Life Sciences Commons^™

Population Dynamics In Myxococcus Xanthus Developmental Biofilm, Trosporsha Tasnim Khan

Dissertations - ALL

Myxococcus xanthus, a soil-dwelling bacterium, exhibits complex multicellular behaviors through self-organization into biofilms. M. xanthus cells traverse agar surfaces, forming either predatory biofilm or vegetative swarm that expands outward in the presence of nutrients. Upon nutrient depletion, the swarm reorganizes as cells “stream” inward, coalescing into aggregates that mature into spore-filled fruiting bodies. This starvation-induced biofilm development is a complex process, governed by stringent genetic controls and coordinated population interactions. Despite extensive research into the dynamics of this development, from the onset of starvation to fruiting body maturation, a comprehensive understanding is still missing. This dissertation sheds light on the …

Organ-On-A-Chip Platforms For Drug Development, Cellular Toxicity Assessment, And Disease Modelling, Muhammad Maaz Khurram, Göktürk Ci̇nel, Özlem Yeşi̇l Çeli̇ktaş, Erdal Bedi̇r

Turkish Journal of Biology

Organ-on-a-chips (OoCs) or microphysiological platforms are biomimetic systems engineered to mimic organ structures onto microfluidic devices for biomedical research. These microdevices can mimic biological environments that enable cell-cell interactions at a small scale by mimicking 3D in vivo microenvironments outside the body. Thus far, numerous single and multiple OoCs that recapitulate organs have been developed, and they have emerged as forerunners for drug efficacy and cytotoxicity testing. This review explores OoC platforms to portray their versatility in investigating drug safety, efficacy, and toxicity. We also reflect upon the potential of OoCs to effectively demonstrate disease models for probable novel therapeutics, …

The Cumulative Effect Of Ellagic Acid And Carnosic Acid Attenuates Oxidative Events During Diabetic Wound Healing: In Different Applications And On Different Days, Eli̇f Naz Gürsoy, Kanuni̇ Barbaros Balabanli, Fatma Nur Tuğcu Demi̇röz, Şule Coşkun Cevher

Turkish Journal of Biology

Background/aim: The hyperglycemic environment in diabetes disrupts normal wound-healing processes, leading to chronic wounds. This study investigated whether the combination of the phenolic compounds Ellagic acid and Carnosic acid shows synergistic effects on diabetic wound healing and oxidative parameters in diabetic rats.Materials and methods: In this study, diabetic rats were divided into control, untreated, Carbopol 974P treated, topical treatment, and oral gavage treatment. Ellagic acid and Carnosic acid combination were applied topically and oral gavage to the full-thickness excisional wounds of all animals except the control group. We investigated oxidative events by malondialdehyde, glutathione, nitric oxide, protein carbonyl, collagen spectrophotometrically, …

Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands Modulate Fibrosis And Inflammation In Idiopathicpulmonary Fibrosis: A Preliminary Study, Sevi̇l Köse, Seli̇n Önen, Merve Gi̇zer, Esi̇n Boduroğlu, Uğur Gönüllü, Petek Korkusuz

Turkish Journal of Biology

Background/aim: There is no specific pharmacological treatment regimen for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Therefore, new anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies are needed. Cannabinoids (CBs) that are known for their inflammation-modulating and anti-fibrotic effects may be potential medication candidates for the treatment of IPF. Our aim is to evaluate the inflammation-modulating and anti-fibrotic effects of CB receptor (CBR) agonists and antagonists in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated human lung healthy fibroblast, epithelial cells, IPF fibroblast cells and monocytes.Materials and methods: We detected CBRs in the human lung healthy (LL24) and IPF fibroblast cells (LL29), epithelial cells (A549) and monocytes (THP-1) by flow cytometry (FC). We …

Development Of An Immunodiagnostic Assay For The Detection Of Sugarcane Mosaic Virus, Hafiz Muhammad Khalid, Najam Us Sahar Sadaf Zaidi, Naeem Rashid, Muhammad Tahir

