University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Queen Mary University of London
Utah State University
Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia
Infestation By Phorid Flies Disrupts Behavior And Immune Function In Honey Bees Monitored By Radio-Frequency Identification,
2026
Edith Cowan University
Infestation By Phorid Flies Disrupts Behavior And Immune Function In Honey Bees Monitored By Radio-Frequency Identification, Gloria Ruiz-Guzmán, Oliverio Delgado-Carrillo, Francisco J. Balvino-Olvera, María De Jesús Aguilar-Aguilar, Violeta Patiño-Conde, Paulo De Souza, Ulises Olivares-Pinto, Mauricio Quesada
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) are important pollinators in natural and agricultural ecosystems and play a key role in global food production. However, colonies are increasingly affected by multiple stressors, including emerging parasites, which can compromise their health and performance. Among these, phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) have been observed in association with weak or collapsing honey bee colonies in various regions in Mexico, yet their effects on honey bee behavior and immune function under field conditions remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of a phorid fly infestation on the behavior, survival, and immune defense of A. …
Genomic Markers Of Performance Within An Organic Pasture-Based Dairy Heifer Development Program,
2026
Utah State University
Genomic Markers Of Performance Within An Organic Pasture-Based Dairy Heifer Development Program, Connor Douglas Waldron
All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present
Pasture-based dairying is important to organic milk production, but young heifers differ in how well they eat, grow, and adapt to grazing. This study tested whether commercial genetic information could help identify which heifers would perform best on pasture. Genetic samples from 139 Holstein, Jersey, Holstein-Jersey, and ProCross heifers raised on organic pastures in northern Utah were analyzed with the Neogen Igenity Select test and compared with measurements of feed intake, growth, and grazing performance. Genetic scores clearly separated the breed groups, but they were not strong predictors of how individual heifers grew on pasture. Pasture quality, especially forage nutrient …
A New Species Of Liocheles Sundevall, 1833 (Scorpiones: Hormuridae) From Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha, India,
2026
Marshall University
A New Species Of Liocheles Sundevall, 1833 (Scorpiones: Hormuridae) From Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha, India, Saurabh Kininge, Tejas Thackeray, Prakash C. Gogineni, Akshay Khandekar
Euscorpius
A new species of Liocheles Sundevall, 1833 is described based on male and female specimens collected from Similipal Tiger Reserve, Mayurbhanj district, Odisha, India. The new species can be easily distinguished from all six known congeners by combination of non-overlapping morphological characters such as carinae and granulation morphology of pedipalp and metasomal segments, median eye ratios. The discovery of Liocheles similipalensis sp. n., elevate the total number of species of the genus to seven and represent the fourth species to be described from India. The current study also highlights the need of systematic surveys along with detailed morphological and molecular …
The Buck Effect In Goats: A Review Of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms, Modulating Factors, And Applications In Reproductive Management,
2026
Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University
The Buck Effect In Goats: A Review Of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms, Modulating Factors, And Applications In Reproductive Management, Nitira Anakkul, Sopita Suttikrai, Ratree Jintana, Theerawat Swangchan-Uthai
The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine
The male effect (buck effect) is a sustainable, hormone-free biostimulation strategy in caprine reproduction, in which introducing sexually active bucks to seasonally anestrous does increases luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency, thereby stimulating folliculogenesis and ovulation. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the sensory, neuroendocrine, breed-related, and management factors governing male biostimulation in goats (Capra hircus). Olfactory signals, including the identified primer pheromone 4-ethyloctanal, are perceived through the main and accessory olfactory systems and act together with visual, auditory, and tactile cues. These sensory inputs activate the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator probably through the medial amygdala …
Physicochemical, Antioxidant, And Antimicrobial Properties Of Pasteurized Buffalo Milk Fortified With Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) Extract,
2026
Study Program of Animal Production and Technology, IPB University, Indonesia
Physicochemical, Antioxidant, And Antimicrobial Properties Of Pasteurized Buffalo Milk Fortified With Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) Extract, Rikes Taruk Allo, Irma Isnafia Arief, Cahyo Budiman, Dicky Tri Utama, Irfan Dwidya Prijambada, Muhammad Saifur Rohman
