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Full-Text Articles in Education

Multi-Actor Roles In Basic Education Provision For Indonesian Migrant Workers’ Children In Sabah And Sarawak, Neneng Heryati, Chandra Wijaya, Lina Jannah Dec 2025

Multi-Actor Roles In Basic Education Provision For Indonesian Migrant Workers’ Children In Sabah And Sarawak, Neneng Heryati, Chandra Wijaya, Lina Jannah

Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan

This study examines the governance of basic education access for Indonesian Migrant Workers’ children in Sabah and Sarawak by focusing on the roles of multi-actors involved in service provision. Using a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews and document analysis, the study finds that the operation of Community Learning Centers is highly dependent on the interaction between the Malaysian government as the licensing authority, plantation companies as facility providers and funders, and the Indonesian government through Atdikbud, KJRI/KRI, and SIKK as facilitators of educational diplomacy and the roles of PMI communities. Non-governmental organizations such as Humana Child Aid Society also enhance …


Teachers' Perspectives On Humane Education Implementation, Rebecca Ann Bartaway Dec 2025

Teachers' Perspectives On Humane Education Implementation, Rebecca Ann Bartaway

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Humane education (HE) encompasses multiple concepts, including animal ethics, ecological environment, and social justice. The problem prompting this study was that individuals who have graduated from a higher education HE program face challenges in successfully integrating HE into their K–12 classrooms. Grounded by Weil's solutionary approach to HE, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the teaching experiences of individuals who graduated from a higher education HE program and successfully integrated HE into their classrooms. Participants were purposefully sampled from a small population of educators who completed a U.S. degree or certificate program in HE and successfully …


Mapping Research Trends On Mental Health Literacy Among University Students: A Bibliometric Systematic Review, Eko Pramudya Laksana, Muslihati Muslihati, Arbin Janu Setiyowati, Salsabila Kholifahtun Nisa, Muhammad Nur Hudha, Margaret Kehinde Soetan Dec 2025

Mapping Research Trends On Mental Health Literacy Among University Students: A Bibliometric Systematic Review, Eko Pramudya Laksana, Muslihati Muslihati, Arbin Janu Setiyowati, Salsabila Kholifahtun Nisa, Muhammad Nur Hudha, Margaret Kehinde Soetan

Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling

Mental health is a global issue that has received increasing attention, particularly among university students. Mental health literacy (MHL) is an important factor in promoting students' psychological well-being through knowledge, attitudes, and the ability to recognize and address mental health problems. This study aims to map the developmental trends of MHL research among university students in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the direction and focus of studies in this field. This research employed a bibliometric literature review approach by analyzing 48 journal articles indexed in the Scopus database and published between 2021 and 2025. The findings indicate that …


Group Counseling Deactivation Mode To Improve Psychological Well-Being Of Students, Muya Barida, Dian Ari Widyastuti, Yuanita Dwi Krisphianti, Aslina Ahmad, Nurul Hidayati Rofiah, Andriyani Andriyani, Riana Mashar, Emiko Saraswaty Dec 2025

Group Counseling Deactivation Mode To Improve Psychological Well-Being Of Students, Muya Barida, Dian Ari Widyastuti, Yuanita Dwi Krisphianti, Aslina Ahmad, Nurul Hidayati Rofiah, Andriyani Andriyani, Riana Mashar, Emiko Saraswaty

Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling

Life moves dynamically, profoundly impacting adolescents and often causing deep anxiety due to numerous pressures. The gap between expectations and reality frequently exacerbates this anxiety. Ideally, adolescents should be equipped to manage their inner lives to prevent excessive anxiety, and individuals can better manage anxiety if they possess strong psychological well-being. This study aims to improve psychological well-being through a group counseling deactivation mode. The research applied an experimental research method with a one group pretest-posttest design. Participants consisting of junior high school students in Yogyakarta, selected through purposive sampling for their low psychological well-being levels. Data on psychological well-being …


Online Counseling In Improving Achievement Motivation Over The Last Decade: A Bibliometric Review, Shopyan Jepri Kurniawan, Bambang Dibyo Wiyono, Mohd. Aziz Zulazmi Dec 2025

