Life Sciences Commons^™

Detection Of Apple Freshness During Storage Based On Zigbee Network And Pls-Da, Huang Haiyang, Qu Liqiu, Ma Yunlong

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To address the long detection cycles, complex operation, and destructive sampling in apple freshness detection, a rapid and non-destructive detection method based on Zigbee wireless sensor network and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) is proposed. [Methods] With Red Fuji apples as the research object, a gas sensor array acquisition system based on the Zigbee protocol is designed to monitor the concentration changes of four characteristic gases (ethanol, ethylene, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) during apple storage in real time. Least squares filtering is employed to preprocess the raw data, and the stable value, mean value, and maximum value are extracted …

Effects Of Different Pretreatment Methods On Moisture Variation And Pore Structure Of Apple Slices During Microwave Freeze-Drying, Qu Zhanping, Zhang Xiaoyan, Zhang Jinglin, Gu Yujuan

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate the effects of pretreatment methods on moisture variation and pore structure of apple slices during microwave freeze-drying. [Methods] Apple slices pretreated with four methods (ultrasound, blanching, freeze-thawing, and osmotic dehydration) are subjected to microwave freeze-drying. The effects of different pretreatments on drying characteristics, moisture migration, and microscopic pore structure of the samples are comparatively analyzed. [Results] All four pretreatment methods increase the effective moisture diffusion coefficient and reduce drying time by 11.1% to 44.4%, with osmotic dehydration requiring the shortest drying time. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis indicates that the pretreatments accelerate free water removal, consequently …

Overexpression Of Liax Enhances Stress Tolerance In Lacticaseibacillus Paracasei L9, Liu Ting, Ma Xiayin, Yan Ningning, Chen Shihao, Bai Jingfu

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate the protective role of the surface protein LiaX in Lacticaseibacillus paracasei L9 against external stresses, such as bile salts, antibiotics, and the gastrointestinal environment. [Methods] A LiaX-overexpressing strain was constructed and the protein was purified. Spent media assays, in vitro simulated digestion, and exogenous protein supplementation experiments were comprehensively employed to evaluate the effect of LiaX on the survival rate of the strain under digestive, bile salt, and antibiotic stresses. [Results] The LiaX-overexpressing strain LPL9psip0968 his was successfully constructed, and the LiaX protein was isolated and purified. Spent media assays and exogenous addition of purified LiaX protein …

Preparation Of Agaricus Bisporus Chitosan Nanoliposomes And Their In Vitro Hypoglycemic Effects, Chen Yanzhi, Zhang Jiawen, Zhang Molan, You Lijun

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To address the limited oral utilization of metformin hydrochloride (MET) and the insufficient delivery efficiency of conventional liposomes, MET-loaded nanoliposomes modified with Agaricus bisporus chitosan (ACS) (ACS-modified liposomes, A-M-L) were developed, and their physicochemical properties, storage stability, cytocompatibility, and effects on glucose consumption by HepG2 cells were evaluated. [Methods] ACS was used as a substitute for crustacean chitosan to prepare MET-loaded nanoliposomes using the thin-film dispersion-ultrasonication method. The structural characteristics and microscopic morphology were observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, storage stability, cytotoxicity, …

Purification , Characterization , And Hypoglycemic Activity Of Peanut Coat Polyphenols, Zhou Wenda, Yin Yunhui, Fu Jingxuan

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To optimize the purification process of peanut skin polyphenols (PSPs), improve purification efficiency, and investigate their in vitro hypoglycemic activity. [Methods] Three types of PSPs (red, white, and purple) were extracted by ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction. Seven macroporous resins were used for static adsorption and desorption of PSPs, and the resin with the best performance was selected for single-factor experiments. The components of the purified PSPs were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Using acarbose as a positive control, the inhibitory activity and inhibition types of PSPs against α-amylase and α-glucosidase were investigated. [Results] Purple peanut skins exhibited the highest contents of total …

Effects Of Total Flavonoids From Perilla Leaves On Anti-Fatigue Capacity In Adolescent Athletes, Liu Baofeng, Liang Xiao

