
- UAB (2667)
- Leadership (2624)
- Events (2505)
- Staff (2389)
- Football (2375)
- Mission schools (2371)
- Catholic missions (2369)
- BCIM (2368)
- Bureau of catholic indian missions (2368)
- Catholic Boarding schools (2368)
- Catholic Indian Schools (2368)
- Catholic Tribal schools (2368)
- Day schools (2368)
- Indian boarding schools (2368)
- Publication Year
-
- 2026 (9912)
- 2025 (12407)
- 2024 (14552)
- 2023 (15212)
- 2022 (16760)
-
- 2021 (17147)
- 2020 (17269)
- 2019 (16820)
- 2018 (17717)
- 2017 (15868)
- 2016 (17421)
- 2015 (14214)
- 2014 (13011)
- 2013 (11409)
- 2012 (9166)
- 2011 (8993)
- 2010 (7472)
- 2009 (7329)
- 2008 (6898)
- 2007 (5191)
- 2006 (4675)
- 2005 (4598)
- 2004 (4268)
- 2003 (4149)
- 2002 (3740)
- 2001 (3594)
- 2000 (3530)
- 1999 (2948)
- 1998 (3154)
- 1997 (3053)
- Publication
-
- Browse All News (21496)
- Theses and Dissertations (8033)
- Dissertations (7207)
- WKU Administration Documents (7091)
- ETSU News (6287)
-
- Athletics: News & Publications (5883)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (4382)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (4176)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (3735)
- Nebraska Tractor Tests (3402)
- Graduate Research Papers (3267)
- News and Events (Discontinued Series) (3077)
- Masters Theses (2664)
- International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings (2562)
- Journal of Education Studies (2468)
- Iowa Science Teachers Journal (2306)
- Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts (2231)
- Student Newspapers (2185)
- Ursinus Weekly Newspaper, 1902-1978 (2124)
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Historical Materials (2099)
- Morehead State Trail Blazer Archive (1898)
- eReporter (campus newsletter) (1801)
- Australian Journal of Teacher Education (1655)
- Faculty Senate Records (1645)
- Documents (1489)
- Theses Digitization Project (1425)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (1418)
- Hollins Student Newspapers (1384)
- Documents - Faculty Senate (1383)
- Publications and Research (1379)
- Publication Type
Articles 21361 - 21390 of 386385
Full-Text Articles in Education
The Impact Of Stem Self-Efficacy And Sense Of Belonging On Academic Performance For Students Of Color In Introductory Stem Courses, Danyelle Nichole Stokes
The Impact Of Stem Self-Efficacy And Sense Of Belonging On Academic Performance For Students Of Color In Introductory Stem Courses, Danyelle Nichole Stokes
UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations
The study explores the interplay between STEM identity development, race and gender in relation to academic performance in STEM at the beginning of post-secondary education. Statistical analyses of this study included descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests and a multiple linear regression. The quantitative results indicated no statistically significant differences in self-efficacy and sense of belonging scores between White students and students of color. However, participants’ open-ended responses warranted a holistic examination to look for qualitative differences in the STEM identities of students of color and White students. The findings supported existing literature on disparities in support, inclusion and access to …
Catalog 2025-2026, University Of North Florida
Catalog 2025-2026, University Of North Florida
UNF Course Catalogs
No abstract provided.
