Metallurgy Commons^™

A New Method For Simulating Power Flow Density Focused By A Silicon Lens Antenna Irradiated With Linearly Polarized Thz Wave, Catur Apriono, Eko Tjipto Rahardjo, Norihisa Hiromoto

Makara Journal of Technology

A terahertz system uses dielectric lens antennas for focusing and collimating beams of terahertz wave radiation. Linearly polarized terahertz wave radiation has been widely applied in the terahertz system. Therefore, an accurate method for analyzing the power flow density in the dielectric lens antenna irradiated with the linearly polarized terahertz wave radiation is important to design the terahertz systems. In optics, ray-tracing method has been used to calculate the power flow density by a number density of rays. In this study, we propose a method of ray-tracing combined with Fresnel’s transmission, including transmittance and polarization of the terahertz wave radiation …

Stochastic Optimization Of Supply Chain Risk Measures –A Methodology For Improving Supply Security Of Subsidized Fuel Oil In Indonesia, Adinda Yuanita, Andi Noorsaman Sommeng, Anondho Wijonarko

Makara Journal of Technology

Monte Carlo simulation-based methods for stochastic optimization of risk measures is required to solve complex problems in supply security of subsidized fuel oil in Indonesia. In order to overcome constraints in distribution of subsidized fuel in Indonesia, which has the fourth largest population in the world—more than 250,000,000 people with 66.5% of productive population, and has more than 17,000 islands with its population centered around the nation's capital only—it is necessary to have a measurable and integrated risk analysis with monitoring system for the purpose of supply security of subsidized fuel. In consideration of this complex issue, uncertainty and probability …

Thermodynamic Analysis Of Irreversible Heat-Transformers, Niccolo` Giannetti, Arnas Arnas, Andrea Rocchetti, Kiyoshi Saito

Makara Journal of Technology

Absorption heat transformers extend the possibilities for efficient and environment-friendly energy conversion processes. Based on a general thermodynamic model of three-thermal cycles with finite thermal capacity of the heat sources, this paper is intent upon analyzing and optimizing the performance of absorption heat transformers, by including the influence of irreversibility in the analytical expression of the system efficiency. Dimensionless parameters for an overall optimization are defined and a first screening is performed to clarify their influence. Dependence on the main factors is highlighted to suggest how to change them in order to enhance the whole system performance. Under this point …

Impurity Diffusion As A Possible Metal Chronometer For Pre-Detonation Nuclear Forensics, Edward T. Peskie, Howard L. Hall

International Journal of Nuclear Security

The ability to determine the age of seized nuclear material—that is, the time that has passed since it was formed— would provide crucial data to be used in its investigation. This paper reviews the methods and mathematical reasoning behind the use of diffusion theory, as previously applied to analysis of metals in ancient artifacts and other objects, to modern investigations in nuclear science. We here examine the time-dependent processes of diffusion, including grain boundary diffusion and discontinuous precipitation, and we assess the utility of examining the profiles of impurity and alloying element concentrations for use as a tool in pre-detonation …

Radiation Damage As A Possible Metal Chronometer For Pre-Detonation Nuclear Forensics, Edward T. Peskie, Howard L. Hall

International Journal of Nuclear Security

The better we can determine how long ago nuclear material was made, the sharper our tools for investigating seized nuclear materials. This paper examines the effects of radiation damage caused by the decay of uranium isotopes, and assesses how experts in nuclear forensics could use the analyses of these damaged regions to determine how much time has passed since metal samples were formed. It also draws parallels from fission track dating studies of mineral samples under geologic time, and proposes modifications to past publications on α-recoil track dating in order to determine the time since a metal sample was cast …

An Investigation Of Incipient Melting During Solution Heat Treatment Of 7050 Aluminum Forgings And Its Effect On Corrosion Properties, Thomas Kilkenny

Materials Engineering

7050 alloy (6.2Zn-2.3Mg-2.3Cu-0.12Zr) is a structural aluminum alloy commonly used in the aerospace industry. Its rich chemistry makes it susceptible to incipient melting. Incipient melting is a phenomenon where areas with high local alloy content melt before the rest of the material. This can cause a degradation of mechanical and corrosion properties. A six by four factor solution heat treatment trial was conducted. Six solution heat treatment temperatures, 890- 940°F in 10°F increments, and four times, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours, were used. Incipient melting was observed in the 910°F, 6 hour solution heat treatment and all 920-940°F solution …

