Biotechnology Commons^™

Intellectual Property And Opportunities For Food Security In The Philippines, Jane Payumo, Howard Grimes, Antonio Alfonso, Stanley P. Kowalski, Keith Jones, Karim Maredia, Rodolfo Estigoy

Law Faculty Scholarship

By 2050, the Philippine population is projected to increase by as much as 41 percent, from 99.9 million to nearly 153 million people. Producing enough food for such an expanding population and achieving food security remain a challenge for the Philippine government. This paper argued that intellectual property rights (IPR) can play a key role in achieving the nation’s current goal to be food-secure and provided examples to illustrate that the presence of sound intellectual property (IP) helps foster research, development, and deployment of agricultural innovations. This paper also offered key recommendations about how the IP system can be further …

Mitochondrial Glutathione Transport: Implications For Bcl-2 And Neuronal Survival, Heather Marie Wilkins

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Oxidative stress is a contributing factor to many neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, mitochondria are a key source of oxidative stress due to electron leakage at the level of the electron transport chain. To combat the endogenous production of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species mitochondria are equipped with several redox-cycling systems, such as glutathione (GSH). Mitochondrial GSH has been shown to be a critical reservoir of this antioxidant, where selective depletion of mitochondrial GSH can induce apoptosis in several systems. Many studies have intricately linked Bcl-2 to cellular GSH status and it has been previously shown that Bcl-2 is a …

The National Institutes Of Health, Patents, And The Public Interest: An Expanded Rationale Of Justice Breyer’S Dissent In Stanford V. Roche, Nida Shakir

Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review

In February 2010, the Alzheimer’s Institute of America (AIA) filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Jackson Laboratory, the largest repository of research mice in the world. AIA sued Jackson Laboratory for infringing on AIA’s patent covering a DNA mutation linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Jackson Lab allegedly violated that patent by distributing mice especially bred for Alzheimer’s research. READ MORE, download the article.

Proline Mechanisms Of Stress Survival, Xinwen Liang, Lu Zhang, Sathish Kumar Natarajan, Donald F. Becker

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Significance: The imino acid proline is utilized by different organisms to offset cellular imbalances caused by environmental stress. The wide use in nature of proline as a stress adaptor molecule indicates that proline has a fundamental biological role in stress response. Understanding the mechanisms by which proline enhances abiotic/biotic stress response will facilitate agricultural crop research and improve human health. Recent Advances: It is now recognized that proline metabolism propels cellular signaling processes that promote cellular apoptosis or survival. Studies have shown that proline metabolism influences signaling pathways by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the mitochondria …

Comparative Metabolic Profiling Of Haberlea Rhodopensis, Thellungiella Halophyla, And Arabidopsis Thaliana Exposed To Low Temperature, Maria Benina, Toshihiro Obata, Nikolay Mehterov, Ivan Ivanov, Veselin Petrov, Valentina Toneva, Alisdair R. Fernie, Tsanko S. Gechev

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Haberlea rhodopensis is a resurrection species with extreme resistance to drought stress and desiccation but also with ability to withstand low temperatures and freezing stress. In order to identify biochemical strategies which contribute to Haberlea's remarkable stress tolerance, the metabolic reconfiguration of H. rhodopensis during low temperature (4^◦C) and subsequent return to optimal temperatures (21^◦C) was investigated and compared with that of the stress tolerant Thellungiella halophyla and the stress sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana. Metabolic analysis by GC-MS revealed intrinsic differences in the metabolite levels of the three species even at 21^◦C. H. rhodopensis …

The Contested Vision For Agriculture's Future: Sustainable Intensive Agriculture And Agroecology, Drew L. Kershen

Faculty Articles

No abstract provided.

Functional Convergence Of Structurally Distinct Thioesterases From Cyanobacteria And Plants Involved In Phylloquinone Biosynthesis, Fabienne Furt, William J. Allen, Joshua R. Widhalm, Peter Madzelan, Robert C. Rizzo, Gilles J. Basset, Mark A. Wilson

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

The synthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K₁) in photosynthetic organisms requires a thioesterase that hydrolyzes 1,4-dihydroxy- 2-naphthoyl-CoA (DHNA-CoA) to release 1,4- dihydroxy-2-naphthoate (DHNA). Cyanobacteria and plants contain distantly related hotdog-fold thioesterases that catalyze this reaction, although the structural basis of these convergent enzymatic activities is unknown. To investigate this, the crystal structures of hotdog-fold DHNA-CoA thioesterases from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis (Slr0204) and the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana (AtDHNAT1) were determined. These enzymes form distinct homotetramers and use different active sites to catalyze hydrolysis of DHNACoA, similar to the 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA (4-HBA-CoA) thioesterases from Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter. Like the 4-HBA-CoA …