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To clarify the improvement effects of total flavonoids from perilla leaves on the anti-fatigue capacity of adolescent athletes and to compare the effects of different purification methods and liquid-to-solid ratios on their efficacy. [Methods] Total flavonoids from perilla leaves were extracted using microwave-assisted extraction, and two purification methods were employed for total flavonoid purification. Male adolescent track and field athletes aged 16 years with comparable physical fitness were selected to participate in a trial involving total flavonoid intake. Exhaustion time, maximum oxygen uptake, and serum lactate, serum urea nitrogen, and creatine kinase levels were measured in the male adolescent …

Effects Of Re-Frying Processes On The Quality And Volatile Flavor Compounds Of Pre-Fried Coated Tofu, Nie Jingwen, Chen Hao, Zhao Dan, Zhou Xiaohu, Yang Dajun, Zhao Liangzhong

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate the effects of deep frying process (DFP), microwave process (MP), and air frying process (AFP) on the quality and aroma characteristics of pre-fried coated tofu. [Methods] The optimal re-frying conditions are selected using slurry exudation rate, moisture content, color difference, and sensory evaluation as indicators. Subsequently, the re-frying method most suitable for consumers is comprehensively determined based on texture properties, oil content, malondialdehyde content, electronic nose analysis, and volatile compound composition. [Results] Under the three re-frying methods, the coated tofu exhibits an increase-then-decrease trend in slurry exudation rate and sensory evaluation, accompanied by a continuous decline in …

Effects Of Different Extraction Methods On The Chemical Composition And Antioxidant Activity Of Guangfoshou Essential Oil, Wang Youdi, Chen Wentao, Yan Bin, Xu Shuling, Lyu Yiting, Yang Yuyan, Xu Juanjuan, Ou Xiaohua

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To comparatively evaluate the effects of three extraction methods, i.e., steam distillation (SD), enzyme-assisted steam distillation (EHSD), and ultrasound-assisted steam distillation (UASD), on the extraction efficiency, chemical composition, and bioactivity of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis (Guangfoshou) essential oil. [Methods] Guangfoshou essential oil was extracted using SD, EHSD, and UASD. The chemical constituents of the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cluster heatmap analysis was employed to compare differences in essential oil composition obtained by the three extraction methods. Antioxidant activity was assessed based on total antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging …

Extrusion Pretreatment Improves The Protein Digestibility Of Black Soybean Meal And Its Effects On The Final Quality And Antioxidant Activity Of Soy Sauce, Cheng Xiaoyuan, Ma Chengye, Li Hongjun

Food and Machinery

[Objective] To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of extrusion pretreatment on the protein digestibility of black soybean meal and systematically evaluate its effects on soy sauce quality and antioxidant activity. [Methods] A mixture of black soybean meal and flour was pretreated using extrusion technology for soy sauce brewing. Extrusion temperature, screw speed, flour addition, and moisture content were selected as the main process parameters to investigate their effects on protein digestibility. Under the optimal extrusion conditions, the raw materials were prepared and further subjected to simulated low-salt solid-state soy sauce fermentation. Amino nitrogen, total nitrogen, reducing sugar, pH, total acid, ammonium …

Research Progress In Extraction Of Food Functional Ingredients With Subcritical Dimethyl Ether, Wan Xiaofu, Pan Le, Li Muchun

Food and Machinery

With the growing demand for high-quality natural product extracts, dimethyl ether as a new green solvent operating under subcritical conditions has exhibited notable benefits for the extraction of lipids, carotenoids, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, attributable to its distinctive physicochemical characteristics. This paper reviews the progress in the application of dimethyl ether in natural product extraction, focusing on its advantages in treating biomass with high moisture content, improving extraction efficiency, and reducing energy consumption and environmental load, with a view to providing reference for the application of subcritical dimethyl ether in extraction.