Analysis Of Shear Strength Variance Of Ph 15-7 Mo Blind Rivet Stems For Aerospace Applications, Miles Macarthur, Kent C. Majewski

Materials Engineering

This project attempts to reduce manufacturing costs incurred to Cherry Aerospace by variance in material properties. To track and predict the shear strength of PH 15-7 Mo stainless steel rivet stems throughout the heat treatment process, samples were taken from several steps in the manufacturing process and experimental heat treatments were performed across a range of temperatures. The supplied rivet stems were heat treated for four hours at temperatures from 520°C to 560°C, in increments of 10°C. Double shear testing in accordance with ASTM 1312-13A revealed that there is no apparent correlation between the strength of the supplied wire and …

Effect Of Time Delay Between Etching And Adhesive Bonding (“Outlife” Time) On Lap-Shear Strength Of Aluminum Alloys Using Environmentally-Friendly P2 Etch, Josh Barkhimer, Matthew Erich, Gokul Nair

Materials Engineering

Raytheon Company currently uses a Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) paste etchant for preparing aluminum surfaces for adhesive bonding, and FPL is a source of hazardous hexavalent chromium. The goal of this study was to evaluate a less-toxic P2 paste etchant as a possible replacement. Coupons of 2024-T3, 6061-T6, and 7075-T6 grades of aluminum alloy were solvent-degreased, abrasively cleaned, and etched at room temperature using P2 paste following a strict protocol adopted from Raytheon. Coupons were then left exposed to air for assigned time intervals (or “outlife” times) of 0, 1, 4, 8, 16, and 63 or 72 hours. The aluminum …

Effects Of Composition And Solid Solution Strengthening On The Compression Strength Of Iron-Based Hardfacing Alloys, Tyler Wiggins, Samuel Garrison-Terry

Materials Engineering

Three iron-based hardfacing alloys were fabricated to have a tungsten strengthened matrix with varying compositions of 10-15, 20, and 30 wt% tungsten/chrome boride content. The fourth sample was fabricated to have a molybdenum solid solution strengthened matrix with 10-15 wt% W/Cr Boride content. This project focuses on the compressive strength of iron-based hardfacing alloys. Preliminary compression tests with Scoperta iron-based hardfacing alloys showed a need for sample dimension reduction due to compressive loads that could not be met by a 50 kN maximum capacity mechanical testing system. The preliminary tests showed compressive strengths exceeding 2340 MPa. Samples of the current …

Electrochemical Testing Of Aluminum-Lithium Alloys 2050, 2195, And The Current Aerospace Industry Standard 7075 To Measure The Galvanic Corrosion Behavior With Ti-6al-4v, Trent Duncan, Kevin Knight

Materials Engineering

This project aimed to characterize the electrochemical behavior of four different aluminum alloys, and determine how much galvanic corrosion would occur when each alloy was coupled to Ti-6Al-4V. The particular alloys tested were 2050-T3, 2050-T852, 2195-T852, and 7075-T7352. These alloys were tested to determine the effects of aging, and adding lithium, to the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were generated using the Parstat 2273 potentiostat in accordance with ASTM standard G5, and corrosion analysis software was used to produce Tafel fit lines, which determined the open circuit potential (E_corr) of each sample. Nine tests were …

Characterization Of Laser Deposited Ti-6al-4v To Nb Gradient Alloys, Clincy Cheung

Materials Engineering

An alloy was fabricated with Ti-6Al-4V and Nb powder using laser deposition (LD) to form a compositional gradient. The gradient was deposited, starting with Ti-6Al-4V powder, onto a forged Ti-6Al-4V substrate in an Argon environment. Niobium (Nb) composition increased by 4-at.% with each layer deposited until the composition reached 100-at.% Nb. This process yielded steep thermal gradients and affected the microstructure and mechanical properties across the compositional gradient. To observe the microstructural changes in the alloy, an etched gradient was viewed with optical microscopy at 1000x, where the grain structure was observed to be an acicular α phase at 100-at.% …

Investigating The Cause Of Unique Mechanical Behavior In Platinum Alloy Guidewire Tips, Evan Borgeson, Alfred Rosen

