Life Sciences Commons^™

Intermountain West Florist Market Overview And Outlook, Kynda R. Curtis, Makaylie Langford, Melanie Stock, Katherine Wagner, Cheyenne Reid, Victoria Xiong, Cody Zesiger

All Current Publications

This fact sheet, the first in a two-part series from a January 2024 study, focuses on florist and market trends in the Intermountain West. The study provides local cut flower growers with pertinent information on the florist market such as current sourcing and flower expenditures, primary markets and annual sales, as well as current supplier challenges. Market trends regarding sales, flower variety, and color predictions are also discussed. This information will help growers identify current gaps in the florist market and explore ways to meet florist needs.

Managing Equine Metabolic Syndrome, Abigail Meldrum, Karl Hoopes

All Current Publications

Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a relatively new disease that we are still learning about. There are many things to investigate when dealing with a new disease: causes, predispositions, symptoms, secondary issues, treatments, and prevention. Because changing the animal's feed regimen is currently the most effective and well-known way to manage EMS, this fact sheet focuses primarily on how diet can impact affected horses. As a newer syndrome, it is vital to learn as much as possible about it to understand, treat, and prevent this disease.

Pastoral Grasses And Legumes As Potential Host Plants For Fall Armyworm Spodoptera Frugiperda (J.E. Smith) Development, Saleh Adnan, Holly Cattermole, Kim Saligari, Helen Spafford

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

The fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly polyphagous, migratory pest native to the tropical and subtropical region of Americas. Grass crops particularly corn have been most heavily impacted since S. frugiperda invaded Australia in 2020. In northern Western Australia, S. frugiperda is primarily a problem in dry season (May to October) crops when there are abundant host plants available in monocultures. During the wet season (November to April) it is not known what host plants may support larval growth and development. Accordingly, this present study undertook a no-choice feeding bioassay to assess larval and pupal …

Interleukin-21 Engineering Enhances Nk Cell Activity Against Glioblastoma Via Cebpd, Mayra Shanley, May Daher, Jinzhuang Dou, Sufang Li, Rafet Basar, Hind Rafei, Merve Dede, Joy Gumin, Jezreel Pantaleόn Garcίa, Ana Karen Nunez Cortes, Shan He, Corry M Jones, Sunil Acharya, Natalie W Fowlkes, Donghai Xiong, Sanjay Singh, Hila Shaim, Samantha Claire Hicks, Bin Liu, Abhinav Jain, Mohammad Fayyad Zaman, Qi Miao, Ye Li, Nadima Uprety, Enli Liu, Luis Muniz-Feliciano, Gary M Deyter, Vakul Mohanty, Patrick Zhang, Scott E Evans, Elizabeth J Shpall, Frederick F Lang, Ken Chen, Katayoun Rezvani

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer with limited therapeutic options. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells with strong anti-tumor activity and may offer a promising treatment strategy for GBM. We compared the anti-GBM activity of NK cells engineered to express interleukin (IL)-15 or IL-21. Using multiple in vivo models, IL-21 NK cells were superior to IL-15 NK cells both in terms of safety and long-term anti-tumor activity, with locoregionally administered IL-15 NK cells proving toxic and ineffective at tumor control. IL-21 NK cells displayed a unique chromatin accessibility signature, with CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP), especially CEBPD, serving as …

Mif/Nr3c2 Axis Regulates Glucose Metabolism Reprogramming In Pancreatic Cancer Through Mapk-Erk And Ap-1 Pathways, Shouhui Yang, Wei Tang, Azadeh Azizian, Jochen Gaedcke, Yuuki Ohara, Helen Cawley, Nader Hanna, Michael Ghadimi, Trisha Lal, Subrata Sen, Chad J Creighton, Jianjun Gao, Nagireddy Putluri, Stefan Ambs, Perwez Hussain

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Inflammation and aberrant cellular metabolism are widely recognized as hallmarks of cancer. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), inflammatory signaling and metabolic reprogramming are tightly interwoven, playing pivotal roles in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. However, the regulatory functions of inflammatory mediators in metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer have not been fully explored. Earlier, we demonstrated that pro-inflammatory mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) enhances disease progression by inhibiting its downstream transcriptional factor nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2). Here, we provide evidence that MIF and NR3C2 interactively regulate metabolic reprogramming, resulting in MIF-induced cancer growth …

A Social Media Game To Increase Physical Activity Among Older Adult Women: Protocol Of A Randomized Controlled Trial To Evaluate Challenge, Michael C Robertson, Maria Chang Swartz, Karen M Basen-Engquist, Yisheng Li, Kristofer Jennings, Debbe Thompson, Tom Baranowski, Elena Volpi, Elizabeth J Lyons