Turkish Journal of Biology

Background/Aim: Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV; genus Potyvirus and family Potyviridae), poses a significant threat to global sugarcane cultivars, including those in Pakistan. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and effective diagnostic tool for detection of SCMV, enabling timely implementation of control measures to mitigate potential yield losses.Materials and Methods: The study focused on the in silico analysis; physicochemical properties, immunogenicity and subcellular localization of the SCMV coat protein (CP). The SCMV coat protein (CP) gene was synthesized, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant fusion coat protein (rFCP-SCMV) was purified and used to generate polyclonal …

Combinational Therapy Of All-Trans Retinoic Acid (Atra) And Sphingomyelin Induces Apoptosis And Cell Cycle Arrest In B16f10 Melanoma Cancer Cell, Zeynep İşlek Köklü, Eli̇f Li̇dya Şanverdi̇, Başak Karadağ, Mehmet Hi̇kmet Üçişik, Ezgi̇ Taşkan, Fi̇kretti̇n Şahi̇n

Turkish Journal of Biology

Background: Melanoma arises from the uncontrolled multiplication of melanocytes, posing an escalating global health concern. Despite early detection and surgical removal being crucial, metastatic melanoma poses treatment challenges, with limited options like chemotherapy and immunotherapy. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a natural metabolite of vitamin A, has shown promise in melanoma treatment by inducing differentiation, apoptosis, growth arrest, and immune modulation. However, ATRA treatment alone can lead to resistance and relapse. Sphingomyelin (SM) also plays a role in inhibiting melanoma progression by apoptotic cell death.Objective: This study investigated combinational anticancer effects of ATRA and SM on in vitro B16F10 melanoma cells.Method: …

Mechanistic Insights Into Cardiac Regeneration And Protection Through Meis Inhibition, Aynura Mammadova, Gali̇p Servet Aslan, Li Mo, Qifang Wu, Sebastian Clauss, Fati̇h Kocabaş

Turkish Journal of Biology

MEIS1, a member of the TALE-type homeobox gene family, has emerged as a pivotal regulator of cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest and represents a promising therapeutic target. Our study reveals that inhibition of MEIS1 using two novel small molecules, MEISi-1 and MEISi-2, significantly enhances neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferation and cytokinesis. Specifically, MEISi-1 and MEISi-2 increased the proportion of proliferating cardiomyocytes (Ph3+TnnT cells) upto 4.5 fold and the percentage of cytokinetic cardiomyocytes (AuroraB+TnnT cells) by 2 fold, compared to untreated controls. MEIS1 inhibition resulted in a notable downregulation of MEIS1 target genes and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, demonstrating its effect on key regulatory pathways. …

Vimentin Inside And Outside The Cell: From Cell Spreading To Nuclear Mechanics To Covid-19, Maxx Swoger

Dissertations - ALL

Cells are constantly subjected to both external forces encountered from the extracellular environment and internal stresses generated by the cell necessary to migrate and undergo healthy cellular function. Central to the ability of cells to both generate and mediate forces is the cell cytoskeleton, which forms the muscles and bones for cells. There are three main components of the cell cytoskeleton: microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments. The role of actin and microtubules in cell function, particularly force generation and mediation have been well studied; however, the role of intermediate filaments is less understood. Intermediate filaments represent a broad and diverse …

Hidden Markov Model For Identifying Local Variants In Human Genomes Using Simulated Data, Scott Mccallum

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Identifying adaptive mutations in genetic data is challenging due to the low frequency of occurrence of such events, and because signatures of selection are intertwined with the footprints of various other evolutionary forces that shape our genomes. Even when a larger region appears to be under selection, genomic sites that are linked to adaptive mutations have similar statistical signals, and thus can obfuscate the identification of the actual adaptive mutation. The new method described here uses a Hidden Markov Model that allows for classification of neutral, linked, and sweep (adaptive mutation) genomic sites. This model is general and can be …