Materials Engineering

The platinum alloy used by Abbott Vascular in guidewire tips exhibits a yielding behavior characterized by an abrupt transition from elastic to plastic zones and high ductility. This yielding behavior was hypothesized to be a result of one of three structural phenomena: ordering, solute strain aging, or interstitial strain aging. To test for these strengthening mechanisms in the wire, X-ray diffraction analysis, heat treatments, and tensile testing were completed. The wire has a diameter of 0.0025 inches and was supplied in two forms, the final stress relieved state, and as-drawn from the production line. Heat treatments were performed at 130 …

Effects Of Initial Forging Temperature, Cooling Rates, And Carbon Content On Primary Alpha Formation In Ti-6al-4v, James Tillman, Hui Wei

Materials Engineering

Ti-6Al-4V is an alpha-beta titanium alloy system, which contains both alpha and beta phases at room temperature. Both alpha and beta phases provide Ti-6Al-4V a range of different properties for a range of applications. In order to improve the energy efficiency and better satisfy customers’ requirements of less than 52% primary alpha phase, Weber Metals sponsored this project to study the effects of carbon content, forging temperature, and cooling rates on primary alpha formation in Ti-6Al-4V alloys. There has been a lot of discussion as to whether or not carbon, a known alpha stabilizer, will affect the microstructure in small …

Synthesis, Characteristics, And Material Properties Dataset Of Bi:Dyig-Oxide Garnet-Type Nanocomposites, M Nur-E-Alam, Mikhail Vasiliev, Kamal Alameh

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

The fabrication, annealing crystallization processes, and material properties of (Bi,Dy)3(Fe,Ga)5O12:Bi2O3 nanocomposites are investigated and summarized. The stoichiometry of these nanocomposites is optimized for magnetooptic applications using the approach of stoichiometry adjustment (implemented by means of varying RF power densities applied to the sputtering targets used to prepare the nanocomposite thin films). The crystallization processes for all developed batches of as-deposited films are carried out by annealing runs at different temperatures and process durations. This paper describes the methodologies used to optimize the compositions (by calculating the volumetric fractions of excess bismuth oxide to be mixed with the garnet-stoichiometry species during …

Enhancing Grain Refinement Of Austenitic Steel With Ti Additions By Melt Treatment Sequence Optimization, Gun Ge, Semen Naumovich Lekakh, Ronald J. O'Malley

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.

Resonant Spectra Of Metal Nanotoroids Of Various Sizes, Huong Quynh Tran

Electrical Engineering Undergraduate Honors Theses

Nowadays, the manipulation of light by using metallic nanostructures has wide applications in photonics, optoelectronics and energy conversion. Along with other universities all over the world, the University of Arkansas is researching on nano-antennas’ design, fabrication and applications. Current research in Dr. El-Shenawee’s Terahertz Imaging and Spectroscopy Computational Electromagnetics Group, has computationally investigated the behaviors of plasmonic nanostructures by using the commercial finite element electromagnetic solver Ansys® HFSS. This work reproduced the previous work of spectral absorption enhancement of infinite and finite arrays of silver and gold nanotoroids with sizes of the inner radii: 13nm – 21nm, while outer radius …

Environmental Considerations For Treatment Of Effluent Waste Solutions And Solid Waste Products, Larry G. Twidwell

Metallurgy

No abstract provided.

Thermodynamic Considerations In Molten Salt Electrolysis For Rare Earth Metals, Arwin Gunawan

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

Many applications utilize rare earths as a part of their essential composition, such as: Ni-MH batteries, glass screen, magnets, fluorescent lightning, etc. These reactive elements are normally found as an oxide compound due to their affinity with oxygen. Their oxide formation exhibits a high standard free energy, which make them really stable. Consequently, extracting rare earths cannot be easily done with a simple acid-base reaction.