Functional Components And Food Application Progress Of Almond By-Products, Xie Jingyi, Wang Wanqing, Wang Xinyi, Yuan Chunle, Li Yuna, Hua Wei

Food and Machinery

As the global almond industry expands rapidly, large quantities of by-products are generated during processing (such as green hulls, shells, and skins), which are rich in functional constituents including polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary fibers, and volatile aroma compounds. This review summarizes the compositional characteristics and extraction technologies of these by-products, while elucidating their potential applications in food and biomaterials, with a specific focus on their antioxidant properties, bioactivities, and structural features. Furthermore, in light of recent research advances, the review further discusses poor stability, low bioavailability, challenges in processing compatibility, and other problems, proposing enhancement strategies such as nano-delivery, structural modification, …

Research Progress Of 3d Printing Technology In Food Texture Design, Ou Suiling, Xie Zihong

Food and Machinery

Food texture is a key factor influencing consumer acceptance. With the growing demand for personalized and health-oriented diets, the technical bottlenecks of traditional food processing methods have gradually become apparent in texture control and diversified texture presentation. Owing to its flexible and personalized characteristics, 3D printing offers a novel approach for food texture design. This paper reviews the textures that can be personalized and optimized by 3D printing through material modulation, structural modeling, and equipment optimization. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the challenges faced by this technology, including cooking adaptability, food safety assurance, and consumer acceptance, proposing corresponding solutions.

Rationale, Key Issues, And Pathways For China’S Polar Fisheries Development, Yichong Dong, Chuwei Wang, Jingmei Li

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Polar fisheries are a strategic issue that requires forward-looking planning for China’s efforts to build a strong maritime country and participate in global ocean governance. This study examines the roles of polar fisheries in relation to climate change, the greater food approach, safeguarding maritime rights and interests, and the transformation of marine fisheries, and explains the rationale for China’s polar fisheries development. It argues that China still faces weaknesses in key areas, including scientific evidence generation, equipment and technological support, whole-industry-chain coordination, and the design of institutional solutions. Accordingly, the study proposes pathways for polar fisheries development, including building a …

Comparison Of Preenrichment And Screening Methods For The Detection Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Agona In Meat Analog Products, Kylie Sacapano, Amanda Tabb, Biola Fatusin, Samantha M. Covaia, Isha Shingre, Lieuchi Phan, Kyson Chou, Jamie Du, Beilei Ge, Donna Williams-Hill, Rosalee S. Hellberg

Food Science Faculty Articles and Research

With the growing demand and variety of meat analogs on the commercial market, there is a need to revisit testing methods for foodborne pathogens in these products. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory methods for Salmonella enterica detection in meat analogs follow the Bacteriological Analytical Manual and are relatively time-consuming. Therefore, this study aimed to compare preenrichment and screening methods for the detection of Salmonella in meat analogs by evaluating current FDA reference methods alongside alternative preenrichment broths and rapid molecular screening techniques. Meat analog samples were inoculated with S. enterica serovar Agona at three levels: (1) uninoculated …

Chemical Composition And Mechanism Investigation Of Subfraction From Wuwei Zijin San Guided By Anti-Hepatic Fibrosis Activity, Yazhen Guo, Zhongzhi Qi, Yajuan Chen, Lijuan Nie, Mingyu Luo, Yuechen Guo, Hui Wu, Bengui Ye, Jun He

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

BACKGROUND  Among the spectrum of hepatopathies that pose a significant global health threat, halting the progression of hepatic fibrosis is a key therapeutic objective. Wuwei Zijin San (WWZJS) is derived from a traditional Tibetan empirical formula, yet its efficacy against hepatic fibrosis, along with the underlying mechanisms and active ingredients, remains uncertain.

PURPOSE  The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of WWZJS against hepatic fibrosis, explore its underlying mechanisms and material basis, and evaluate the potential of direct interactions between the biologically active ingredients and their corresponding targets.