Protocol For Culturing Patient-Derived Organoids Of Cervical Cancer, Rui Wang, Timothy Harris, Dalissa Negrón-Figueroa, David Lo, Allison Judge, D'Shaunique Walters, Bo Jiang, Lauren E Colbert

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Herein, we present a protocol for culturing patient-derived organoids (PDOs) of cervical cancer that includes workflows for tumor biopsy/resection tissue and cytobrush-sampled cells. We describe steps for PDO culture initiation, including rinsing, gentle dissociation, Lymphoprep separation, and cell assessment, as well as seeding cells from surgical and cytobrush tissue digestion. We then provide guidance on PDO maintenance and passage and techniques for producing conditioned medium. Overall, this protocol serves as a valuable guide for establishing and maintaining cervical cancer PDOs. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Colbert et al.

Protocol For Monitoring Clonal Hematopoiesis In Transgenic Mouse Models Using Multispectral Imaging, Priyanka Khanna, Lauren B Ostermann, Shayaun Khazaei, Ran Zhao, Michael Andreeff, Rasoul Pourebrahim

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Clonal hematopoiesis involves the clonal expansion of hematopoietic cells, potentially progressing into hematological malignancies. Here, we present a protocol for the development and characterization of two mouse models designed to simulate clonal hematopoiesis and acute myeloid leukemia. We describe steps for model generation, monitoring clonal expansion, harvesting, fixation, and staining of bone marrow and spleen tissues. We specifically focus on the visualization and analysis of p53 mutant clonal expansions, providing a comprehensive protocol for studying these phenomena in mouse models. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Pourebrahim et al.

Mathematical Multi-Compartment Modeling Of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell Kinetics Under Ibrutinib, Melanie Schulz, Sanne Bleser, Manouk Groels, Dragan Bošnački, Jan A Burger, Nicholas Chiorazzi, Carsten Marr

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib is an effective treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). While it rapidly reduces lymph node and spleen size, it initially increases the number of lymphocytes in the blood due to cell redistribution. A previously published mathematical model described and quantified those cell kinetics. Here, we propose an alternative mechanistic model that outperforms the previous model in 26 of 29 patients. Our model introduces constant subcompartments for healthy lymphocytes and benign tissue and treats spleen and lymph nodes as separate compartments. This three-compartment model (comprising blood, spleen, and lymph nodes) performed significantly better …

From Sampling To Simulating: Single-Cell Multiomics In Systems Pathophysiological Modeling, Alexandra Manchel, Michelle M. Gee, Rajanikanth Vadigepalli

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

As single-cell omics data sampling and acquisition methods have accumulated at an unprecedented rate, various data analysis pipelines have been developed for the inference of cell types, cell states and their distribution, state transitions, state trajectories, and state interactions. This presents a new opportunity in which single-cell omics data can be utilized to generate high-resolution, high-fidelity computational models. In this review, we discuss how single-cell omics data can be used to build computational models to simulate biological systems at various scales. We propose that single-cell data can be integrated with physiological information to generate organ-specific models, which can then be …

Bone-Ivd Crosstalk And The Role Of Rage Signaling In An Ivd Injury Model, Remy Walk

McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations

Low back pain (LBP) is the number one musculoskeletal cause of disability with a lifetime prevalence of up to 85%. The causes of LBP are multifactorial with potential contributions from factors such as tissue injury and degeneration as well as social economic and psychological factors. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with 26-40% of LBP cases and in a 2015 meta-analysis, it was estimated that a total 403 million people suffer from symptomatic IVD degeneration. IVD degeneration is characterized by loss of hydration in the nucleus pulposus (NP), damage accumulation in the annulus fibrosus (AF) and calcification of the cartilaginous …

Quantitative Approaches To Dissect Bivalent Antibody Binding And Detect Viruses From Aerosolized Samples, Ananya Benegal

McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations

Influenza A virus (IAV) poses substantial epidemiological burdens around the world, with an estimated annual global mortality rate in the hundreds of thousands. Its rapid rate of mutation gives it a propensity for causing seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. As an airborne virus, IAV is most commonly transmitted through droplets and aerosols. Antibodies play a crucial role in the immune defense against IAV infection. By understanding the mechanisms of antibody-mediated defense and the transmission dynamics of IAV, we can better inform strategies for prevention, vaccination, and treatment, ultimately mitigating its impact on public health. The work encompassed in this dissertation …

Bone-Ivd Crosstalk And The Role Of Rage Signaling In An Ivd Injury Model, Remy Walk

McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations

Low back pain (LBP) is the number one musculoskeletal cause of disability with a lifetime prevalence of up to 85%. The causes of LBP are multifactorial with potential contributions from factors such as tissue injury and degeneration as well as social economic and psychological factors. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with 26-40% of LBP cases and in a 2015 meta-analysis, it was estimated that a total 403 million people suffer from symptomatic IVD degeneration. IVD degeneration is characterized by loss of hydration in the nucleus pulposus (NP), damage accumulation in the annulus fibrosus (AF) and calcification of the cartilaginous …

Spatial Insight Of Kidney Sex-Dimorphism And Tumor Evolution, Chia-Kuei Mo

McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations

The landscape of spatial biology research has transformed drastically in recent years allowing a comprehensive understanding of cellular organization and molecular mechanisms in various biological context. This thesis presents three complementary studies that advance our understanding of spatial organization in normal tissue biology and tumor evolution, utilizing cutting-edge spatial multi-omics approaches. The first study presents a comprehensive investigation of kidney sexual dimorphism across the lifespan, integrating six distinct technological platforms: single-nucleus transcriptomics, epigenomics, Visium spatial transcriptomics, Xenium single-cell resolution spatial transcriptomics, conventional immunofluorescence imaging, and co-detection by indexing (CODEX) multiplexed protein imaging. This multi-modal approach reveals that proximal tubules exhibit …

Characterization Of Tfiie-Regulated Genes By Transcriptome Analysis, Serdar Baysal

Turkish Journal of Biology

RETRACTED: This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for details. An Expression of Concern was previously published.

Previous studies on GTF2E showed that it has association with certain group of diseases such as colon cancer and trichothiodystrophy but what is the global effect of GTF2E on cellular processes is not widely characterized. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate and characterize the affect of GTF2E on transcription level of genes and identify the cellular processes and diseases associated with GTF2E. The HCT116 cell line was used in the study and transfected at 30 nM concentration with …

Results Of The Simultaneous Combination Of Ponatinib And Blinatumomab In Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive All, Hagop Kantarjian, Nicholas J Short, Fadi G Haddad, Nitin Jain, Xuelin Huang, Guillermo Montalban-Bravo, Rashmi Kanagal-Shamanna, Tapan M Kadia, Naval Daver, Kelly Chien, Yesid Alvarado, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Ghayas C Issa, Rebecca Garris, Cedric Nasnas, Lewis Nasr, Farhad Ravandi, Elias Jabbour

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical Trial Updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported.In this analysis, we update our experience with the chemotherapy-free regimen of blinatumomab and ponatinib in 60 patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive ALL. At a median follow-up of 24 months, the complete molecular response rate …

Chilling- And Dark-Regulated Photoprotection In Miscanthus, An Economically Important C4 Grass, Jared Haupt, Katarzyna Glowacka

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Tolerance of chilling dictates the geographical distribution, establishment, and productivity of C4 crops. Chilling reduces enzyme rate, limiting the sink for the absorbed light energy leading to the need for quick energy dissipation via non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Here, we characterize NPQ upon chilling in three Miscanthus accessions representing diverse chilling tolerance in C4 grasses. High chilling tolerant accessions accumulate substantial amounts of zeaxanthin during chilling nights in both field and growth chamber settings. Chilling-induced zeaxanthin accumulation in the dark enhances rate of NPQ induction by 66% in the following morning. Based on our data, the emerging ways for the unique …

