Neoplasms Commons^™

Cancer As A Chronic Disease, Beth Herrick, James Liebmann, Richard S. Pieters

Cancer Concepts: A Guidebook for the Non-Oncologist

Cancers which were once fatal are increasingly able to be managed as chronic diseases. While most metastatic cancers in adults may not be curable, they often can be controlled for long periods of time with a succession of treatments. In this chapter in Cancer Concepts: A Guidebook for the Non-Oncologist, we will examine those cancers with longer natural histories and those with extended survivals due to therapeutic advances. Finally, several cases will be presented that exemplify this new paradigm of cancer as a chronic disease.

Generation And Characterization Of Monoclonal Antibodies That Recognize Human And Murine Supervillin Protein Isoforms, Tara C. Smith, Richard G. Saul, Elisabeth R. Barton, Elizabeth J. Luna

Open Access Articles

Supervillin isoforms have been implicated in cell proliferation, actin filament-based motile processes, vesicle trafficking, and signal transduction. However, an understanding of the roles of these proteins in cancer metastasis and physiological processes has been limited by the difficulty of obtaining specific antibodies against these highly conserved membrane-associated proteins. To facilitate research into the biological functions of supervillin, monoclonal antibodies were generated against the bacterially expressed human supervillin N-terminus. Two chimeric monoclonal antibodies with rabbit Fc domains (clones 1E2/CPTC-SVIL-1; 4A8/CPTC-SVIL-2) and two mouse monoclonal antibodies (clones 5A8/CPTC-SVIL-3; 5G3/CPTC-SVIL-4) were characterized with respect to their binding sites, affinities ...

Extracellular Vesicles In Oral Squamous Carcinoma Carry Oncogenic Mirna Profile And Reprogram Monocytes Via Nf-Kappab Pathway, Fatemeh Momen-Heravi, Shashi Bala

Open Access Articles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are carriers of different biomacromolecules that participate in cellular signaling and disease pathogenesis. Although it has been shown that EVs can play an active role in cellular communication and different stages of cancer progression, the role of EVs in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cancer pathogenesis, especially in the crosstalk of cancer cells with immune cells is unknown. Here, we present a detailed analysis of findings regarding the profile of EVs in OSCC and the role of EVs and associated miRNAs in the crosstalk of malignant cells with monocytes. We demonstrate that EVs are detectable in significantly ...

Hepatocarcinoma With Tumor Thrombus Occupying The Right Atrium And Portal Vein In A Patient With Hereditary Hemochromatosis And Liver Cirrhosis, Olga Hilda Orasan, Andreea Maria Stefan, Laura Urian, Anca Mihailov, Ovidiu Fabian, Flaviu Muresan, Iulia Breaban, Sorina Cezara Secara, Simina Tarmure Sarlea, Vasile Negrean, Dorel Sampelean, Angela Cozma

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

We present the case of a 46-year old patient with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis with MEDL-Score 16, and hepatocellular carcinoma invading the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. The etiology of cirrhosis is type 1 hereditary hemochromatosis with positive HFE C282Y/C282Y and H63D/H63D mutations. A systematic review of the literature was performed and only 30 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombosis extending into the right atrium have been described. To our knowledge, this is the first case that evidences the presence in hereditary hemochromatosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with atypical invasion into the right atrium. Screening of ...

Yap Drives Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Formation And Progression, Zoe Vincent-Mistiaen, Ahmed Elbediwy, Hannah Vanyai, Jennifer L. Cotton, Gordon Stamp, Emma Nye, Bradley Spencer-Dene, Gareth J. Thomas, Junhao Mao, Barry Thompson

Open Access Articles

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can progress to malignant metastatic cancer, including an aggressive subtype known as spindle cell carcinoma (spSCC). spSCC formation involves epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), yet the molecular basis of this event remains unknown. The transcriptional co-activator YAP undergoes recurrent amplification in human SCC and overexpression of YAP drives SCC formation in mice. Here, we show that human spSCC tumours also feature strong nuclear localisation of YAP and overexpression of activated YAP (NLS-YAP-5SA) with Keratin-5 (K5-CreERt) is sufficient to induce rapid formation of both SCC and spSCC in mice. spSCC tumours arise at sites of epithelial scratch wounding, where ...