Microrna Function In Human Diseases, Sathish Kumar Natarajan, Mary Anne Smith, Cody J. Wehrkamp, Ashley M. Mohr, Justin L. Mott

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

MicroRNAs are emerging as a hot topic in research, and rightfully so. They show great promise as targets of treatment and as markers for common human diseases, such as cancer and metabolic diseases. In this review, we address some of the basic questions regarding micro- RNA function in human disease and the clinical significance of microRNAs. Specifically, micro- RNAs in epigenetics, cancer, and metabolic diseases are discussed, with examples taken from cholangiocarcinoma and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Probing Arabidopsis Chloroplast Diacylglycerol Pools By Selectively Targeting Bacterial Diacylglycerol Kinase To Suborganellar Membranes, Bagyalakshmi Muthan, Rebecca Roston, John E. Froehlich, Christoph Benning

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is an intermediate in metabolism of both triacylglycerols and membrane lipids. Probing the steady-state pools of DAG and understanding how they contribute to the synthesis of different lipids is important when designing plants with altered lipid metabolism. However, traditional methods of assaying DAG pools are difficult, because its abundance is low and because fractionation of subcellular membranes affects DAG pools. To manipulate and probe DAG pools in an in vivo context, we generated multiple stable transgenic lines of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that target an Escherichia coli DAGkinase (DAGK) to each leaflet of each chloroplast envelope membrane. …

Elucidating Causes Of Diporeia Decline In The Great Lakes Via Metabolomics: Physiological Responses After Exposure To Different Stressors, Suman Maity, Amber Jannasch, Jiri Adamec, James M. Watkins, Thomas Nalepa, Tomas O. Höök, Maria S. Sepúlveda

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

The benthic macroinvertebrate Diporeia spp. have been extirpated from many areas of the Laurentian Great Lakes, but the mechanisms underlying such declines are not fully understood. Diporeia declines coinciding with the invasion of exotic dreissenid mussels (zebra and quagga) have led to the hypothesis that Diporeia declines are a result of decreased food availability from increasing competition with dreissenids for diatoms. There is additional evidence that Diporeia are negatively affected when in close proximity to dreissenids, probably because of exposure to toxins present in the mussels’ pseudofeces. Diporeia are also known to be sensitive to anthropogenic contaminants (such as polychlorinated …

Reporters For The Analysis Of N-Glycosylation In Candida Albicans, Shahida Shahana, Hector M. Mora-Montes, Luis Castillo, Iryna Bohovych, Chirag C. Sheth, Frank C. Odds, Neil A.R. Gow, Alistair J.P. Brown

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

A large proportion of Candida albicans cell surface proteins are decorated post-translationally by glycosylation. Indeed N-glycosylation is critical for cell wall biogenesis in this major fungal pathogen and for its interactions with host cells. A detailed understanding of N-glycosylation will yield deeper insights into host-pathogen interactions. However, the analysis of N-glycosylation is extremely challenging because of the complexity and heterogeneity of these structures. Therefore, in an attempt to reduce this complexity and facilitate the analysis of N-glycosylation, we have developed new synthetic C. albicans reporters that carry a single N-linked glycosylation site derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Suc₂. These …

Selenodb 2.0: Annotation Of Selenoprotein Genes In Animals And Their Genetic Diversity In Humans, Frederic Romagne, Didac Santesmasses, Louise White, Gaurab K. Sarangi, Marco Mariotti, Ron Hübler, Antje Weihmann, Genis Parra, Vadim N. Gladyshev, Roderic Guigo, Sergi Castellano

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

SelenoDB (http://www.selenodb.org) aims to provide high-quality annotations of selenoprotein genes, proteins and SECIS elements. Selenoproteins are proteins that contain the amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) and the first release of the database included annotations for eight species. Since the release of SelenoDB 1.0 many new animal genomes have been sequenced. The annotations of selenoproteins in new genomes usually contain many errors in major databases. For this reason, we have now fully annotated selenoprotein genes in 58 animal genomes. We provide manually curated annotations for human selenoproteins, whereas we use an automatic annotation pipeline to annotate selenoprotein genes in other animal genomes. …

The Hyaluronan Receptor For Endocytosis (Hare) Activates Nf-Κb-Mediated Gene Expression In Response To 40–400-Kda, But Not Smaller Or Larger, Hyaluronans, Madhu S. Pandey, Bruce A. Baggenstoss, Jennifer Washburn, Edward N. Harris, Paul H. Weigel

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Background: HARE mediates systemic clearance of hyaluronan (HA), which turns over continuously in tissues.

Results: HARE uptake of 40–400-kDa, but not larger or smaller, HA stimulated NF-κB activation.

Conclusion: HA-HARE signal complexes activate NF-κB and gene transcription only with optimally sized HA.