An Examination Of Preservice Teacher Knowledge Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd) In The Elementary Classroom, Breana K. E. Webb
An Examination Of Preservice Teacher Knowledge Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd) In The Elementary Classroom, Breana K. E. Webb
Honors Undergraduate Theses
This study examines the knowledge of preservice teachers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and how well prepared they might be when supporting students in elementary classrooms. ADHD is a diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder in children and has been increasingly diagnosed over the past several years. Teachers play a crucial role in providing effective instruction to each and every student in the classroom. Managing classroom instruction with diverse learning capabilities and behaviors requires teachers to understand the characteristics of ADHD, as well as instructional adaptations and behavioral interventions, among preservice teachers. Findings indicate that while most preservice teachers recognize the basic …
Florida’S Gifted Education Program: Exploring The Nexus Between Giftedness And Choice Of College Major, Sterlin L. Bass
Florida’S Gifted Education Program: Exploring The Nexus Between Giftedness And Choice Of College Major, Sterlin L. Bass
Honors Undergraduate Theses
Florida’s Gifted Education Program (FGEP) is a K-12 educational program in Florida’s public education system through which gifted students are identified and supported through individualized educational plans promoting intellectual development. The intent of this study is to explore the influence Florida’s Gifted Education Program has on the choice of major of a student and mental health outcomes. Current data revolving around different definitions of “giftedness” such as high ACT scores, SAT scores, and GPA, show a connection between negative mental health outcomes produced by the development of perfectionism. FGEP presents challenges in addressing these concerns due to non-standardized curricula across …
Extending The Applicability Of Thermal Protection System Ballistic Limit Equations Beyond The Testable Regime, William P. Schonberg, Michael D. Squire
Extending The Applicability Of Thermal Protection System Ballistic Limit Equations Beyond The Testable Regime, William P. Schonberg, Michael D. Squire
Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works
Spacecraft use thermal insulation in their design, which is usually placed on their exterior. As such, it is susceptible to high-speed impacts by meteoroids and orbital debris, which can damage it to a point where the protection it offers is below acceptable limits. It is important to be able to characterize expected levels of damage stemming from such high-speed impacts. In this paper, we extend the applicability of a previously developed ballistic limit equation (BLE) for one such thermal insulation material using the results of a series of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics Code (SPHC) impact simulations at velocities in excess of …
The Antibiofilm Efficacy Of Copper And Zinc-Enhanced Borate Bioactive Glasses On Polymicrobial Biofilms, Sarah Fakher, David J. Westenberg
The Antibiofilm Efficacy Of Copper And Zinc-Enhanced Borate Bioactive Glasses On Polymicrobial Biofilms, Sarah Fakher, David J. Westenberg
Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works
Healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant global challenge driven by biofilm-forming pathogens. Polymicrobial biofilms, involving interactions between multiple microbial species, exacerbate treatment difficulties due to their enhanced resistance to antimicrobial therapies. Borate bioactive glasses (BBGs) are an emerging class of biomaterials that have attracted significant interest in infection control. The incorporation of copper and zinc into the BBG matrix can effectively disrupt biofilm formation and bacterial colonization. This study investigates the antibiofilm efficacy of copper and zinc-doped BBGs against polymicrobial biofilms formed by S. epidermidis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. Using static and dynamic biofilm models, BBGs were applied through …
Science Education In The Age Of Misinformation, Elissar Gerges
Science Education In The Age Of Misinformation, Elissar Gerges
All Works
No abstract provided.
Enhancing Teachers’ Design Thinking Mindsets Through Reflective Practice: Cultivating Innovation In An Upskilling Steam Training Program, Areej Elsayary
Enhancing Teachers’ Design Thinking Mindsets Through Reflective Practice: Cultivating Innovation In An Upskilling Steam Training Program, Areej Elsayary
All Works
Promoting innovation in education through enhanced design thinking (DT) mindsets among teachers is a central goal. This study examines the use of reflective practice within an upskilling STEAM training program to achieve this enhancement. The upskilling training initiative examined in this research encompasses a ten-week instructional session characterized by a hybrid learning methodology under the guidance of an instructor. An explanatory mixed method design is employed, starting with a quantitative method (teachers’ survey) followed by a qualitative method (focus group discussion). The participants were in-service K-12 teachers (n = 55) from charity schools across Northern Emirates in the United Arab …
Public Writing As Open Pedagogy, Rachael Nevins
Public Writing As Open Pedagogy, Rachael Nevins
Open Educational Resources
This guide to inviting students to share their writing publicly was developed for faculty participating in seminars on open pedagogy at BMCC. It discusses public writing as a way to engage in open pedagogy, outlines the types of writing that students may engage in publicly, and presents the relevant pedagogical, technical, and ethical considerations.
Including Conscientiously: How Charter School Educators Experience Inclusion Education Implementation, Joe A. Petty
Including Conscientiously: How Charter School Educators Experience Inclusion Education Implementation, Joe A. Petty
Dissertations
This narrative inquiry examined how charter school educators experience inclusive education implementation while confronting ableist systems that maintain exclusion through seemingly neutral practices. This research emerged from my lived experience of how educational structures systematically marginalize disabled students while appearing progressive. The study investigated two research questions: how support structures and leadership practices either perpetuate or dismantle ableist assumptions embedded in educational practice, and how educators negotiate tensions between implementing evidence-based inclusive strategies and addressing environmental factors that create the need for those strategies.