Online Counseling In Improving Achievement Motivation Over The Last Decade: A Bibliometric Review, Shopyan Jepri Kurniawan, Bambang Dibyo Wiyono, Mohd. Aziz Zulazmi

Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling

This research aims to determine online counseling research trends to increase achievement motivation. The method used in this research is bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer. The data used is the Scopus database for the last 10 years. Research findings found that there were 4302 documents that met the specified criteria. The number of online counseling studies increased gradually over the 2013-2022 research period. The largest source of documents comes from 3691 articles. Meanwhile, the annual distribution of 100 or more citations will be the highest in 2022 with 16. The keyword ``achievement motivation'' is not included in the top 10 keywords, …


Learning Engagement In Primary Education: Development And Validation Of A Contextualized Scale For Indonesian Elementary School Students, Meidias Abror Wicaksono, Edy Purwanto, Tri Joko Raharjo, Diani Akmalia Apsari, Bambang Subali, Nuni Widiarti Dec 2025

Learning Engagement In Primary Education: Development And Validation Of A Contextualized Scale For Indonesian Elementary School Students, Meidias Abror Wicaksono, Edy Purwanto, Tri Joko Raharjo, Diani Akmalia Apsari, Bambang Subali, Nuni Widiarti

Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling

This study aims to develop and examine the validity and reliability of a contextual learning engagement scale for elementary school students. The scale was develop based on the learning motivation and behavior theory by Schunk, Pintrich, and Meece, and interest dimensions from Ainley. A quantitative approach using instrument development design was employed. Data analysis was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to evaluate the construct structure. A total of 330 students from grades 4, 5 and 6 were selected through cluster random sampling. The results revealed that the scale consists of four dimensions: learning enthusiasm, learning persistence, learning autonomy, and …


A Comparative Study Of Conceptual Metaphors In Indonesian And Chinese Economic Headlines, Hendy Yuniarto Dec 2025

A Comparative Study Of Conceptual Metaphors In Indonesian And Chinese Economic Headlines, Hendy Yuniarto

Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya

This study examines how economic concepts are metaphorically constructed in Indonesian and Chinese news headlines. Employing the Lakoff and Johnson's framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, the study analyzes and compares conceptual metaphors in economic news headlines from CNBC Indonesia and China Business Network published between January and April 2025. Employing a qualitative methodology guided by MIPVU, the study mapped conceptual economic metaphors in a corpus of 500 economic news headlines. The investigation demonstrates a significant overlap in the conceptualization of economic events in both languages: economic actions are physical movements, business is a natural force, economy is a competition, money …


Family Cohesion As A Mediator Of The Impact Of Internal Locus Of Control On Students' Career Maturity: A Path Analysis, Rina Sangadah, Dwi Yuwono Puji Sugiharto, Heru Mugiarso Dec 2025

Family Cohesion As A Mediator Of The Impact Of Internal Locus Of Control On Students' Career Maturity: A Path Analysis, Rina Sangadah, Dwi Yuwono Puji Sugiharto, Heru Mugiarso

Buletin Konseling Inovatif

This study investigates the function of family cohesion as a mediator between internal locus of control and career maturity among vocational high school students. The primary aim of this study is to examine how individuals' ideas regarding their power over their life (internal locus of control) affect their preparedness to make career decisions and the degree to which familial harmony and support mediate this relationship. This study employs a quantitative methodology via a survey approach. Data were gathered from 381 twelfth-grade vocational high school students in Purbalingga Regency, Indonesia, selected through purposive sampling methods. The utilized instruments included the internal …


Cindy Sabik’S “Lessons In Object Impermanence”, Morris (Mo) Cohen Dec 2025

Cindy Sabik’S “Lessons In Object Impermanence”, Morris (Mo) Cohen

Turning Toward Being: The Journal of Ontological Inquiry in Education

No abstract provided.


A Brief Reflection On Elkhoury’S Article, Jonathan Whiskerd Dec 2025

A Brief Reflection On Elkhoury’S Article, Jonathan Whiskerd

Turning Toward Being: The Journal of Ontological Inquiry in Education

No abstract provided.