Significance: HARE responsiveness to a narrow size range ofHAdegradation products may be a sensing system to detect tissue ECM stress.

Cure From The Cave: Volcanic Cave Actinomycetes And Their Potential In Drug Discovery, Naowarat (Ann) Cheeptham Dr., Tara Sadoway, Devon Rule, Kent Watson, Paul Moote, Laiel C. Soliman, Nicholas Azad, Kingsley Donkor, Derrick Horne

International Journal of Speleology

Volcanic caves have been little studied for their potential as sources of novel microbial species and bioactive compounds with new scaffolds. We present the first study of volcanic cave microbiology from Canada and suggest that this habitat has great potential for the isolation of novel bioactive substances. Sample locations were plot ted on a contour map that was compiled in ArcView 3.2. Over 400 bacterial isolates were obtained from the Helmcken Falls cave in Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia. From our preliminary screen, of 400 isolates tested, 1% showed activity against extended spectrum ß-lactamase E. coli, 1.75% against Escherichia …

Rapid Detection And Quantification Of Triacylglycerol By Hplc–Elsd In Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii And Chlorella Strains, Naoko Kobayashi, Eric A. Noel, Austin Barnes, Julian Rosenberg, Concetta C. Dirusso, Paul N. Black, George A. Oyler

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Triacylglycerol (TAG) analysis and quantification are commonly performed by first obtaining a purified TAG fraction from a total neutral lipid extract using thinlayer chromatography (TLC), and then analyzing the fatty

acid composition of the purified TAG fraction by gas chromatography (GC). This process is time-consuming, labor

intensive and is not suitable for analysis of small sample sizes or large numbers. A rapid and efficient method for monitoring oil accumulation in algae using high performance liquid chromatography for separation of all lipid classes combined with detection by evaporative light scattering (HPLC–ELSD) was developed and compared to the conventional TLC/GC method. TAG …

The Basis For Limited Specificity And Mhc Restriction In A T Cell Receptor Interface, Kurt H. Piepenbrink, Sydney J. Blevins, Daniel R. Scott, Brian M. Baker

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

αβ Tcell receptors (TCRs) recognize peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins using multiple complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops. TCRs display an array of poorly understood recognition properties, including specificity, crossreactivity and MHC restriction. Here we report a comprehensive thermodynamic deconstruction of the interaction between the A6 TCR and the Tax peptide presented by the class I MHC HLA-A*0201, uncovering the physical basis for the receptor’s recognition properties. Broadly, our findings are in conflict with widely held generalities regarding TCR recognition, such as the relative contributions of central and peripheral peptide residues and the roles of the hypervariable and germline …

Electric Field Standing Wave Effects In Ft-Ir Transflection Spectra Of Biological Tissue Sections: Simulated Models Of Experimental Variability, Tomasz P. Wrobel, Barbara Wajnchold, Hugh Byrne, Malgorzata Baranska

Articles

The so-called electric field standing wave effect (EFSW) has recently been demonstrated to significantly distort FT-IR spectra acquired in a transflection mode, both experimentally and in simulated models, bringing into question the appropriateness of the technique for sample characterization, particularly in the field of spectroscopy of biological materials. The predicted effects are most notable in the regime where the sample thickness is comparable to the source wavelength. In this work, the model is extended to sample thicknesses more representative of biological tissue sections and to include typical experimental factors which are demonstrated to reduce the predicted effects. These include integration …

Using Printed Anhydrous Carbohydrate Glass To Create Water Soluble Scaffolding For Use In Tissue Engineering, Tanner Carden, Devon Bane, Courtney Bane, Gavon Carden

Summer Community of Scholars Posters (RCEU and HCR Combined Programs)

No abstract provided.

The Effects Of Hydrostatic Pressure On Early Endothelial Tubulogenic Processes, Ryan M. Underwood

Theses and Dissertations--Biomedical Engineering

The effects of mechanical forces on endothelial cell function and behavior are well documented, but have not been fully characterized. Specifically, fluid pressure has been shown to elicit physical and chemical responses known to be involved in the initiation and progression of endothelial cell-mediated vascularization. Central to the process of vascularization is the formation of tube-like structures. This process—tubulogenesis—is essential to both the physiological and pathological growth of tissues. Given the known effects of pressure on endothelial cells and its ubiquitous presence in the vasculature, we investigated pressure as a magnitude-dependent parameter for the regulation of endothelial tubulogenic activity. To …

Response To "Sodium Current Inhibition By Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (Nspef) - Fact Or Artifact?" By Verkerk Et Al, Andrei G. Pakhomov

Bioelectrics Publications

It was nice to learn that our studies of nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) effects on membrane currents [Nesin et al., 2012; Nesin and Pakhomov, 2012] gained the attention of scientists outside the immediate field of bioelectromagnetics.