METHODS Chemical profiling of the active …

A Calibrated And Conformal Deep Learning Framework For Trustworthy Antinuclear Antibody Pattern Recognition With Selective Referral To Experts, Hussein Ali Hussein Al Naffakh, Ahmed Dheyaa Radhi, Raghdah Maytham Hameed, Muntaha Abdullah Reishaan, Fouad A. Majeed, Rozaida Ghazali

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

Reading antinuclear antibody patterns on human epithelial cells by indirect immunofluorescence is the reference screen for systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, but it is slow, subjective, and variable between observers. Deep learning reaches high accuracy on this task, yet most systems return a single prediction without stating how reliable it is, which is unsafe in a diagnostic workflow. This paper presents an intelligent decision support framework built around a single calibrated uncertainty signal. That signal is the control variable for four reliability modules: confidence calibration, conformal prediction, error detection, and selective referral. A feature space out of distribution detector serves as …

Study Of Primer Efficiency And Relative Genetic Band Abundance In Different Genotypes, Mundher Kh. Jabbar

Karbala International Journal of Modern Science

This experiment was aimed to find some indicators related to primers and genetic variations. Six bread wheat genotypes were selected as the dataset. The RAPD marker technique was used with oligonucleotide primers as marker of study. The goal was to identify factors used for the relationship between primers and their ability to elicit DNA fragments through different genotypes, as well as the relative genetic band abundance among genotypes. After the designed factors, key findings emerged: in relative primer amplification rate, C1 genotype exhibited a higher relative primer amplification rate (RPAR) of fragments from OP-H01 but did not differ from OP-V19 …

Guide To Automated Surge Irrigation In Utah, Ngoni Mufute, Matt Yost, Burdette Barker, Clay Carter, Jonathan A. Holt, Grant Cardon

All Current Publications

This guide discusses the benefits and drawbacks of automated surge irrigation and the equipment needed for setup to make it beneficial to irrigators.

Guide To The Shallon Winery Collection, Linfield University Archives

Linfield Archives Finding Aids

This collection contains insight into the life and winery of Paul van der Veldt. The collection partially focuses on his winery Shallon Wine and his achievements. This includes newspaper articles about his endeavors, packaged wine labels for his own wine, and several designs for wine labels. The collection also holds a lot of personal items such as photos of himself and older photos of his mother and her family. There are also multiple items related to wine found in this collection: an assortment of wine glasses, multiple bottles of wine, some of which were Paul’s own creation such as the …

Historical Chaos Among Tetrabothriideans (Eucestoda) Of Odontocetes (Artiodactyla)—Revising Generic Taxonomy And Species Diversity For Cestodes Among Oceanic Dolphins, Eric P. Hoberg, Kaylen Marie Soudachanh, Robert L. Rausch

MANTER: Journal of Parasite Biodiversity

Explorations over the past 150 years that have defined the diversity and structure of the tetrabothriidean cestode fauna among Odontocete cetaceans (Artiodactyla) are summarized and reviewed. Persistent errors in interpretation of comparative morphological characters, inconsistent taxonomic decisions, and an understanding of generic-level and species diversity are addressed. We outline a revision of the Tetrabothriidea, which now encompasses 8 genera. Prosthecocotyle is resurrected from synonymy with Tetrabothrius, and Cetaceobothridius n. gen is proposed. A clear basis is outlined for differentiation of generic and species diversity among Cetaceobothridius, Priapocephalus, Prosthecocotyle, Strobilocephalus, Tetrabothrius, and Trigonocotyle that constitute the tetrabothriidean fauna of odontocetes; species …

Barriers And Facilitators To Health Literacy Among Black Americans With Overweight And Obesity In South Carolina: A Mini-Ethnographic Study, Shelly Campbell-Timmons

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative mini ethnography adapted from traditional ethnography with limited time and scope, was to explore and understand perceptions of barriers and facilitators to health literacy among Black Americans with overweight and obesity in three South Carolina counties. Population data showed that approximately 40.3% of U.S. adults are obese. Moreover, Non-Hispanic Black communities are disproportionately affected by overweight and obesity despite efforts to combat the weight-related health risk. Still, limited health literacy should be the focus of public health strategies like teach-back and plain language communication, to address overweight and obesity prevalence and disparities. The study was …