Making A Difference Through Authentic Autobiographical Performance, Susie Miles, Helen Scott-Danter Dec 2025

Making A Difference Through Authentic Autobiographical Performance, Susie Miles, Helen Scott-Danter

Turning Toward Being: The Journal of Ontological Inquiry in Education

Authentic autobiographical performance has the potential to open up possibilities for audience members to see their lives in new ways and take actions that make a difference in the world. This article describes the development of a 45-minute autobiographical performance from its initial creation in 2017 through its evolutionary journey to the Edinburgh Fringe in 2024, and beyond. The creative process is presented from the perspective of both the performer and the director-coach, and brings together the worlds of education and theatre. The authors ask themselves: what does it mean to share their lived experiences authentically? They conclude that the …


Julian Marshall Interview, Julian Marshall, Morris (Mo) Cohen Dec 2025

Julian Marshall Interview, Julian Marshall, Morris (Mo) Cohen

Turning Toward Being: The Journal of Ontological Inquiry in Education

This conversational inquiry explores the ontology of creativity through an extended dialogue between two educators at the Institute of Contemporary Music Performance. Moving beyond conventional pedagogical frameworks, the conversation grapples with fundamental questions: What is the relationship between technique and creative emergence? How does the teacher create conditions for creativity without systematizing or conceptualizing the creative process itself? What role do trust, validation, and vulnerability play in opening students to their own creative potential? Drawing on diverse philosophical and spiritual traditions--from Heidegger’s ontological inquiry to Buddhist concepts of not-knowing, from Grotowski’s via negativa to the Kabbalistic notion of tzimtzum--Julian Marshall …


From Essays To Embodiment: Reimagining Student-Centered Assessment Through Creative Practice, Rory Bester, Carla Lever, Bongani Kona, Mona Hakimi Dec 2025

From Essays To Embodiment: Reimagining Student-Centered Assessment Through Creative Practice, Rory Bester, Carla Lever, Bongani Kona, Mona Hakimi

Turning Toward Being: The Journal of Ontological Inquiry in Education

This essay explores the experience of implementing podcast-based assessment in ‘Feeling History, Making History,’ a semester-long course at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) in South Africa. The course is designed to cultivate broad-based critical and interdisciplinary skill sets in first-year Humanities students. Through pedagogical reflection across three consecutive iterations of this course, we investigate how creative assessment practices such as podcasting both enabled our students to bring their whole “selves” into the academy and productively challenged our own preconceived notions about effective, decolonial pedagogy.


“The Being Of Being Creative” In Assessment: Learning From The Creative And Performing Arts, Eliana Elkhoury Dec 2025

“The Being Of Being Creative” In Assessment: Learning From The Creative And Performing Arts, Eliana Elkhoury

Turning Toward Being: The Journal of Ontological Inquiry in Education

Assessment design shapes not only what students learn, but who they become as learners. In the era of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), where information is abundant and recall is easily outsourced, higher education assessment must move beyond memorization and toward authentic tasks that cultivate deeper learning and ontological growth. This conceptual, reflective paper argues that assessment should be grounded in students’ mode of being, rather than restricted to knowing, having, or doing. Drawing on Barnett’s ontology of higher education, Biesta’s subjectification, and Su’s epistemological distinctions, this paper positions assessment as a formative site where agency, ownership, identity, and self-understanding can …


The Being Of The Performer, Alice Marshall Dec 2025

The Being Of The Performer, Alice Marshall

Turning Toward Being: The Journal of Ontological Inquiry in Education

This work presents an autoethnographic, practice-as-research inquiry into Tender Steps (Adaire to Dance, 2024), a dance-for-film grounded in the author’s lived experience of baby loss. Through embodied reflection, the article explores how personal experience becomes a site of inquiry, examining the relationship between the performer’s being and the act of performance. Drawing on phenomenological and performance-based perspectives, it considers how posture, weight, breath, and voice function as embodied knowledge and how meaning is co-constructed through the intersubjective relationship between performer and audience. It reflects on the ethical and emotional implications of making lived experience public within a digitally mediated form …