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: Older adult women often do not engage in sufficient physical activity (PA) and can encounter biological changes that exacerbate the negative effects of inadequate activity. Wearable activity monitors can facilitate PA initiation, but evidence of sustained behavior change is lacking. Supplementing wearable technologies with intervention content that evokes enjoyment, interest, meaning, and personal values associated with PA may support long term adherence. In this paper, we present the protocol of an NIA-funded study designed to evaluate the efficacy of CHALLENGE for increasing step count and motivation for PA in insufficiently active older women (Challenges for Healthy Aging: Leveraging Limits …

Molecular Detection Of Pathogenic Bacteria In American Dog Ticks (Dermacentor Variabilis) In Brown County, Nebraska, Nicole Messbarger, Darby Carlson, Keith Geluso, Julie Shaffer

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies

Ticks carry and transmit disease pathogens that cause many human illnesses. Many of these diseases in humans are accompanied by a wide variety of symptoms making tick-borne illnesses often difficult to diagnose. The rate of reported tick-borne illnesses in humans has increased during the past decades in the United States, alongside a rise in concern for public health and safety. In northern Nebraska, the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) is the primary tick encountered by humans and domestic animals in the region. This species is a known vector for spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses and tularemia (Francisella …

Pressing Issues For Oral Care Quality Improvement: Findings From The Eu Deliver Project, Paulo Melo, Leonor Frey-Furtado, Daniela Correia, Stefan Listl, Michael Lorenz, Nagihan Bostanci, Álvaro Azevedo, Maria Lurdes Pereira

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: While oral health often takes a backseat to other health domains, it silently affects nearly half of the Worldwide population. The DELIVER project, funded by the EU's Horizon Europe program, seeks to develop a blueprint model for improving the quality of oral health care for everyone.

METHODS: Applying the Nominal Group Technique (NGT), 17 stakeholders from various backgrounds participated in identifying pressing issues for oral care quality improvement across practice, community, and policy levels.

RESULTS: The results revealed significant differences at the different levels, with accessibility emerging as a prominent issue, encompassing affordability, availability, and acceptability of oral healthcare …

Therapeutic Importance Of Exercise In Neuroplasticity In Adults With Neurological Pathology: Systematic Review, Sara Valverde Cardoso, Sofia Rita Fernandes, Maria Teresa Tomás

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(1): 1105-1119, 2024. Neuroplasticity is an essential mechanism by which the nervous system shapes and adapts according to functional requirements. Evidence suggests that physical exercise induces a cascade of cellular processes that favours brain plasticity. The Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin closely linked to neuroplasticity that can be increased due to exercise. To verify the effects of therapeutic exercise on neuroplasticity and/or peripheral BDNF levels in neurological conditions in adults, such as stroke, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases and mild cognitive impairment and address its clinical relevance in the treatment of neurological dysfunctions. …

Exploring The Mechanism Of Increased Survival In Rb1-Mutant Glioblastoma Multiforme, Lucia Wesemann

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an incredibly invasive and particularly lethal central nervous system cancer. Recent work has shown that GBM patients with mutated RB1 have greater overall survival. A proposed mechanism for the improved prognosis of this molecular subgroup is mainly supported by previous research that is not specific to GBM. I utilize the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) dataset to interrogate this mechanism using GBM-specific data. The mechanism is largely not supported by the CPTAC GBM dataset, and the trend of significantly improved overall survival in RB1-mutant GBM patients is not validated here. This study highlights the …

Personalized Neoantigen Vaccines As Early Intervention In Untreated Patients With Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma: A Non-Randomized Phase 1 Trial, Szymon J Szymura, Lin Wang, Tiantian Zhang, Soung-Chul Cha, Joo Song, Zhenyuan Dong, Aaron Anderson, Elizabeth Oh, Vincent Lee, Zhe Wang, Sapna Parshottam, Sheetal Rao, Jasper B Olsem, Brandon N Crumpton, Hans C Lee, Elisabet E Manasanch, Sattva Neelapu, Larry W Kwak, Sheeba K Thomas

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is an incurable low-grade lymphoma with no standard therapy. Nine asymptomatic patients treated with a first-in-human, neoantigen DNA vaccine experienced no dose limiting toxicities (primary endpoint, NCT01209871). All patients achieve stable disease or better, with one minor response, and median time to progression of 72+ months. Post-vaccine single-cell transcriptomics reveal dichotomous antitumor responses, with reduced tumor B-cells (tracked by unique B cell receptor) and their survival pathways, but no change in clonal plasma cells. Downregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules and paradoxical upregulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) by the latter suggest resistance mechanisms. …

Smokejumper Obituary: Demmons, William Herbert “Bill” (Missoula 1951), National Smokejumper Association

Smokejumper Obituaries

No abstract provided.