Opposing Roles Of Fancj And Hltf Protect Forks And Restrain Replication During Stress, Min Peng, Ke Cong, Nicholas J. Panzarino, Sumeet Nayak, Jennifer Calvo, Bin Deng, Lihua Julie Zhu, Monika Morocz, Lili Hegedus, Lajos Haracska, Sharon B. Cantor

Open Access Articles

The DNA helicase FANCJ is mutated in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and Fanconi anemia (FA). Nevertheless, how loss of FANCJ translates to disease pathogenesis remains unclear. We addressed this question by analyzing proteins associated with replication forks in cells with or without FANCJ. We demonstrate that FANCJ-knockout (FANCJ-KO) cells have alterations in the replisome that are consistent with enhanced replication stress, including an aberrant accumulation of the fork remodeling factor helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF). Correspondingly, HLTF contributes to fork degradation in FANCJ-KO cells. Unexpectedly, the unrestrained DNA synthesis that characterizes HLTF-deficient cells is FANCJ dependent and correlates with S1 ...

Breast Cancer Prevalence Among Patients Referred For Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy At Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya, Angeline Anyona Aywak, Timothy Musila Mutala, Purity Ndaiga, Callen Onyambu, Sughra Raza

Journal of Global Radiology

Purpose: To establish the prevalence of cancer in patients referred for breast ultrasound-guided biopsy at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.

Methods and Materials: A total number of 115 patients were included after approval from the local ethical review committee. The patients were referred by clinicians for ultrasound-guided biopsy for palpable breast lesions confirmed by imaging as solid masses. Detailed ultrasound examination per American College of Radiology (ACR) guidelines was performed before core biopsy or fine needle aspiration (FNA). Histological diagnosis was made and prevalence of cancer analyzed.

Results: Of the 115 patients, final histology was available for 112 lesions; two ...

Treatment Of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells With The Canady Cold Plasma Conversion System: Preliminary Results, Xiaoqian Cheng, Warren Rowe, Lawan Ly, Alexey Shashurin, Taisen Zhuang, Shruti Wigh, Giacomo Basadonna, Barry Trink, Michael Keidar, Jerome Canady

Open Access Articles

Triple-negative breast cancer is a phenotype of breast cancer where the expression level of estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptors are low or absent. It is more frequently diagnosed in younger and premenopausal women, among which African and Hispanic have a higher rate. Cold atmospheric plasma has revealed its promising ant-cancer capacity over the past two decades. In this study, we report the first cold plasma jet delivered by the Canady Cold Plasma Conversion Unit and characterization of its electric and thermal parameters. The unit effectively reduced the viability of triple-negative breast cancer up to ...

The Canady Helios Cold Plasma Scalpel Significantly Decreases Viability In Malignant Solid Tumor Cells In A Dose-Dependent Manner, Warren Rowe, Xiaoqian Cheng, Lawan Ly, Taisen Zhuang, Giacomo Basadonna, Barry Trink, Michael Keidar, Jerome Canady

Open Access Articles

To determine appropriate treatment doses of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), the Canady Helios Cold Plasma Scalpel was tested across numerous cancer cell types including renal adenocarcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, ovarian adenocarcinoma, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Various CAP doses were tested consisting of both high (3 L/min) and low (1 L/min) helium flow rates, several power settings, and a range of treatment times up to 5 min. The impact of cold plasma on the reduction of viability was consistently dose-dependent; however, the anti-cancer capability varied significantly between cell lines. While the lowest effective dose varied from cell line to ...

The Pathology Of Cancer, Chi Young Ok, Bruce A. Woda, Elizabeth Kurian

Cancer Concepts: A Guidebook for the Non-Oncologist

Patients and physicians depend on pathologists to make the diagnosis of cancer and of the specific type of cancer. Pathologists are expert in pattern recognition and in the natural history of diseases, including cancers. This chapter in Cancer Concepts: A Guidebook for the Non-Oncologist will describe the pathology of cancer.