On Inspiration, Laura Bissel, Emily Doolittle, Laura González Dec 2025

On Inspiration, Laura Bissel, Emily Doolittle, Laura González

Turning Toward Being: The Journal of Ontological Inquiry in Education

In this creative conversation, we three artist-researchers at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland ponder inspiration in education and in our own creative practices from a range of perspectives. Each of us offers a provocation on “inspiration” from our own field of practice-research, to each other, to our colleagues, and to our community. This document presents the conversation that ensues. Drawing on our collective experiences of undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, doctoral supervision across a range of performing arts and interdisciplinary fields, teaching body-centred practices such as yoga and pranayama, peer-to-peer mentoring of both academic and practice-based research, practice research methodologies, and …


Editorial Statement: Volume 3, Issue 2, Morris (Mo) Cohen, Jonathan Whiskerd Dec 2025

Editorial Statement: Volume 3, Issue 2, Morris (Mo) Cohen, Jonathan Whiskerd

Turning Toward Being: The Journal of Ontological Inquiry in Education

No abstract provided.


Enhancing Student Engagement In Numerical Methods: The Impact Of Alternative Grading Practices, Vivek Singhal, Kenan Baltaci, Oai Ha Dec 2025

Enhancing Student Engagement In Numerical Methods: The Impact Of Alternative Grading Practices, Vivek Singhal, Kenan Baltaci, Oai Ha

Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence

Access the online Pressbooks version of this introduction here.

Student engagement is critical for achieving positive academic and social outcomes. However, maintaining high engagement levels in challenging math-based courses like numerical methods can be difficult. This study addresses this challenge by implementing two assessment-based strategies: a bonus point self-assessment rubric and peer evaluations. These interventions aim to incentivize engagement and reward essential skills such as effort and teamwork, which are often overlooked by traditional grading systems but are crucial for success beyond the classroom. While existing research highlights the potential benefits of self-assessments and peer evaluations, there is limited evidence …


Virtual Teaching During Covid-19: Attitudes, Abilities, And Educational Needs Of Cooperative Extension Staff, Kathryn Yerxa, Kayla L. Parsons, Jennifer Lobley Dec 2025

Virtual Teaching During Covid-19: Attitudes, Abilities, And Educational Needs Of Cooperative Extension Staff, Kathryn Yerxa, Kayla L. Parsons, Jennifer Lobley

Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence

Access the online Pressbooks version of this introduction here.

This study aimed to 1) identify the attitudes and abilities of Cooperative Extension staff regarding the delivery of virtual educational programming based on their characteristics and 2) identify professional development priorities to effectively deliver programming virtually. We disseminated an adapted Faculty Readiness to Teach Online questionnaire to Cooperative Extension staff via Qualtrics. Mean and standard deviation were calculated from complete surveys (n = 67) for each virtual programming competency in the self-reported attitude and ability sections, categorized by position type, years of teaching, and program area. We conducted a MANCOVA to …


Coaching Undergraduates, A Conceptual And Practical Guide, Anna Carissa Rozzo Dec 2025

Coaching Undergraduates, A Conceptual And Practical Guide, Anna Carissa Rozzo

Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence

Access the online Pressbooks version of this introduction here.

The overall aim of this paper is to provide a holistic orientation to the practice of person-centered coaching while providing tangible methods that faculty and advisors in higher education may be able to integrate into their professional practices. This conceptual paper explores the theoretical and practical intersections of coaching and teaching, presenting a flexible modality to support student-centered learning. The author provides readers with general guidance and templates for goal setting, problem solving, and assessment that practitioners may adapt to their own contexts.


Coaching Graduate Students Through Early Childhood Focused Community-Engaged Learning: Graduate Student Perspectives And Course Design, Sarah Tulane, Shirlene Call Law Dec 2025

Coaching Graduate Students Through Early Childhood Focused Community-Engaged Learning: Graduate Student Perspectives And Course Design, Sarah Tulane, Shirlene Call Law

Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence

Access the online Pressbooks version of this introduction here.