A Systematic Review: Longevity And Quality Of Life In Blue Zones, Salmaan Mulla

Theses and Graduate Projects

Ikaria, Loma Linda, Sardinia, Okinawa, and Nikoya. These 5 cities around the world are famed for their increased longevity and quality of life and are termed “Blue Zones”. Blue zones are areas around the world noted for their population of centenarians, overall long life expectancy and high quality of life compared to the average population. Studying these communities offer insights into the commonalities they share to better understand the unique aspects of living a healthy, fulfilling and long life. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, with the search terms “Ikaria, Greece longevity; Loma Linda, California longevity; Sardinia, …

Steroid Sulfatase In Rodent Tissues And A Cell Line: Characterization, Regulation And Inhibition, Barathi Balasubramonian

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Inactive sulfated steroids are present in plasma at higher concentrations than unsulfated ones. Steroid sulfatase (STS) is the enzyme that removes the sulfate group from sulfated steroid hormones in local tissues, making them active. High levels of STS are linked to breast and prostate cancers, and low levels of STS cause behavioral disorders and X-linked ichthyosis. STS is present in most tissues, yet its physiological role is uncertain. We sought to characterize STS activity in several rodent model systems in order to learn more about its function. Three different sets of experiments were conducted. First, we examined STS in mouse …

The Effect Of Various Doses Of Gamma Ray Irradiation On Growth And Chlorophyll Changes Of Three Adlay Genotypes, Warid Ali Qosim, Anas, Suseno Amien, Meddy Rachmadi, Sidik Ramdani, Romi Zamhir Islami

Jurnal Kultivasi

Adlay has great potential to be developed into an alternative food source in Indonesia because it contains carbohydrates and high fat. The aim was to effect of various doses of gamma-ray irradiation on growth,chlorophyll changes, and determination of lethal dose (LD50) three adlay genotypes in M1 generation. This study was conducted by using the experimental quantitative method without design. The material used consists of three adlay genotypes, including genotypes #28, #37, and #38. The seeds were treated with 0 Gy (control), 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy, and 500 Gy doses of gamma-ray irradiation by the Research Center …

Evaluation Of Padjadjaran Maize Hybrids In Intercropping System With Soybeans Under Albasia Shade, Yuyun Yuwariah, Audi Razaqa Soendajana, Fiky Yulianto Wicaksono, Dedi Ruswandi

Jurnal Kultivasi

Intercropping between maize and soybean has been known to be widely practiced by subsistence farmers. Some farmers do intercropping in production forests and there are no scientific data about it. The aims of the study were to evaluate the growth and yield of Padjadjaran maize hybrids and to estimate Land Equivalent Ratio, Competitive Ratio, and Stress Tolerance Index under intercropping of maize and soybeans under the shade of Albasia. The experiment was carried out from January to June 2021 in Tanjungsari, Sumedang Regency with an altitude of 818 m above sea level. The experiment used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) …

Macromolecular Crowding Effects On Enzymes That Display Non-Hyperbolic Kinetics, Kelsey A. Aldrich

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Macromolecules occupy up to 30% of a cell's volume, yet the in vitro study of biological processes is almost exclusively performed in dilute solutions that fail to approximate the crowded interior of a cell. A growing body of literature has identified that macromolecular crowding has significant effects on a number of biochemical processes, including enzymatic activity. However, changes in kinetic parameters with increased macromolecule concentrations have only been determined for enzymes that follow hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten kinetics, despite the fact that over 25% of enzymes deviate from this model. Here, we perform the first characterization of macromolecular crowding effects on …

Assimilating Satellite-Derived Snow Cover And Albedo Data To Improve 3-D Weather And Photochemical Models, Colleen Jones, Huy Tran, Trang Tran, Seth Lyman

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

During wintertime temperature inversion episodes, ozone in the Uinta Basin sometimes exceeds the standard of 70 ppb set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Since ozone formation depends on sunlight, and less sunlight is available during winter, wintertime ozone can only form if snow cover and albedo are high. Researchers have encountered difficulties replicating high albedo values in 3-D weather and photochemical transport model simulations for winter episodes. In this study, a process to assimilate MODIS satellite data into WRF and CAMx models was developed, streamlined, and tested to demonstrate the impacts of data assimilation on the models’ performance. Improvements …