Data collection employed semistructured interviews with eight credentialed educators across two Southern California charter school sites, …
2025_Thesis.Presentations_Scan46, Fcrh Honors Program
2025_Thesis.Presentations_Scan46, Fcrh Honors Program
Exhibit '75 Years of the Honors Program
Graduating seniors at their Three-Minute Thesis presentation in Keating Hall in May 2025.
2025_Orientation_Scan47, Fcrh Honors Program
2025_Orientation_Scan47, Fcrh Honors Program
Exhibit '75 Years of the Honors Program
First-year Honors students at an orientation with Dr. Olena Nikolayenko, the program director, in August 2025.
The Professional Backgrounds And Experiences Of Higher Education Trustees And Its Influence On Decision Making, Jade J. Irving
The Professional Backgrounds And Experiences Of Higher Education Trustees And Its Influence On Decision Making, Jade J. Irving
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There are many complex decisions that must be made among the board of governors within institutions of higher education. Recent headlines on the decisions of trustees regarding campus closures and consolidations, program cuts, and presidential appointments have put a spotlight on the individuals responsible for making such decisions. This study examined how trustees of public 4-year institutions in the state of West Virginia perceive the value of their professional backgrounds and experiences in fulfilling their governance responsibilities. Using an explanatory sequential design, this study investigated how trustees’ professional experiences shape their decision-making processes through the theoretical lenses of sensemaking theory …
Lives And Lessons Of Zoo Animals, Nicole Emlen
Lives And Lessons Of Zoo Animals, Nicole Emlen
Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts
This project was an interdisciplinary museum exhibit that was displayed at the Montana Natural History Center between April 4 and May 12, 2025. It displays my photographs that I took of some of the animals I worked with during my summer 2024 internship at ZooMontana. In this project, I educate the public about three main functions of zoos--rescue, conservation, and education--through the stories and lives of four species. These animals all have unique stories that are important to share to improve public knowledge of why zoos are important and how we can improve relationships between humans and wildlife. Photography is …
Exploring The Impacts Of Secondary/Foreign Language Development On Childhood Development, Malone A. Ingram
Exploring The Impacts Of Secondary/Foreign Language Development On Childhood Development, Malone A. Ingram
Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts
The central topic of my research project explores the positive impacts that early second language acquisition has on childhood development . I examine its effect through the lens of bilingual education in Missoula County Public Schools, identifying possible shortcomings in the language education programs in elementary schools, as well as feasible solutions. I approach this research from two distinct directions: a literature review and original data collection. I will analyse existing studies and information relating to bilingualism and its positive impact on childhood development. This will provide context and support for my interview questions. Next, for my own independent research, …
Using Wida English Language Development Standards Framework To Make Language Visible In An International Baccalaureate Unit Of Inquiry, Wanqing Zhao
All Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis discusses the integration of the theory and practices of International Baccalaureate (IB) programs with those of the World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA) English Language Development (ELD) Standards Framework (2020) to enhance language learning for English Language Learners (ELLs) in an IB Primary Years Program (PYP) in China. Focusing on a fourth-grade Unit of Inquiry (UOI) that concerns human migration, this paper explores two core areas: alignment between IB’s holistic, inquiry-driven approach and the WIDA ELD Standards Framework (2020), and strategies for making language visible to ELLs through WIDA’s Key Language Use of Explain genre family. The Teaching …
The Impact Of Trauma-Informed Teaching In A Middle School Classroom, Kathleen M. Wittig
The Impact Of Trauma-Informed Teaching In A Middle School Classroom, Kathleen M. Wittig
All Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Student trauma has become more prevalent in the classroom setting since the COVID-19 pandemic. More and more schools are adopting a trauma-informed/sensitive approach to teaching to serve the growing number of students with trauma in the classroom. Educators are finding themselves faced with more emotional and behavioral issues in the classroom, teacher burnout is increasing daily, and more students are being referred to special education. It is not that these students are bad kids; rather, it is that they lack certain skills to allow them to be successful. Instead of trying to change the child, educators need to look at …
Academic Freedom Under Attack: How Faculty And Students Can Protect Their Rights Situated In The Scholarly And Public Spheres, Emma Hansen
Honors Senior Capstones and Theses
This thesis project challenged me to apply my learning to the larger community and accomplish something that would make a lasting impact at Roger Williams University. When I was attempting to come up with my topic, I tussled with how my project could accomplish my main goal, to help people. With the current threats to academic freedom and institutional autonomy from the Trump Administration, I recognized that the faculty were expressing concern about the permanence of their jobs. The general feeling on campus and in the news was fear. So, I thought to myself, “How do I put these fears …
Build Your Capacity For Aging Research: A Research Readiness Curriculum, Carrie Leach, Mikayla Harrison, Zachary Rowe, Dell Stubblefield, Deborah Beard, Winona Bynum, Sandra Turner-Handy, Faith Hopp, Rodlescia Sneed, Deborah Charbonneau, Rochelle Chapman, Hayley S. Thompson
Build Your Capacity For Aging Research: A Research Readiness Curriculum, Carrie Leach, Mikayla Harrison, Zachary Rowe, Dell Stubblefield, Deborah Beard, Winona Bynum, Sandra Turner-Handy, Faith Hopp, Rodlescia Sneed, Deborah Charbonneau, Rochelle Chapman, Hayley S. Thompson
Institute of Gerontology
This curriculum was developed with and for older adults in order to provide a basic understanding of the academic research process and to familiarize them with research terms and concepts to increase thier overall level of confidence engaging with researchers.