Cryotherapy Ablation Therapy For The Treatment Of Esophageal Cancer: A Retrospective Review, Neil Sharma, Ibrahim Omar, Nicole L. Eckert, Jayakrishnan Krishnakurup, Christina Zelt, Saurabh Gupta Md

MAHE Student Research

Background: Esophageal cancers are the sixth leading cause of cancer mortality and eighth most common cancer overall. The traditional therapies for esophageal adenocarcinoma are limited by adverse events. Cryoablation is a novel endoscopic technology and previous studies have demonstrated its lasting benefits and safety. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy in the treatment of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods & Design: This study is a retrospective, single center chart review of 29 patients who had cryoablation procedures performed from 2013 to 2018. The subjects received cryotherapy ablation as an adjuvant, neoadjuvant, or palliative treatment ...

Racial Disparity Among Women Diagnosed With Invasive Breast Cancer In A Large Integrated Health System, Maharaj Singh, Santhi D. Konduri, George C. Bobustuc, Amin B. Kassam, Richard A. Rovin

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose: Reasons for the well-described disparity in outcomes between African American (AA) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) women with invasive breast cancer are unclear, making it difficult to identify solutions. This study examined the effects of demographics, biomarkers, tumor characteristics, cancer stage, morphology, and treatment variables on overall and cancer-free survival in these patient populations.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data for 6231 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer throughout an integrated health system from January 2006 through March 2015. Included for analysis were 5023 NHW and 413 AA women. All category and continuous variables in the study were described in the ...

Investigation Of Hnf-1b As A Diagnostic Biomarker For Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma, Michelle X. Yang, Ryan F. Coates, Abiy Ambaye, Juli-Anne Gardner, Richard Zubarick, Yuan Gao, Joan Skelly, James G. Liu, Mari Mino-Kenudson

Open Access Articles

Background: Diagnosing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the setting of metastasis with an unknown primary remains very challenging due to the lack of specific biomarkers. HNF-1B has been characterized as an important transcription factor for pancreatic development and was reported as a biomarker for clear cell subtype of PDAC.

Methods: To investigate the diagnostic role of HNF-1B for PDAC, we used tissue microarray (TMA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterize HNF-1B expression in a large cohort of carcinomas, including 127 primary PDACs, 47 biliary adenocarcinomas, 17 metastatic PDACs, and 231 non-pancreaticobiliary carcinomas.

Results: HNF-1B was expressed in 107 of 127 (84 ...

Primary Cardiac Lymphoma: Importance Of Tissue Diagnosis, Lauren Mendelson, Emily Hsu, Hojune Chung, Andrew Hsu

Open Access Articles

Primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) is a rare disease entity that can present with severe cardiac and cardioembolic symptoms. We present a 79-year-old male with history of polymalgia rheumatica on chronic prednisone who presented with a two-week history of progressively worsening dyspnea, cough, and a 10 pound weight loss. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed a large mediastinal mass with invasion of the pericardium. A biopsy of an abdominal soft-tissue mass confirmed the diagnosis of PCL. The patient was treated with two cycles of rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) which was complicated by ...

Anril: A Lncrna At The Cdkn2a/B Locus With Roles In Cancer And Metabolic Disease, Yahui Kong, Chih-Heng Hsieh, Laura C. Alonso

Open Access Articles

The CDKN2A/B genomic locus is associated with risk of human cancers and metabolic disease. Although the locus contains several important protein-coding genes, studies suggest disease roles for a lesser-known antisense lncRNA encoded at this locus, called ANRIL. ANRIL is a complex gene containing at least 21 exons in simians, with many reported linear and circular isoforms. Like other genes, abundance of ANRIL is regulated by epigenetics, classic transcription regulation, splicing, and post-transcriptional influences such as RNA stability and microRNAs. Known molecular functions of ANRIL include in cis and in trans gene regulation through chromatin modification complexes, and influence over ...