Revealing Cryptic Lineage Diversity In The Persian Gulf And Oman Sea Groupers (Perciformes: Epinephelidae): Phylogenetic And Species Delimitation Insights, Ehsan Damadi, Faezeh Yazdani Moghaddam, Masoumeh Gholipour Cheshm Gilak, Mehdi Ghanbarifardi

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Groupers (Epinephelidae) are a taxon of great commercial interest due to their large body size and high market value, and are also an important ecological species for biodiversity conservation in coral reef ecosystems. Despite their importance, phenotypic convergence among species generally leads to incorrect taxonomic identification, an issue enhanced by molecular studies revealing the presence of a high cryptic diversity and complicating conventional systematic frameworks. Herein, grouper species diversity in the ecologically heterogeneous Persian Gulf and Oman Sea was investigated to resolve taxonomic ambiguities and assess patterns of cryptic diversity. Mitochondrial COI gene sequencing was used in conjunction with integrative …

Zoonotic Fish Parasites That Pose Risks To Human Health In Türkiye, Ahmet Özer

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Fish-borne zoonotic diseases have been documented as the causative agents of considerable problems for humans on a global scale. This paper, for the first time, reveals the current zoonotic parasites of fish from wild and cultured hosts in marine, freshwater, and aquarium environments, as well as in native, endemic, and introduced hosts across different geographical areas and seas in Türkiye, based on published data to date. According to the latest global reports, zoonotic fish parasites in Türkiye are dominated by nematodes (17 species), trematodes (11 species), and cestodes (four species), followed by acanthocephalans (two species) and myxozoans (two species). The …

Otolith Morphological Variations Reveal Intraspecific Diversity In Two-Spot Barb, Pethia Ticto (Hamilton, 1822), Inhabiting The Riverine Ecosystem, Insha Hassan, Lubna Yasmeen, Mohd Sadiq, Ameer Hamza, Mohammad Afzal Khan

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The intraspecific variation in otolith wavelet coefficients, contours, and morphometric variables (six size and nine shape indices) was analyzed to discriminate stock variation in Pethia ticto collected from four selected sites along the River Ganga (Narora, Kanpur, Varanasi, and Bhagalpur). The wavelet coefficients extracted revealed symmetrical yet site-specific contour variations, particularly along the rostral, dorsal, and posterior margins, with the fourth-level wavelet explaining 98% of the cumulative accuracy and being selected for contour analysis. Permutational analysis of multivariate dispersion (PERMDISP) (F = 6.11, p = 0.002) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) (F = 8.42, R2 = 0.179, p …

Toxicokinetics And Multibiomarker Assessment Of Coexposure To Sulfamethoxazole And  Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles In Cyprinus Carpio, Nazish Iftikhar, Rabeea Zafar, Imran Hashmi, Asma Jamil, Christopher Joseph Martyniuk, Munib Ahmed Shafique

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The combined effects of pharmaceuticals and nanoparticles (NPs) on aquatic organisms remain insufficiently characterized. The present study examined toxicokinetics and multibiomarker responses of Cyprinus carpio (common carp) following exposure to sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) NPs. Juvenile fish were treated with SMX (25, 50, and 100 μg/L) alone and in combination with 1.5 mg/L TiO₂ NPs (96 h). TiO₂ NPs had a significant effect on the bioaccumulation of SMX in muscle tissues, with SMX reaching peak concentrations of 2286.54 ng/g in the 100 μg/L SMX + 1.5 mg/L TiO₂ NPs group after 72 h, compared to 1477.2 ng/g with …

Harvest And Retting Method Alter The Composition Of Hemp Fiber For High Performance Concrete, Abigail Lazier, Jennifer Macadam, Srishti Banerji, Bruce Bugbee