Age-Friendly Technology Toolkit, Carrie Leach, Mikayla Harrison, Deborah Beard, Dell Stubblefield, Zachary Rowe, Winona Bynum, Sandra Turner-Handy, Faith Hopp, Rodlescia Sneed, Deborah Charbonneau, Rochelle Chapman, Hayley S. Thompson
Age-Friendly Technology Toolkit, Carrie Leach, Mikayla Harrison, Deborah Beard, Dell Stubblefield, Zachary Rowe, Winona Bynum, Sandra Turner-Handy, Faith Hopp, Rodlescia Sneed, Deborah Charbonneau, Rochelle Chapman, Hayley S. Thompson
Institute of Gerontology
A toolkit created for older people who are interested in connecting through technology. Content is based on recommendations from older adults who partnered on a project to increase digital inclusion.
Rabble: A Companion To Pwa-Tem (2025)
Rabble: A Companion To Pwa-Tem (2025)
Rabble, 2014-
Rabble is a companion chapbook publication to the magazine Pwatem. From the preface of most issues: "'Tell the rabble my name is Cabell."- James Branch Cabell to his editor, to help people learn how to pronounce his name. Cabell used the word derogatively but we are taking it back. These pages will showcase the writing and illustrations of our rabble-the ordinary students of VCU."
Emanata Presents: Obsession (2025)
Emanata Presents: Obsession (2025)
Emanata, 2014-
Started by illustrator and comics artist Chris Kindred in 2014 with Weird, Vol. 1, Emanata is VCU’s first-ever comics anthology.
A Number Talk Informed By The Socio-Ecological, Elizabeth Suazo-Flores, Darian Sherva, Christine Mcgrail, Amber Adgerson
A Number Talk Informed By The Socio-Ecological, Elizabeth Suazo-Flores, Darian Sherva, Christine Mcgrail, Amber Adgerson
Teaching, Leadership & Professional Practice Faculty Publications
Fourth graders used a variety of strategies to identify the total number of objects buried in the soil.