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract fortification on the physicochemical properties, nutritional composition, and functional activities of pasteurized buffalo milk. The study employed a 2 × 2 factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three technical replicates. The treatment factors were buffalo milk type (River and Toraja Belang) and roselle extract concentration (0% and 5%, v/v). Fortification with 5% roselle extract decreased the pH to 5.60 ± 0.07 and 5.51 ± 0.06 and the viscosity to 2.76 ± 0.75 and 2.42 ± 0.41 mPa·s, respectively, but did not affect water activity. River buffalo …
Assessment Of Pletekan Leaf Extract (Ruellia Tuberosa L.) As An Antibacterial Feed Additive For Broiler Chickens (Gallus Gallus Domesticus L.) Infected With Salmonella Sp.,
2026
Master of Forensic Science, Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga, 4-6 Airlangga Rd, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
Assessment Of Pletekan Leaf Extract (Ruellia Tuberosa L.) As An Antibacterial Feed Additive For Broiler Chickens (Gallus Gallus Domesticus L.) Infected With Salmonella Sp., Nuria Istiqomah, Poncojari Wahyono, Rury Eryna Putri, Abdulkadir Rahardjanto
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran
The use of synthetic antibiotics as antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in broiler chickens raises concerns over antibiotic residues and bacterial resistance, necessitating safer natural alternatives. Ruellia tuberosa L. contains various secondary metabolites with potential antibacterial properties; however, its in vivo efficacy against Salmonella sp. remains poorly documented. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition of R. tuberosa leaf extract and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Salmonella sp. in broiler chickens. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed with eight treatments: a positive control (tetracycline), a negative control (Tween-80), and six extract concentrations (125, 250, 375, 500, 625, and 1000 …
In Vitro Fermentability And Digestibility Of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon Nardus) Waste Steamed And Fermented Using Different Species Of White-Rot Fungi,
2026
Master Student of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh - 23111, Indonesia
In Vitro Fermentability And Digestibility Of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon Nardus) Waste Steamed And Fermented Using Different Species Of White-Rot Fungi, Muhammad Hamzah, Sitti Wajizah, Indra Wahyudi, Samadi
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran
Waste from citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) distillation has potential as an alternative ruminant feed, but its utilization is limited by its high lignocellulosic content, which reduces digestibility. This study evaluated the effect of fermentation using different white-rot fungi (WRF) species on the in vitro fermentability and digestibility of citronella grass waste. A Completely Randomized Design with five treatments and four replicates was used: an uninoculated control, fermentation with Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinula edodes, and a T. versicolor plus P. chrysosporium consortium. The observed parameters included dry matter and organic matter digestibility, pH, ammonia (NH …
The Effect Of Tannin Powder Supplementation In The Ration On Hematological Profiles And Blood Urea Nitrogen Of Priangan Sheep,
2026
Master’s Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
The Effect Of Tannin Powder Supplementation In The Ration On Hematological Profiles And Blood Urea Nitrogen Of Priangan Sheep, Najwa Hegyra Gumilar, Iman Hernaman, Diding Latipudin, Ghistavera Izvantika
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran
The use of dietary tannins as natural feed additives to regulate rumen protein degradation and improve nitrogen metabolism has been increasingly explored. Nevertheless, the evidence concerning the combined use of chestnut (Castanea sativa) and quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii) tannin extracts in Priangan sheep is still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a commercial tannin powder containing these two plant extracts on Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) concentration and hematological profiles in Priangan sheep. Eighteen healthy male Priangan sheep with an initial average body weight of 19.64±2.51 kg were randomly allocated into three dietary treatments in …
The Effect Of Adding Tannin Powder In The Ration On Performance And Nutrient Digestibility Of Priangan Sheep,
2026
Animal Husbandry Postgraduate Study Program, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia
The Effect Of Adding Tannin Powder In The Ration On Performance And Nutrient Digestibility Of Priangan Sheep, Ghistavera Izvantika, Iman Hernaman, Urip Rosani, Najwa Hegyra Gumilar
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran
This study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary tannin powder supplementation on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Priangan sheep. Eighteen male Priangan sheep, aged 8–9 months and with an average initial body weight of 19.64 ± 2.51 kg, were used in a 77-day experiment consisting of a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 70-day feeding trial. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three dietary treatments and six replicates per treatment. The treatments were as follows: P0, 30% corn stover silage and 70% concentrate; P1, 30% corn stover silage, 69% concentrate, and …
Strategic Value Chain Analysis Of Baiada Poultry: Enhancing The Industrial Value Of Ross Breeders In South Australia,
2026
Universitas Boyolali, Boyolali, Indonesia