Plants, Soils and Climate Student Research

Recently, the use of natural fibers in place of polymer fibers in high performance concrete has been explored for improved mechanical properties (including reduced spalling) and greater sustainability. This project aims to recycle biomass waste produced by the medical cannabis industry by using it in concrete. We have designed and conducted multiple studies to determine efficient methods for fiber harvest and processing from our in-house medical cannabis waste. Harvest method, (including fresh harvest and defoliation or physically induced senescence), storage condition, ( 4 C or 25 C), and processing technique, (mechanical or biological) were trialed. Additionally, we used standard forage …

Validation Of Next‑Generation Sequencing‑Derived Circulating Mrna Variants As Potential Diagnostic Tools In Hepatocellular Carcinoma And Cholangiocarcinoma, Daniel Zezulinski, Maarouf A. Hoteit, David E. Kaplan, Tingting Zhan, Cataldo Doria, Timothy M. Block, Aejaz Sayeed

Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology Faculty Papers

Liquid biopsy can transform oncology practice through early detection and real‑time monitoring of cancer progression and response to treatment. Circulating cell‑free tumor RNA offers promise as a novel and emerging alternative to circulating cell‑free tumor DNA for detecting the presence and understanding the biology of liver tumors. Both circulating DNA and RNA, which predominantly reside in extracellular vesicles, carry evidence of vital germline and somatic mutations. High impact single nucleotide changes, insertions and deletions in circulating RNA (ctRNA) serve a key role in cancer development and progression. Tumor cells exploit the RNA splicing machinery to induce structural and functional changes …

Uae Audiences' Reliance On Social Media As A Source Of Information On Complementary And Alternative Medicine: A Study Of Al Ain City Residents Based On Media System Dependency Theory, Abdul Rahman Al-Toum, Mohammed Al-Kaabi, Najoud Al-Mansouri, Ahmed Bin Ishaq, Amer Khaled Ahmad, Maram Manajrah

Middle East Journal of Communication Studies

This study examined the extent to which UAE audiences rely on social media as a source of information on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the resulting effects of this reliance. Grounded in Media System Dependency Theory, the study employed an audience survey using a questionnaire administered to a sample of (132) Emirati citizens in Al Ain. The findings revealed that the combined medium and high reliance reached (53%). Regarding the effects, cognitive effects recorded the highest arithmetic means, followed by affective and behavioral effects at comparable levels. Hypothesis testing showed no statistically significant differences in the degree of reliance …

Simotang Oral Liquid Alleviates Functional Dyspepsia-Related Motility Dysfunction Through Ca²⁺-Dependent Smooth Muscle Contraction And Nrf2/Nf-Κb Modulation, Guo Mao, Chunxiang He, Jiaqin Liu, Dahua Wu, Puhua Zeng, Ye Mao

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a disorder of gut-brain interaction involving heterogeneous motor, sensory, immune, and oxidative stress-related mechanisms. Simotang oral liquid (SMT), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used for dyspeptic and gastrointestinal motility-related symptoms, has not been evaluated with an integrated clinical, functional, and molecular framework. This single-arm prospective pre-post study assessed gastric emptying by the 13C-octanoic acid breath test, gastric electrical activity by electrogastrography, postprandial tolerance by nutrient drink testing, symptom scores, serum biomarkers, and gastric antral tissue markers in patients with FD. FD-like mice were used for charcoal meal transit, smooth muscle strip tension, calcium channel blockade, and …

Antibacterial Activity Of Galangin And Quercetin Against Multidrug Resistant Infections Of Gram Negative Bacteria From Patients Under Acute Myeloid Leukemia Conditions, Iraq, Mustafa Suhel Mustafa, Rana Mujahid Abdullah

Al-Bahir

Galangin and quercetin can be used as a promise route against infections of Gram negative bacteria (GNB) which recorded high incidence in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) due to their immunocompromised state. This study assessed the antibacterial activity of galangin and quercetin against four species of GNB collected from AML patients by determining of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of these flavonoids. Then, the sub-MICs of both flavonoid agents were applied to evaluate their antibacterial effect on gene expression levels targeting four of porin encoding genes included ompK36 for Klebsiella pneumoniae, ompA for Escherichia coli, oprD2 for Pseudomonas …