It has been known that there are two reduction ways to extract rare earth, metallothermic reduction and molten salt electrolysis process. Metallothermic method is determined by standard free energy formation, melting point, boiling point, vapor …

Estimation And Thermodynamic Modeling Of Solid Iron Species In The Berkeley Pit Water, Rajesh Srivastava

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

Since the cessation of open-pit mining activities from the Berkeley Pit located in Butte, MT in 1982, the pit had gradually filled with metal-laden acidic mine water. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate and apply thermodynamic theory to a group of iron-sulfate solids that might equilibrate with the Berkeley Pit water. Thermodynamic data was incomplete for acid mine affected water, and the effects of Cu cementation on the formation of iron oxide and sulfate solids had not been analyzed. Ferric iron compounds such as Ferrihydrite, Goethite, Schwertmannite, Potassium Jarosite and Potassium Hydronium Jarosite were modelled in Stabcal using …

Optimization Of Rare Earth Leaching From Ores And Concentrates, Grant Wallace

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

The use of applied chemistry in the production and optimization of leach solutions from Rare Earth Element (REE) ores and concentrates was investigated. Ore and concentrate samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy/mineral liberation analysis (SEM/MLA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Inductively-coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Multiple leach tests were performed to analyze the effects of temperature, residence time, and reagent concentration on the leaching of REEs. Analysis of leach solutions was carried out using ICP-AES. Modeling and statistical analysis of extraction behavior was carried out using DesignExpert 9. Modeling data for multiple REEs indicate that extraction is strongly influenced …

Voltammetric Investigation Of Xanthate Chemisorption On A Chalcopyrite Surface, Jesse Lynn Bowden

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

Cyclic Voltammetry experiments have been conducted on copper, iron, and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and compared to mass-balanced EH-pH Diagrams. Potassium ethyl xanthate (KEX) was added to solution and additional voltammetry experiments were performed to determine the surface chemistry reactions of flotation collector in solution with these minerals. The ultimate goal of this research was to investigate the possibility of xanthate chemisorption onto the chalcopyrite mineral surface. Results of the copper mineral testing confirm previous literature studies and corroborate published isotherm data. Results of the iron mineral testing showed changes in surface reactions with the addition of potassium ethyl xanthate to solution, …

Thermal Processing And Mechanical Properties Of Beta Phase Titanium Alloys For Biomedical Applications, Ethan Wood

Graduate Theses & Non-Theses

The past few decades have seen an increase in the use of beta titanium alloys as structural biomaterials. Their combination of excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, along with a lower Young’s modulus than stainless steel, cobalt-chromium and commercially pure titanium make the beta titanium alloys ideal biomaterials. This work evaluates the use of three beta titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Three beta titanium alloys, Ti 15-3-3-3, Ti SP-700 and Ti Beta-C, underwent thermal processing to optimize mechanical properties. The alloys were subjected to tensile testing, hardness testing, fatigue testing, optical microscopy and SEM fracture analysis in order to …

Group Decisions In Value Management, Christiono Utomo, Farida Murti, Arazi Idrus

Makara Journal of Technology

This research deals with a technique to expedite group decision making during the selection of technical solutions for value management process. Selection of a solution from a set of alternatives is facilitated by evaluating using multicriteria decision making techniques. During the process, every possible solution is rated on criteria of function and cost. Function deals more with quality than with quantity, and cost can be calculated based on the theoretical time value of money. Decision-making techniques based on satisfying games are applied to determine the relative function and cost of solutions and hence their relative value. The functions were determined …

Seebeck Coefficient Of Soi Layer Induced By Phonon Transport, Faiz Salleh, Takuro Oda, Yuhei Suzuki, Yoshinari Kamakura, Hiroya Ikeda

Makara Journal of Technology

The Seebeck coefficient of a patterned Si wire on P-doped SOI (Si-on-insulator) layer with a carrier concentration of 1018 cm-3 was measured near room temperature. The Seebeck coefficient is found to be smaller than that in the SOI layer and to be closer to the calculated Seebeck coefficient including the electronic contribution. The decrease in the Seebeck coefficient of Si wire is likely to occur due to the elimination of the contribution of phonon drag part. From the theoretical calculation of scattering rates by considering the scattering processes in phonon system, it is considered that an increase in phonon-boundary scattering …

Construction Of A Novel Method Of Measuring Thermal Conductivity For Nanostructures, Hiroya Ikeda, Shoma Yoshida, Yuhei Suzuki, Veerappan Manimuthu, Faiz Salleh, Fujio Kuwahara, Masaru Shimomura, Kenji Murakami