Effect Of Biochar Composition And Paclobutrazol Concentration On Growth And Yield Of G1 Medians Cultivar Potato Seeds In Jatinangor Medium Plain, Jajang Sauman Hamdani, Zahira Salsabilla Idris Putri, Wawan Sutari

Jurnal Kultivasi

Potato seed production in the medium plain is necessary to avoid environmental damage and the limited area of potato seed production in the high plain. The effort to increase the production of G1 potato seeds on the medium plain is the evaluation of the biochar composition and concentration of paclobutrazol that can increase the production G1 potato seeds cv Medians in the medium plain of Jatinangor. The research was conducted from August to December 2022 at the Ciparanje Experimental Field. Jatinangor. Faculty of Agriculture. Universitas Padjadjaran. The experiment used a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor was the …

Absence Of Motor Impairments Or Pathological Changes In Tmem230 Knockout Rats, Wenjuan Zhang, Hao Peng, Daihe Yang, Guohua Song, Juan He, Yun Zhou, Cao Huang, Bo Huang

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by progressive movement impairment and loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although mutations in TMEM230 are linked to familial PD, the pathogenic mechanism underlying TMEM230-associated PD remains to be elucidated. To explore the effect of TMEM230 depletion in vivo, we created TMEM230 knockout rats using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. TMEM230 knockout rats did not exhibit any core features of PD, including impaired motor function, loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, or altered expression of proteins related to autophagy, the Rab family, or vesicular trafficking. …

Chinese Tallow Long-Term Impact On Stand Dynamics In A Bottomland Hardwood Forest Following Vegetation Management, Nicklaus R. Langlois

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small) is an invasive tree known to have negative impacts on bottomland hardwood forests. Chinese tallow is proficient in reproducing and surviving in bottomland hardwood forests because it is more flood and shade tolerant than most native trees. The long-term effectiveness of Chinese tallow control is an important topic to research as only a few long-term studies of Chinese tallow control have been conducted. A 10-year re-measurement of 22 paired plots installed in 2012 on the Pineywoods Mitigation Bank near Diboll, Texas following herbicide treatments examined Chinese tallow and native tree stand structure. Each …

What To Wear? A Lab Using Activity Monitors For Exercise Programming What To Wear? A Lab Using Activity Monitors For Exercise Programming, Debra Stroiney, Salvatore Ferranti

Educational Practices in Kinesiology

One responsibility of exercise professionals involves offering clients current information about contemporary fitness trends and technology. The purpose of this lab activity is to enhance experience and understanding of different Physical Activity (PA) Monitors. This lab assesses the accuracy and usability of different PA monitors by comparing data on step count, calories, and distance walked manually. Objectives include applying behavior change theories to exercise adherence, understanding the importance of exercise documentation, computing metabolic calculations for exercise intensity and caloric expenditure, and evaluating PA monitors. This lab is intended to be conducted in person and can be completed in a class …

The Effects Of Combining Β-Lactam Antibiotics And Mefloquine In Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Kayla C. Maas

Theses and Dissertations

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a notorious opportunistic pathogen, is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. The newest generation of β-lactam antibiotics, the carbapenems, are often used to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa infections. Treatment of P. aeruginosa has become increasingly difficult due to its remarkable ability to resist antibiotics through various intrinsic and acquired mechanisms. Physicians rely on a limited group of antibiotics to treat these infections, but many P. aeruginosa isolates are evolving to become resistant to all available antibiotics, including carbapenems. The multifaceted mechanisms underlying P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistance include β -lactamases, efflux pumps, altered membrane porins, and antibiotic …

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

No abstract provided.

Investigation Of Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (Nades) For Extraction Of Bioactive Compounds From Aronia Melanocarpa Fruit, Melek Zor

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

In this study, for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds found in high amounts in aronia fruit, three different extraction methods (classical, ultrasound, ultrasonic), three different traditional solvents (water, ethanol, acidified 80% methanol) as well as five different natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) were used. Color indices as L*, a*, b*, C* and H° values, total phenolic, total flavonoid, total monomeric anthocyanin, total antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays) and phenolic compounds of aronia fruit extracts were analyzed. There were significant differences in the measured parameters depending on the extraction method and solvent type. Extracts in ultrasound extraction and classical …

Characterization And Bioremediation Potential Of Heavy-Metal Resistant Bacteria Isolated From Agricultural Soil, Kheira Dahnoun, Fatima Djadouni, Badiaa Essghaier, Chahnez Naccache, Nadia Zitouna, Salwa Zehdi-Azouzi, İsmai̇l Bayyi̇ği̇t, Hijran Rafiyeva Latif, Maha Mezghani-Khemakhem, Hedia Bourguiba