A Quantitative Approach To Determining The Reduction Rate Of Cassette Labeling Errors Within A Surgical Pathology Diagnostic Laboratory, Kiaya Symonné Pruitt

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Cassette labeling errors within a surgical pathology laboratory can affect patient safety variously, including invalid patient results. In order to diminish these errors, automated systems have been placed in surgical pathology laboratories. However, there is no current research on reducing cassette labeling errors within a surgical pathology laboratory that possesses a partial automated system without a LIS connection. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine if there is a statistically significant reduction in pathology cassette labeling errors during different phases of the barcode system (an automated system) implementation for cassette creation. A nonexperimental correlational design was used for the current …

Exploring Nutrition Teachers' Perspectives Of Enacted Nutrition Policies To Address Childhood Obesity In The Bahamas, Shondell M. De Velde

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain a comprehensive understanding of nutrition teachers' perspectives on enacted nutrition policies aimed at combating childhood obesity in The Bahamas. The central phenomenon of the study is teachers' perspectives of enacted nutrition policies to address childhood obesity in The Bahamas. The Health Belief Model (HBM) developed by Irwin M. Rosenstock in the 1950s was used to provide a theoretical framework, that can be used to understand nutrition teachers' perceptions and actions related to enacted nutrition policies. The HBM delves into an individual’s motivation to accept healthy behavior and is thus constructed to …

The Proteomics Of T-Cell And Early T-Cell Precursor (Etp) Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: Prognostic Patterns In Adult And Pediatric-Etp All, Fieke W Hoff, Lourdes Sriraja, Yihua Qiu, Gaye N Jenkins, David T Teachey, Brent Wood, Meenakshi Devidas, Shaina Shockley, Mignon L Loh, Evangelia Petsalaki, Steven M Kornblau, Terzah M Horton

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of T-cell lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) are better for children (>90%) compared to adults (~57%). The early T-cell precursor (ETP) T-ALL subtype is prognostically unfavorable in adults, but less significant in pediatric T-ALL, and the diagnosis and prognosis of "near"-ETP is controversial. We compared protein and RNA expression patterns in pediatric and adult T-ALL to identify prognostic subgroups, and to further characterize ETP and near-ETP T-ALL in both age groups.

Methods: Protein expression was assessed using RPPA methodology for 321 target proteins in 361 T-ALL patient samples from 292 pediatrics and 69 adults, …

Author Correction: Single-Cell And Spatial Proteo-Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Immune Infiltration Heterogeneity Associated With Neuroendocrine Features In Small Cell Lung Cancer, Ying Jin, Yuefeng Wu, Alexandre Reuben, Liang Zhu, Carl M Gay, Qingzhe Wu, Xintong Zhou, Haomin Mo, Qi Zheng, Junyu Ren, Zhaoyuan Fang, Teng Peng, Nan Wang, Liang Ma, Lungevity Panshi Initiative Consortium, Yun Fan, Hai Song, Jianjun Zhang, Ming Chen

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

No abstract provided.

Enhancer Reprogramming Underlies Therapeutic Utility Of A Smarca2 Degrader In Smarca4 Mutant Cancer, Sasikumar Kotagiri, Nicholas Blazanin, Yuanxin Xi, Yanyan Han, Md Qudratullah, Xiaobing Liang, Yawen Wang, Poonam Pandey, Hira Mazhar, Truong Nguyen Lam, Anand Kamal Singh, Jing Wang, Yonathan Lissanu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Genomic studies have identified frequent mutations in subunits of the SWI/SNF (switch/sucrose non-fermenting) chromatin remodeling complex including SMARCA4 and ARID1A in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Genetic evidence indicates that the paralog SMARCA2 is synthetic lethal to SMARCA4 suggesting SMARCA2 is a valuable therapeutic target. However, the discovery of selective inhibitors of SMARCA2 has been challenging. Here, we utilized structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies to develop YD23, a potent and selective proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) targeting SMARCA2. Mechanistically, we show that SMARCA2 degradation induces reprogramming of the enhancer landscape in SMARCA4-mutant cells with loss of chromatin accessibility at enhancers of genes …