Strategic Value Chain Analysis Of Baiada Poultry: Enhancing The Industrial Value Of Ross Breeders In South Australia, Hammam Abdullah, Eudia Christina Wulandari, Zakaria Husein Abdurrahman
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran
The Australian poultry industry is undergoing a significant transformation driven by rising protein demand and stringent standards for animal welfare and biosecurity. As a market leader, Baiada Poultry plays a pivotal role in the upstream Ross breeder sector in South Australia. This study evaluates Baiada’s strategic positioning and operational efficiency to identify how vertical integration and value chain optimization enhance industrial value. Using a descriptive qualitative case study approach, this research utilizes Value Chain Analysis (VCA) and SWOT analysis. Data were gathered through field observations at South Australian breeder facilities, in-depth interviews with management, and comprehensive documentation of biosecurity protocols. …
Comparative Polynomial Modeling Of Ross Breeder Egg Production Curves In South Australia,
2026
Universitas Boyolali, Boyolali, Indonesia
Comparative Polynomial Modeling Of Ross Breeder Egg Production Curves In South Australia, Wasiah Darojatun, Eudia Christina Wulandari, Zakaria Husein Abdurrahman
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran
Egg production is a critical economic indicator in the Australian poultry industry, particularly for Ross breeder broilers. This study aims to evaluate and determine the most accurate mathematical model for representing the egg production curve of Ross breeders at Baiada Farm, South Australia. Data from a 34-week production cycle (week 24 to 57) were analyzed using four polynomial regression models: quadratic, cubic, quartic, and quintic. The parameters evaluated include the rate of increase toward peak production, the persistence after the peak, and the coefficient of determination (R2) to measure model accuracy. Preliminary observations show that Ross breeders exhibit a sharp …
Credit Access And Technical Efficiency Among Laying Hen Farmers In Indonesia: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis,
2026
Master of Science in Agribusiness, Faculty of Economics and Management, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
Credit Access And Technical Efficiency Among Laying Hen Farmers In Indonesia: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis, Mutiara Amalina Khairisa, Dwi Rachmina, Netti Tinaprilla
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran
Eggs are a key source of animal protein for the Indonesian population, as they are relatively inexpensive and accessible even for low-income families. The stability of egg production is important for national food security. Access to credit is crucial for continuity in poultry production and can help farmers sustain their operations through efficient farm management. The study aims to examine the factors influencing farmers' decisions to access credit and to evaluate the estimated association between credit and technical efficiency using 2014 Livestock Farm Household Survey data, complemented by provincial producer-price statistics for May 2013–April 2014. Credit was positively associated with …
Comparative Case Study Of Production Efficiency, Financial Performance, And Business Risk In Laying Hen Farms With Different Housing Systems And Management Conditions,
2026
Agribusiness Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta, Indonesia
Comparative Case Study Of Production Efficiency, Financial Performance, And Business Risk In Laying Hen Farms With Different Housing Systems And Management Conditions, Aliffa Mahayu Swastiratu, Fanny Widadie, Darsono
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Universitas Padjadjaran
The laying hen sector continues to expand in response to increasing demand for animal protein; however, productivity remains sensitive to environmental conditions, particularly temperature fluctuations that affect production stability. The housing system represents a key management factor influencing farm performance. This study aims to compare production efficiency, financial performance, and business risk between closed-house and open-house laying hen systems. A comparative case study approach was applied to two commercial farms in Bayat District, Klaten Regency, representing each housing system. Data were analyzed using feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality rate for production efficiency, cost–revenue analysis, R/C ratio, and return on …
: Examining The Fitness Costs Of Sex-Specific Song In An Understudied Caribbean Endemic (Icterus Portoricensis),
2026
Georgia College & State University
: Examining The Fitness Costs Of Sex-Specific Song In An Understudied Caribbean Endemic (Icterus Portoricensis), Michelle J. Moyer
Academic Affairs
Our ability to develop effective conservation strategies for rare species is impeded by limited knowledge of their distributions, natural histories, and environmental threats. The Puerto Rican Oriole (Icterus portoricensis) is an endemic species on the island of Puerto Rico and is currently considered to be data-deficient by the Puerto Rican government, indicating that not enough is known about this species to properly assess the level of conservation priority. Males and females sing different songs, and only males sing during the dawn chorus. This unusual sex-specific separation suggests that male and female Puerto Rican Orioles may be using their songs for …