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Heavy metal pollution is a major environmental issue that has a negative impact on soil quality and food security. As a result, heavy metal removal or remediation from hazardous sites has become mandatory. Bioremediation based on microorganisms is a promising method to remediate heavy metal-contaminated areas due to its eco-friendly, cost-effective, and highly efficient characteristics. This study aimed to isolate, identify and characterize rhizospheric bacteria able to resist, reduce, and detoxify heavy metals (chromium [Cr], nickel [Ni], and aluminum [Al]) from agricultural soil. Two isolates were chosen due to their high level of heavy metal resistance and could serve as …

Post-Activation Potentiation In Sprint Speeds Of Collegiate Male Soccer Players, Ronald J. Goubeaux Jr

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Post-activation potentiation is important to the field of strength and conditioning and athletics due to the possibility to elicit an increase in performance of the sport/activity. The purpose of this research study was to assess the efficacy of eliciting post-activation potentiation following a conditioning activity on the maximal running speed of male collegiate soccer players. 21 NCAA division I male soccer players performed supra-maximal quarter-squats as a conditioning activity prior to 2 max-effort sprints on the soccer field. Running speeds were measured using Sport Performance Traka GPS devices. 3 separate measurements compared the participants’ speeds which included a control measurement, …

Biostimulant-Mediated Cellular Repair By Improving Antioxidant Dynamics And Osmoregulation Against Metal Stress In Canola, Hina Kanwal, Iram Shoaib, Ali Noman, Muhammad Faisal Maqsood, Rashda Naheed, Omar Mahmoud Alzoubi, Mohamed Hashem, Rehab Elnour, Fahad Mohammed Alzuaibr, Noreen Khalid, Muhammad Kashif Irshad, Muhammad Aqeel

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Global crop yield and growth are severely impacted by hazardous heavy metal contamination of the soil and water. This study examined the effects on a range of physiological, biochemical, and morphological parameters of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars, Punjab (V1) and Super (V2), when they were subjected to three different levels of cadmium (Cd) stress (0, 1.5, and 2.25 mM) and foliar application of biostimulant, i.e., Moringa leaf extract (MLE). Plants in V1 (Punjab) collect more Cd in both their aerial and subterranean sections than in V2 (Super).The morphological and physiological indicators showed a substantial (p < 0.05) deterioration as a result of the Cd buildup. Ascorbic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were considerably (p < 0.05) elevated under Cd stress. V1 has considerably higher H2O2 values than Super (V2), which suggests that oxidative stress levels there are higher. Additionally, the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase and peroxidase (65 and 40%, respectively), were reduced by a higher concentration of Cd (2.25 mM). V2 demonstrated stronger antioxidant defence mechanisms than V1, as seen by a 115% rise in POD activity, a 70% increase in shoot fresh weight, and a 49% increase in amino acids following MLE spray. Despite this, the V2 was still able to withstand Cd. Under Cd stress, foliar treatment of MLE increased both kinds' yield, growth, biochemical, and physiological characteristics. The findings indicated that applying MLE foliar spray can improve crop productivity and lessen the impacts of metals on B. napus L.

Emotional Response In Working Memory Of Individuals With Latent Toxoplasmosis, Antonella Quimbayo

All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations

Toxoplasma gondii is a prevalent parasite that infects about 30% of the world population. House cats and other felids serve as definitive hosts and acquire Toxoplasma by consuming infected prey, which are intermediate hosts. This includes rats and avians, but also large mammals such as wolves and deer. Toxoplasma gondii is known to manipulate prey behavior to enhance its transmission. For example, infected rodents demonstrates attraction to and curiosity around cat urine. Wolves infected with Toxoplasma were 11 times more likely to disperse from their pack and start a new pack. The manipulation of intermediate host behavior observed in rodents …

Rna Secondary Structures: Structure-Function Studies In Viral And Neurodegenerative Diseases, Caylee Cunningham

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The studies within this dissertation highlight the importance of RNA structure and function, highlighting potential mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and hallmarks of ALS. Specifically, the s2m, a 41-nt structure found within the hyper variable region of the 3’ UTR of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was investigated as this element has no definitive role in viruses but its high conservation in several viral families warrants investigation. We used various biophysical techniques to determine if a palindromic sequence in the terminal loop could participate in dimerization activities, which may have implications in recombination and the longevity of the virus. …