A Meta-Analysis Of Seafood Species Mislabeling In The United States, Sarah Ahles, Christina A. Mireles Dewitt, Rosalee S. Hellberg

Food Science Faculty Articles and Research

Seafood is vulnerable to mislabeling due to complex global supply chains, varying prices, and the similar appearance of species. While numerous studies have been published on seafood mislabeling, the focus is often on species known to be commonly substituted. Therefore, the overall mislabeling rates of seafood sold in the U.S. remain unknown, especially for the most consumed species. The objective of the current study was to compile the results of seafood mislabeling studies into a single resource to provide informative statistics on U.S. seafood mislabeling. A meta-analysis was conducted on U.S. seafood mislabeling studies that tested commercial samples of bony …

Mechanism Of Impaired Cd8+ T Cell Activation During Ross River Virus Infection, Christopher Bullock

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Ross River virus (RRV) is a mosquito transmitted virus endemic to Australia that infects humans and causes acute symptoms of rash, fever, myalgia, and fatigue. Although systemic viral infection subsides within a few weeks, joint pain lingers in many patients for months. Active viral replication is not readily detected in this chronic phase, although persistent viral RNA has been found in the synovial fluid of patients. This can be studied in mice, which can be productively infected with RRV when inoculated in the foot. Like in humans, in the chronic phase of disease, viral RNA is still present in the …

Cytoplasmic And Mitochondrial Calcium Influences Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival To Axon Injury, Sean Mccracken

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Retinal Ganglion Cell (RGC) death is the final outcome in optic neuropathies like glaucoma and traumatic optic nerve injury, which represent the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. There are currently no treatments for these diseases targeting RGCs directly, and mechanisms underlying RGC death are unclear. Calcium ion (Ca2+) dysregulation occurs in almost all neurodegenerative conditions, including glaucoma, which has been studied in rodents using a robust injury model of traumatic axon injury, optic nerve crush (ONC). However, the impact of homeostatic Ca2+ regulation in RGCs response to glaucoma or ONC is unknown. Furthermore, while some mechanisms that regulate Ca2+ …

Studying The Dynamics Of Neuromodulators In The Brain By Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging, Pingchuan Ma

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Neuromodulators in the brain are fundamental to neuronal functions and animal behaviors in health and diseases. The modulatory actions of neuromodulators highly rely on their spatiotemporal dynamics. Recent research has demonstrated the importance of both sustained and transient change in neuromodulators, likely due to tonic and phasic neuromodulator release. However, no traditional methods could simultaneously record both types of dynamics. Fluorescence lifetime of optical reporters could offer a solution because it both allows high temporal resolution and is impervious to sensor expression differences across chronic periods. Nevertheless, no fluorescence lifetime change across the entire classes of neuromodulator sensors was previously …

Exploring The Homeostatic Functions And Driving Forces Of Lymphatic Outflow Pathways From The Central Nervous System, Zachary Matthew Papadopoulos

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Lymphatic drainage from the central nervous system (CNS) has been noted and described for several hundred years, yet its physiological roles have remained unclear. The fluid homeostasis of the CNS has long stood as an area of scientific interest due to primary disorders including hydrocephalus. However, the early days of neuroimmunology leaned on the lack of lymphatic vasculature in the CNS as a contributing explanation for ‘immune privilege’ in the CNS. As a result, the importance of lymphatics in CNS homeostasis has remained poorly understood and controversial. Following a renaissance in interest in the contribution of lymphatics to CNS homeostasis, …