Development And Validation Of A New Mri Simulation Technique That Can Reliably Estimate Optimal In Vivo Scanning Parameters In A Glioblastoma Murine Model, Andrea Protti, Kristen L. Jones, Dennis M. Bonal, Lei Qin, Letterio S. Politi, Sasha Kravets, Quang-De Nguyen, Annick D. Van Den Abbeele

Radiology Publications and Presentations

BACKGROUND: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) relies on optimal scanning parameters to achieve maximal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between tissues resulting in high quality images. The optimization of such parameters is often laborious, time consuming, and user-dependent, making harmonization of imaging parameters a difficult task. In this report, we aim to develop and validate a computer simulation technique that can reliably provide "optimal in vivo scanning parameters" ready to be used for in vivo evaluation of disease models.

METHODS: A glioblastoma murine model was investigated using several MRI imaging methods. Such MRI methods underwent a simulated and ...

Etv4 Transcription Factor And Mmp13 Metalloprotease Are Interplaying Actors Of Breast Tumorigenesis, Mandy Dumortier, Franck Ladam, Isabelle Damour, Sophie Vacher, Ivan Bieche, Nathalie Marchand, Yvan De Launoit, David Tulasne, Anne Chotteau-Lelievre

Open Access Articles

BACKGROUND: The ETS transcription factor ETV4 is involved in the main steps of organogenesis and is also a significant mediator of tumorigenesis and metastasis, such as in breast cancer. Indeed, ETV4 is overexpressed in breast tumors and is associated with distant metastasis and poor prognosis. However, the cellular and molecular events regulated by this factor are still misunderstood. In mammary epithelial cells, ETV4 controls the expression of many genes, MMP13 among them. The aim of this study was to understand the function of MMP13 during ETV4-driven tumorigenesis.

METHODS: Different constructs of the MMP13 gene promoter were used to study the ...

Fever Of Unknown Origin: Could It Be A Pheochromocytoma? A Case Report And Review Of The Literature, Uzma Mohammad Siddiqui, Stephany Matta, Mireya Wessolossky, Richard Haas

Open Access Articles

Pheochromocytomas are rare tumors that arise from the adrenal medulla, with an incidence of less than 1 per 100,000 person-years. These tumors are characterized by excess catecholamine secretion and classically present with the triad of headaches, palpitations, and sweating episodes. However, the clinical presentation can be quite variable. Herein, we present a patient who presented with persistent fevers. An adrenal mass was incidentally discovered during the extensive investigation for the fever of unknown origin. Consequently, blood and urine tests were done and found to be consistent with a pheochromocytoma. The resection of this pheochromocytoma resulted in resolution of fevers ...

Pre-Diagnosis Plasma Immune Markers And Risk Of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma In Two Prospective Cohort Studies, Mara M. Epstein, Bernard Rosner, Elizabeth C. Breen, Julie L. Batista, Edward L. Giovannucci, Larry Magpantay, Jon C. Aster, Scott J. Rodig, Kimberly A. Bertrand, Francine Laden, Otoniel Martinez-Maza, Brenda M. Birmann

Open Access Articles

Inflammation and B-cell hyperactivation have been associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma development. This prospective analysis aimed to further elucidate pre-diagnosis plasma immune marker profiles associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk. We identified 598 incident lymphoma cases and 601 matched controls in Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study participants with archived pre-diagnosis plasma samples and measured 13 immune marker levels with multiplexed immunoassays. Using multivariable logistic regression we calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals per standard deviation unit increase in biomarker concentration for risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and major histologic subtype, stratifying additional models by years ( < 5, 5 to < 10, > /=10) after blood draw ...

Editorial: Controversies In The Local Management Of Lung Cancer, John M. Varlotto, Giulia Veronesi

Open Access Articles

At the time we agreed to edit this special edition of Frontiers in early 2017, the immunotherapy revolution was already established in the second-line treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and even to a select group of patients (those whose tumor cells expressed PD-L1 of ≥50%) in the first-line treatment of metastatic disease. We felt that the summarization and understanding of the strengths and benefits of our local modalities were needed prior to the possible integration of immunotherapy into the treatment paradigms of Stages I–III NSCLC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).