Community-engaged learning (CEL) in graduate-level coursework contributes to professional development and growth. CEL course design requires intentional and time-intensive planning. A graduate-level child development course was designed for CEL using the following process: needs assessment, training for community education, preparing materials, practicing with feedback, presenting to an authentic audience, and reflection on the experience. Students created presentations for authentic parent audiences based on a needs assessment of parent interest in child development topics. Reflections from four students in the course were analyzed using a general thematic analysis technique. Three themes emerged. …


Jete Introduction Fall 2025, Nichelle Frank Dec 2025

Jete Introduction Fall 2025, Nichelle Frank

Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence

Access the online Pressbooks version of this introduction here.

An introduction to the Spring 2025 issue of the Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence.


Full Issue: Journal On Empowering Teaching Excellence, Volume 9, Issue 2, Fall 2025 Dec 2025

Full Issue: Journal On Empowering Teaching Excellence, Volume 9, Issue 2, Fall 2025

Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence

The full-length Fall 2025 issue (Volume 9, Issue 2) of the Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence

Access the online Pressbooks version (with downloadable EPUB format) here.

This issue of the Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence brings together articles that highlight approaches for engaging students and broader communities through teaching, coaching, and assessment in higher education. The contributions examine community-engaged learning in graduate coursework, the use of coaching practices to support student-centered teaching and advising, Cooperative Extension staff readiness for virtual instruction, and alternative assessment strategies aimed at increasing engagement and reducing anxiety in challenging STEM courses. Collectively, the articles …


Geographic And Sociodemographic Disparities In Early Hearing Detection And Intervention Adherence, Amanda Pavan, Anton Kvit, Michael Van Skiba, Analise Ristic, Kirsten R. Coverstone Dec 2025

Geographic And Sociodemographic Disparities In Early Hearing Detection And Intervention Adherence, Amanda Pavan, Anton Kvit, Michael Van Skiba, Analise Ristic, Kirsten R. Coverstone

Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention

Early identification and intervention are crucial to minimizing impacts of congenital hearing loss. Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programs recommend newborn hearing screening before one month of age and a diagnostic audiologic evaluation before three months for infants who do not pass the screening. However, not all infants meet these benchmarks, as geographic and sociodemographic factors may influence adherence.

Addresses of primary contacts and audiology clinics were geocoded to calculate drive times to the nearest clinic in 10-minute intervals for infants born in Minnesota between 2019 and 2021. Birth location, NICU admittance, and sociodemographic characteristics were also analyzed. Random …


From Policy To Practice In Deaf Education: American Sign Language And Spoken English Outcomes Of Deaf And Hard Of Hearing Children In Kansas, Jena Mcdaniel, Shreyas Teegala, Rebecca Maloney, Angie Walker, Mary S. Dietrich, Matthew L. Hall, Leah C. Geer, Julie Bustos Dec 2025

From Policy To Practice In Deaf Education: American Sign Language And Spoken English Outcomes Of Deaf And Hard Of Hearing Children In Kansas, Jena Mcdaniel, Shreyas Teegala, Rebecca Maloney, Angie Walker, Mary S. Dietrich, Matthew L. Hall, Leah C. Geer, Julie Bustos

Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention

Purpose: In the context of the recent expectation for state Early Hearing Detection and Intervention programs to track language milestones of deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children, we examine how to leverage statewide assessment programs for improving language outcomes of DHH children. We present the degree to which DHH children in Kansas are meeting their language milestones for American Sign Language (ASL) and English and the influence of two measurement features.