Sinergia Para Un Futuro Sostenible. Tecnologías Y Agrosistemas,
2026
Universidad de Cundinamarca
Sinergia Para Un Futuro Sostenible. Tecnologías Y Agrosistemas, Jaime Eduardo Andrade Ramírez, Angélica Bravo Bojórquez
Ingeniería
Este libro reúne los resultados más relevantes del proyecto de investigación “Laboratorio Experimental de Sistemas Tecnológicos Orientados a Modelos Acuapónicos (Lestoma)” desarrollado en la Universidad de Cundinamarca, Extensión Facatativá, liderado por el Grupo de Investigación de Sistemas y Tecnología Facatativá (GISTFA). Lestoma también contó con la colaboración de los grupos de investigación Axioma, Agrociencia y Cundinamarca Agroambiental, adscritos respectivamente al programa de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Computación, Ingeniería Agronómica e Ingeniería Ambiental de las Facultades de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agropecuarias. El proyecto también contó con la colaboración estratégica del grupo de investigación Centro de Investigaciones Ambientales de la Universidad del …
Phenological Flexibility In Nesting Grassland Birds Over
A Half Century Informs Timing Of Management,
2026
Northern Prairie Research Center, US Geological Survey
Phenological Flexibility In Nesting Grassland Birds Over A Half Century Informs Timing Of Management, Kristin S. Ellis, Michael J. Anteau, Lawrence D. Igl, Garrett J. Macdonald, Neal D. Niemuth, Aaron T. Pearse, Jill A. Shaffer, Christine A. Ribic, Josh L. Vest, Masanori Abe, Daniel S. Ackerman, Marissa A. Ahlering, Johanna N. Alpert, Anahit Amiri, Kent Andersson, Jacqueline K. Augustine, Kristel K. Bakker, Jeffrey L. Beck, Adam C. Behney, Jacy S. Bernath-Plaisted, Todd R. Bogenschutz, Eric K. Bollinger, Lauren E. Bortolotti, Andy J. Boyce, Jeffrey D. Brawn, Fred C. Bryant, Andrew J. Campomizzi, Jay D. Carlisle, J Matthew Carroll, Rachel Carroll, John P. Carroll, Justin R. Clarke, Michael R. Conover, Reesa Y. Conrey, Jaime J. Coon, Kyle A. Cutting, Stephen K. Davis, Dawn M. Davis, Duane R. Diefenbach, Jonathan B. Dinkins, R Andrew Dreelin, Victoria J. Dreitz, Courtney J. Duchardt, Michael W. Eichholz, Susan N. Ellis-Felege, Kevin S. Ellison, Bradley C. Fedy, Samantha D. Fino, Robert J. Fletcher Jr, Dillon T. Fogarty, Samuel D. Fuhlendorf, Pamela R. Garrettson, Robert J. Gates, Erin L. Gelling, James J. Giacomo, Alex Glass, Cheri L. Gratto-Trevor, Ryan D. Haffele, Christian A. Hagen, Vanessa B. Harriman, Samuel W H Harryman, David A. Haukos, Robert T. Haynam, Heather A. Herakovich, James R. Herkert, Fidel Hernandez, Jason M. Hill, H Jeffrey Homan, Torre J. Hovick, Jonathan A. Jenks, William E. Jensen, Aaron N. Johnston, Sydney-Marie Jones, Carly S. Kelly, Kaylan M. Kemink, Silka L F Kempema, Dylan C. Kesler, Christopher P. Kirol, Robert W. Klaver, Page E. Klug, Jesse L. Kolar, Nicola Koper, Kyle J. Kuechle, Jonathan D. Lautenbach, Zoe M. Lebrun-Southcott, David W. Londe, Scott R. Loss, Cullen M. Mackenzie, Patrick A. Magee, Douglas L. Manzer, John P. Mccarty, Gywm Mckee, Ann E. Mckellar, Lance B. Mcnew, James R. Miller, Megan C. Milligan, Ashlee K. Minor, Rocco J. Murano, Les D. Murray, David E. Naugle, Clayton K. Nielsen, Christopher J. Norment, Sarah B. Ogden, Lindsay A. Parsons, Brian D. Peer, Noah G. Perlut, James C. Pittman, Christopher D. Pollentier, Larkin A. Powell, Aaron C. Pratt, John P. Pulliam, Nancy M. Raginski, Dan R. Reinking, Kaitlyn M. Reintsma, Terry Z. Riley, Kevin M. Ringelman, Joseph R. Robb, Scott K. Robinson, Andres N. Rosales, Charlotte L. Roy, Kayla A. Ruth, Brett K. Sandercock, Kevin K. Sedivec, Steve K. Sherrod, Justin J. Shew, Mason L. Sieges, Jenny L. Sika, Susan K. Skagen, Cassandra G. Skaggs, Joseph Smith, Jennifer A. Smith, Kurt D. Smith, Alex J. Solem, Joshua D. Stafford, Glenn E. Stauffer, Matthew D. Stephenson, Lee Sutcliffe, Amber E. Swicegood, Jason Tack, Evan P. Tanner, Catrina V. Terry, Wendy P. Tori, Ashley M. Unger, Kelly R. Vanbeek, William E. Vetter, Jay A. Vonbank, Brett L. Walker, Michael D. Whitson, Maiken Winter, Kimberly A. With, Donald H. Wolfe, Amy A. Yakel Adams, Benjamin Zuckerberg
United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
The timing of biological events for wildlife species reflects and influences ecological and evolutionary processes and helps guide management actions to meet conservation objectives. Climate change may cause phenological shifts across trophic levels and ecosystems, which can have broad ecological impacts. Shifts may also result in mistiming between management practices based on historical conditions and current biological events, reducing the effectiveness of natural resource management and conservation efforts. We analyzed nesting phenology patterns over recent decades across North America for 44 species of grassland-nesting birds, including waterfowl, upland gamebirds, shorebirds, and passerines, many of which have experienced precipitous population declines. …
Cow Size And Reproductive Efficiency: A Western Ranch Perspective,
2026
Utah State University
Cow Size And Reproductive Efficiency: A Western Ranch Perspective, David Secrist
All Current Publications
Production costs and reproductive efficiency are critical elements to the survival of cow-calf operations in the West. A cow’s ability to produce a healthy calf at a marketable weight is closely tied to her maintenance requirements and management’s ability to meet those needs from ranch resources at a low cost. This fact sheet explores public-land grazing, cow reproductive efficiency, and solutions for producers.