The Relationships Between Learner Socio-Demographic Factors, Self-Efficacy, Culture, And Student Engagement In The Online Learning Environment, Nikki L. Lagrone
The Relationships Between Learner Socio-Demographic Factors, Self-Efficacy, Culture, And Student Engagement In The Online Learning Environment, Nikki L. Lagrone
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
The continuing need to understand and evaluate student engagement, specifically in the online learning environment, is critical for researchers and instructional designers. To design online learning for optimal learning outcomes, researchers must account for the individual cultural and cognitive characteristics of the learner. By examining cultural attributes of the learner, instructional designers will be able to design online instruction as a more inclusive learning environment. This quantitative, explanatory correlational research study aimed to investigate the relationship between learner cultural attributes and online student engagement. Additionally, how learner socio-demographic factors and online learning self-efficacy are related to online student engagement were …
Encouraging Selection Of Effective Learning Strategies, Kaya Easley
Encouraging Selection Of Effective Learning Strategies, Kaya Easley
Graduate Research Theses & Dissertations
College students have difficulty selecting effective learning strategies, often due to their perceptions of cost and value of these strategies. The goal of the present study was to examine ways to increase students’ perceptions of value to outweigh their perceptions of cost to help them select an effective learning strategy (generation). Students were randomly assigned to one of five conditions in an additive design: no treatment control, experience comparing generation to a less effective learning strategy, experience plus information about its application to one’s life, experience and application plus evidence of the effectiveness of generation, or experience, application, and evidence, …
Experiencing The Shift: How Experiential Blended Learning Professional Development Enhances Teacher Self-Efficacy, Shannon N. Tabaldo, Ashley L. Ireland
Experiencing The Shift: How Experiential Blended Learning Professional Development Enhances Teacher Self-Efficacy, Shannon N. Tabaldo, Ashley L. Ireland
Journal of Catholic Education
This qualitative study examines how participation in a multi-year, experiential professional development program—the Academy of Blended Learning (ABL)—shaped teachers’ perceived self-efficacy in implementing blended learning. Grounded in Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, Bruner’s constructivism, and Knowles’ adult learning principles, the study drew on semi-structured interviews and instructional artifacts from eight teachers in Catholic schools serving historically marginalized communities in California. Findings suggest that ABL participation was associated with increased instructional confidence, a stronger sense of professional purpose, and greater enthusiasm for student-centered, technology-enhanced learning. Teachers attributed these shifts to ABL’s design, which emphasized active participation, collaborative inquiry, differentiated instruction, and development of …
Minding The Gap: How Do New Lcap Requirements Address Equity For English Learners?, Magaly Lavadenz, Ph.D., Raquel Gonzalez, Ph.D., Elvira G. Armas, Ed.D., Gisela O'Brien, Ph.D., Hannah Catron, M.A., Jeimee Estrada-Miller, Ph.D., M.P.P.
Minding The Gap: How Do New Lcap Requirements Address Equity For English Learners?, Magaly Lavadenz, Ph.D., Raquel Gonzalez, Ph.D., Elvira G. Armas, Ed.D., Gisela O'Brien, Ph.D., Hannah Catron, M.A., Jeimee Estrada-Miller, Ph.D., M.P.P.
Reports
California’s Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), signed into law in 2013, centers equity as a key to increased and improved services for three targeted student subgroups, including English Learners (ELs), low-income students, and foster youth. As a component of LCFF, districts develop Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs) to specify their goals and strategies for using LCFF funds for equity and continuous improvement purposes. In this report, Lavadenz and colleagues use a sample of 26 California public school districts with high numbers/percentages of ELs, finding that although some progress has been made, public schools continue to miss the mark in …
Ultrasonic Sensor-Based Sound Synthesis Using Raspberry Pi Pico W, Niraj Jaishwal
Ultrasonic Sensor-Based Sound Synthesis Using Raspberry Pi Pico W, Niraj Jaishwal
Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects
At the intersection of Human Computer Interaction and digital art, this project transforms simple motion into musical expression. It explores an interactive real-time sound synthesis system using ultrasonic sensors to generate continuous audio. The objective is to design a system that maps physical distances into musical parameters such as pitch and amplitude, which will create a responsive audio environment. Two ultrasonic sensors are used in combination with the Raspberry Pi Pico W microcontroller running CircuitPython and Adafruit Audio Hat for real-time sound output. One sensor controls the pitch of the generated tone, while the other controls volume. This enables expressive …
Montessori And Self-Regulation, Abbey Ray
Montessori And Self-Regulation, Abbey Ray
Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects
This paper explores how the Montessori approach supports young children’s self-regulation and sense of agency. Reviewing ten peer-reviewed studies, it compares Montessori classrooms with traditional early childhood programs and finds consistent evidence that Montessori practices, such as child-led activities, structured autonomy, self-correcting materials, and supportive teacher guidance, significantly improve children’s attention, impulse control, emotional regulation, and independent decision-making. The review also notes the influence of teacher beliefs and carefully prepared environments on these outcomes. While the research strongly supports Montessori’s positive impact, gaps remain in studies involving diverse populations and long-term effects. Overall, Montessori education emerges as an effective model …
Professional Development Workshop: Strategy To Increase Registered Nurse (Rn) Retention, Diane Hegedus Msn, Rn, Phrn, Cen, Npd-Bc
Professional Development Workshop: Strategy To Increase Registered Nurse (Rn) Retention, Diane Hegedus Msn, Rn, Phrn, Cen, Npd-Bc
Department of Education
(c) Lehigh Valley Health Network
All items are copyright to Lehigh Valley Health Network.