Method: Performance on the ASL/English Language Milestones for 198 children who were DHH (aged 1 to 8) was analyzed for attainment of age-expected language skills and …


Factors Affecting Timely Intervention For Children Who Are Deaf Or Hard Of Hearing: Perceptions Of Texas Early Intervention Providers, Julianna C. Wanek, Sandy K. Bowen Dec 2025

Factors Affecting Timely Intervention For Children Who Are Deaf Or Hard Of Hearing: Perceptions Of Texas Early Intervention Providers, Julianna C. Wanek, Sandy K. Bowen

Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions and experiences of early childhood intervention (ECI) professionals concerning timely intervention for children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) in Texas. The data for this study was collected through semi-structured, qualitative interviews of 10 ECI practitioners in Texas. Interview data analysis followed the six-phase framework of Thematic Analysis. The data collected identified three major themes: (a) roles and responsibilities, (b) family attributes and experiences, and (c) “deaf” is different. Overall, the findings reveal that the referral and service process for infants and toddlers who are DHH in Texas …


Relationship Between Principal Instructional Leadership And Students' 21st Century Skills Performance On The National Achievement Test (Nat), Mark – Jhon R. Prestoza, Niño D. Naldoza Dec 2025

Relationship Between Principal Instructional Leadership And Students' 21st Century Skills Performance On The National Achievement Test (Nat), Mark – Jhon R. Prestoza, Niño D. Naldoza

PUP Education Review

This study aims to examine the relationship between principal instructional leadership behaviours and students’ performance in key 21st Century Skills, as measured by the National Achievement Test (NAT). The sample was selected using a stratified random sampling method, encompassing public schools within the region. The final study group consisted of 11 principals and 327 teachers across various educational institutions, with a total of 670 teachers in the region. To assess principal instructional leadership behaviours, the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS) was employed, while students’ performance in problem-solving, information literacy, and critical thinking was measured using the NAT results. Data …


A 4d Analysis Of Appreciative Inquiry:Evaluating Its Applicability And Effectivenessin Bvs Colleges’ Administrative Management, Sheillo D. De La Cruz Dec 2025

A 4d Analysis Of Appreciative Inquiry:Evaluating Its Applicability And Effectivenessin Bvs Colleges’ Administrative Management, Sheillo D. De La Cruz

PUP Education Review

This study explored the applicability and effectiveness of the Appreciative Inquiry (AI) approach in the administrative management of BVS Colleges, utilizing the 4D framework (Discovery, Dream, Design, Destiny). Employing a descriptive survey design, the research utilized a survey questionnaire to collect data from both teaching and non-teaching staff. It aimed to assess the perceived levels of applicability and effectiveness of AI across the four phases of the 4D framework, and to determine if significant differences existed between the perceptions of teaching and non-teaching staff. Additionally, the correlation between the perceived applicability and effectiveness was analyzed. The results indicated a high …


Effectiveness Of Nurturing Engagement And Lifelong Learning Through Audio-Visual (Nella) As Supplementary Materials In Enhancing The Academic Performance Of Grade 11 Students In Food And Beverage Services, Wileila G. Ignacio Dec 2025

Effectiveness Of Nurturing Engagement And Lifelong Learning Through Audio-Visual (Nella) As Supplementary Materials In Enhancing The Academic Performance Of Grade 11 Students In Food And Beverage Services, Wileila G. Ignacio

PUP Education Review

The demand for skilled professionals in the Food and Beverage Services sector highlights the critical need for effective teaching methodologies that can boost student engagement and performance. However, conventional classroom instruction often struggles to meet the diverse learning needs of students and to provide the practical, immersive experience necessary for a deep understanding of the subject matter. This challenge points to a notable research gap: the need to explore innovative supplementary educational tools, specifically audio-visual materials, and their direct impact on knowledge retention and comprehension in this vocational area. To address this, the current study investigated the effectiveness of Nurturing …


Narratives Of The Community Skills Development Program Completers In District 1, Makati, Soliel Samson, Jonathan Florida Dec 2025

Narratives Of The Community Skills Development Program Completers In District 1, Makati, Soliel Samson, Jonathan Florida

PUP Education Review

The Community Skills Development Program (CSDP) is a term encompassing all the skills training taken by our completers as implemented by TESDA or DSWD in partnership with other government bureaus, the local government units (LGUs), and/or with the support of private entities or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to provide skills training to the low-income and vulnerable sectors of the municipality. The study focused on the completers from the 1st District of Makati, exploring their perspective and experiences in taking the CSDP to highlight the achievement of its main goal of combating poverty by enhancing the participants’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes, thereby …