Combined Effects Of Postdistillation Residue Blends From Medicinal Plants On In Vitro Ruminal Microorganisms, Enzymes, Nitrogen And Energy Efficiency, And Antioxidant Status,
2026
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Combined Effects Of Postdistillation Residue Blends From Medicinal Plants On In Vitro Ruminal Microorganisms, Enzymes, Nitrogen And Energy Efficiency, And Antioxidant Status, Mojtaba Akbari Shooshood, Javad Rezaei, Mahdi Ayyari, Yousef Rouzbehan
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
In this study, the combined effects of postdistillation residue blends, including pomace, wastewater, and their mixture, derived from rosemary (RO), fennel (FE), spearmint (SP), and rose (ROS), on in vitro microbial populations, enzymatic activities, fermentation, and antioxidant status were evaluated using the gas production technique. The three phytobiotic blends were MP (mixed pomace of RO, FE, SP, and ROS; 1:1:1:1 ratio), MW (mixed wastewater of RO, FE, SP, and ROS; 1:1:1:1 ratio), and MPW (mixed pomace–wastewater of MP and MW; 1:1 ratio). Each blend was used at 2% and 3% of diet dry matter (DM). The experimental diets were as …
Ethylcyanoacrylate Adhesive And Microperforated Polyethylene Tape For The Cutaneous Closure Of Bitches Following Unilateral Total Mastectomy,
2026
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ingá University Center - UNINGÁ, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil
Ethylcyanoacrylate Adhesive And Microperforated Polyethylene Tape For The Cutaneous Closure Of Bitches Following Unilateral Total Mastectomy, Leonardo Martins Leal, Fábio Rodrigo Castro Bastos, Joseneia Boeing, Gabriel Aguiar Pavilak, Isaac Romani, Tais Harumi De Castro Sasahara, Paola Castro Moraes
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The use of ethylcyanoacrylate (Super Bonder®) adhesive and microperforated polyethylene tape (Transpore) for the cutaneous closure of extensive wounds following unilateral mastectomy was evaluated, and the healing process was clinically assessed. Included in the study were 15 bitches diagnosed with mammary neoplasia, aged 4–14 years and weighing 3–33 kg. All bitches underwent a 30–60 cm craniocaudal cutaneous incision through the skin in the ventral thoracoabdominal region. Following excision of the tumor and the entire mammary chain, the adjacent tissues were approximated with polyglecaprone 25 sutures. Skin-edge coaptation was achieved through the application of adhesive to half of each wound, while …
Investigation Of Feed Values With In Vitro Technique And Chemical Properties, Particle Size Of Total Mixed Rations Prepared In Commercial Dairy Farms,
2026
Department of Animal Science, Institute of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkiye
Investigation Of Feed Values With In Vitro Technique And Chemical Properties, Particle Size Of Total Mixed Rations Prepared In Commercial Dairy Farms, Özlem Karcioğlu, Betül Zehra Sariçi̇çek
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
This study was conducted to investigate the chemical and physical properties and feed values of total mixed rations used on dairy cattle farms in Ankara Province. Included in the study were three farms from each of the five districts of Ankara Province (atotal of 15 commercial dairy farms). Total mixed ration (TMR) samples were collected weekly from each farm over a 3-month period in 2025. The chemical composition (crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL)), in vitro digestibility parameters (in vitro gas production (IVGP), methane production (MP), organic …