Makara Journal of Technology

With the aim of characterizing the thermal conduction in a nanometer-scaled materials, we have constructed a novel method on the basis of an ac calorimetric method. In this method, periodic sample heating is performed by light irradiation and the corresponding periodic temperature is detected by infrared irradiative thermometer. This makes us measure the thermal diffusivity out of contact with the objective sample. In the present study, we confirm to measure the thermal diffusivity of bulk Si and Cu by this non-contact method with halogen-lamp irradiation. In determining the thermal diffusivity from the relationship between distance deviation and delay time, the …

Phonon-Drag Contribution To Seebeck Coefficient Of Ge-On-Insulator Substrate Fabricated By Wafer Bonding Process, Veerappan Manimuthu, Shoma Yoshida, Yuhei Suzuki, Faiz Salleh, Mukannan Arivanandhan, Yoshinari Kamakura, Yasuhiro Hayakawa, Hiroya Ikeda

Makara Journal of Technology

In order to build high-sensitivity infrared photodetectors using SiGe nanowires, we investigate the thermoelectric characteristics of Ge-on-insulator (GOI) layers as a reference for SiGe. We fabricate p-type GOI substrates with an impurity concentration of 1016-1018cm-3 by a wafer-bonding process using Ge and oxidized Si wafers. Annealing treatment is performed in order to further increase the bonding strength of Ge/SiO2 interface. We measure the Seebeck coefficient in the temperature range of 290-350 K. The Seebeck coefficient of the GOI layers is very close to the theoretical value for Ge, calculated on the basis of carrier transport. Hence, there is a small …

Fiber Optic Ring Resonator Sensor Detection Technique Based On Spectral Intensity Integration, Purnomo Sidi Priambodo, Sasono Rahardjo, Gunawan Witjaksono, Djoko Hartanto

Makara Journal of Technology

Resonant field phenomenon in optical ring resonator has been a major theme for various studies and can be used for various sensor applications. The spectral response shape changes are subjects to be discussed and analyzed for detection in optical sensor system. The spectral response changes are caused by various factors ranging from refractive index of the surrounding medium, medium loss due to absorption and scattering, and coupling variation between waveguides. These optical phenomena are mostly used for bio-sensor applications, since it is free from electromagnetic interference (EMI) and non-physically destructive. In this paper, we discuss our current research in developing …

The Effects Of The Types Of Milk (Cow, Goat, Soya) And Enzymes (Rennet, Papain, Bromelain) Toward Cheddar Cheese Production, Ariestya Arlene, Anastasia Prima Kristijarti, Ivana Ardelia

Makara Journal of Technology

The objectives of this research are to study the effects of different types of milk and enzymes toward the yield and quality (moisture, ash, protein, fat content, and texture) of cheddar cheese and the interaction between those two variables during the process. The types of milk are cow, goat, and soya milk, while the types of enzymes are rennet, papain, and bromelain enzymes. Regarding the procedure, the milk is first pasteurized before CaCl2 and Lactobacillus lactis that acts as the acidifier starter as much as 0.2% (w/v) and 0.5% of the milk volume are added respectively. The amount of enzyme …

Hazard-Driven Drivers’ Behaviours Towards Vehicle-To-Median Safe Distances, Martha Leni Siregar

Makara Journal of Technology

A median is required for a two-way road to separate traffic from opposing lanes and to prevent head-on collisions. However, studies indicate that medians are also perceived as hazards which need to be avoided during driving. This hazard perception is manifested in drivers’ changing behavior towards various types of medians along the driving lanes inform of their tendency to allow various safe distances to the medians. The Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) does not differentiate between types of medians and the influence on the drivers’ choice of safe margin to the medians. Therefore, this study looks into how the existence …

Energy And Exergy Analysis Of Kalina Cycle For The Utilization Of Waste Heat In Brine Water For Indonesian Geothermal Field, Nasruddin Nasruddin, Agus Noor Sidiq, Abdulmajeed Mohamad, Rama Usvika

Makara Journal of Technology

The utilization of waste heat in a power plant system—which would otherwise be released back to the environment—in order to produce additional power increases the efficiency of the system itself. The purpose of this study is to present an energy and exergy analysis of Kalina Cycle System (KCS) 11, which is proposed to be utilized to generate additional electric power from the waste heat contained in geothermal brine water available in the Lahendong Geothermal power plant site in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. A modeling application on energy and exergy system is used to study the design of thermal system which uses …